幼儿绘画，大师童年
文/颜克
毕加索八十岁时看了一次儿童画展，之后他说：“当我像他们这么大的时候就能画得像拉斐尔，但是我花了一辈子的时间才学会画得像他们一样。
绘画是色彩的艺术，自然有色彩，心灵也有色彩；那些内质，眼睛是看不到的，人只有通过心灵才看到，打动人心的艺术，眼睛和心灵都能看到。艺术在于创新。什么是创新？创新就是将自己置于风险之中，追求独特与新颖，探求个性化的表达方式。而幼儿美术，都是在创新，幼儿是一张白纸，无所畏惧，他们笔下稚拙的线条，纯真的表现，是没有一点伪装的艺术形式。
在国内今年的美展上，有展评说现在很多艺术家只是对着照片画画，缺少自己的感悟，同一个主题——《躺在沙发上的女人》，至少有8幅是一样的。这还是被选上的，加上没有被选上的，可能更多。在菲律宾我的幼儿园，孩子们的绘画一次次让我感到震撼。一次绘画课上，我给幼儿一个主题《我爱我家》，可以画出自己家里的房子，家人，和家有关的一切东西，我还在黑板上做了范画。结果幼儿画完，没有一幅和我的示范是一样的，没有两个幼儿的作品是相像的。每一幅，都可以装裱了展览。这如果是在国内，会有很多孩子拼命去模仿老师，恨不得让老师和家长帮忙来画，家长也会认为画的和老师的越像越好。我从不给幼儿改画，只是鼓励和引导。在这里，一方面我惊叹菲律宾幼儿的想像力和创造性，另一方面又惊讶于他们的大胆和创新。
这让我想起我的小侄子，上幼儿园的时候特别喜欢画画，我哥哥就让我教他。第一次去哥哥家，侄子拿着他厚厚的涂色本和描摹画让我看，他确实喜欢，不然怎么能用那么多时间来完成足够多的量。我拿出白纸，问他家里的家居或物品他喜欢什么，他说他喜欢鱼，我说那好我们今天就来画你们家鱼缸里的热带鱼。侄子惊讶的看着我，有点不知所措。我开始引导他观察，分析颜色，概括形状，他却始终不愿意在白纸上画上一笔。我知道了，看来他已经失去了自由，他的艺术热情，已经被框住了。无奈侄子不愿意下笔，我怕他产生逆反心理而对我产生抵触，我们就在白纸上画手印和脚印，我不能妥协去和他继续描摹。还好，在玩的过程中侄子放松了自己脑海里禁锢的绘画形式，开心地在自己的绘画上添加一些他会画的景象，比如小动物，小鸟，太阳，但一看就知道是幼儿园简笔画的形象。这种状态，持续了三次课，他才敢拿起画笔在白纸上画画。而在这里，菲律宾的十个幼儿一起画太阳，绝对有十个不同的太阳，不一定是在天空，甚至在房间。
我又想起了我教的高中生，马上要参加美术高考，素描和色彩也是我们班上最好的。有一次他和我的孩子们在一起画画，我们准备画草莓，我说让他先给幼儿画一个他见过的草莓，他居然对我说他不会画。我惊讶极了，这样一个美术专业的准大学生，将来怎么能成为真正的艺术家？我的孩子们争着抢着说自己会画，然后就开始了各不相同的草莓之旅。
这种机械的教授在一些美术培训班也很常见。之前一个记者朋友想让上小学的女儿去一个美术培训班学画画，第一节课，不知道老师教了什么，但老师给每位学生发了一张打印好的简笔画，让每个幼儿回家画十张。仅此一次，朋友的孩子再也不愿意去学画画了。绘画能是机械的复印吗？简直是在扼杀艺术！
我个人对绘画的理解是自由和遵从自己内心的表达。在国内是，在菲律宾也是，我努力提供给孩子们的是鼓励和引导，更多的是要让幼儿自己去体验、观察和感受。找到自己眼里的对象，抓住打动自己的瞬间，再毫无顾忌地去表达。虽然幼儿美术在形象上和细致程度上不能达到完美，但那种自然和纯粹，正是很多艺术家缺乏和想要寻找的。
绘画是自由的，艺术是自由的。在菲律宾，孩子们也是自由的，整个学校，从幼儿园、小学、初中直到高中，好像孩子们每天都在游戏和制作，在排练节目，到处是歌声，吉他声，吆喝声，随时都有趴在走廊的地板上画画和做手工的。学校每个月都有不同主题的黑板报和文艺节目，英文部主办的和中文部主办的截然不同，一个自由活泼，一个整齐如一。这就体现了不同的民族文化带给人们的不同感受。稍大点的学生常常去体验动手做饭，用废旧物品化腐朽为神奇，那些充满奇幻的物理小制作和手工艺品，真让我大开眼界。在绘画上菲律宾幼儿的整体表现就是自由，创新，活泼。他们可以躺着画，坐着画，走着画，舞蹈着画，爬行着画，流动着画，覆盖着画，击打着画，抚摸着画……在绘画作品中，孩子们充满想象力的表现，真的可以和大师相媲美。
幼儿的感受，是一种在心里对原始自然的呼唤。漠是艺术创作的头号公敌，它关闭了我们全身的毛细血管，切断了从视觉神经到心灵的联系，也封闭了我们的泪腺。它把人类塑造成行尸走肉的样子，如此岂有艺术可言？勉强拿起画笔充其量不过像是猴子拿笔作画罢了，根本不知道自己在画什么。生活在都市文明之中很难不随之摇摆起舞，然后渐渐失去了眼睛，失去了观看能力，失去了用全身心的细胞与心灵去亲近自然的情感。而菲律宾幼儿对一切的关心和好奇，使他们几乎可以匍匐地感受生活，虽然幼儿对绘画的表现没有完整的系统的表达，或是上升不到理论的高度，但那纯粹自然的感受和稚拙的表现方式，足以让你为之落泪。我们会被一首乐曲感动，会被一片文章感动，会被一幕电影感动，不知道你有没有被一幅画感动过？我有。曾经一幅儿童画，让我感动得潸然泪下。任何作品，要想打动别人，首先要打动自己。我现在要做的，就是要让菲律宾幼儿对绘画这样纯粹的表达保持下去，也希望将来我可以让国内的孩子们冲破枷锁，来寻找绘画的自由。
一个人如果对事物的观察仅停留在对视觉的观看与记录，而没有进入心灵的活动，那么将无法产生动人的艺术。所以，外在的观察适可而止，花更多的时间留意内在的感受与心灵的活动才尤为重要。而作为老师，就是如何尽可能多地去保留菲律宾幼儿对于绘画的纯自然的体验和表现。我常常带他们观察自然，天空的颜色，白云的形状，一颗小草的发芽，让幼儿静静的用心去体会，再用画笔去表达。去对生命感悟，一片落叶的形状，一块石头的故事，一堆苔藓的色彩……
色彩是宣泄情感的重要方式，菲律宾幼儿的绘画对色彩的表现，质朴，天真，充满想象和意外。你永远想象不到幼儿的小脑袋里装着什么，怎么可以用那样的色彩去表达；你永远找不到两个孩子对同一事物的相同表现，即使画彩虹，有多少幼儿，就有多少道美丽的彩虹呈现在画面上。不同的色彩表现不同的情感，也许今天的彩虹是灰色的，我们不能否认，也许他今天的心情也是灰色的，也许明天的地板是彩色的，比彩虹还绚丽的颜色，孩子们有你永远想象不到的丰富的色彩，这是我作为老师永远画不出来的。幼儿绘画的意义不光是我们眼睛能看到的情景，因为他们记住一些图像，画里有故事。他们完全不会按照我们大人的意愿去画画，我们也不能用我们的思维去评判，以及阻碍他们的表达。
幼儿绘画也包括不同的材料。除了幼儿常用的油画棒、蜡笔、水彩笔、彩色铅笔等，在教学中，我也把具有中国特色的毛笔、宣纸、国画颜料等让幼儿来体验和感受不同的艺术表现形式。有时候我也会在教学中运用旧报纸、牛皮纸、瓦楞纸、卡纸、彩纸等让幼儿对不同材料产生兴趣，从而给幼儿一个更为自由的发展空间和想象空间。利用线条，色彩堆积，拼贴，剪，粘和等不同方法来引导幼儿发挥自己最大的创造性和突破性。幼儿常常会对不是纯粹的绘画更有兴趣。利用沙子，纽扣，种子，线，吸管，树枝，布，树叶，水果，蔬菜等综合的运用更能激发孩子大师般的创造性，也加深了幼儿对材料不同侧面的认识。比如洋葱的横切面和纵切面印出的纹理是完全不一样的，或者苹果，菜椒等，边玩边尝试，幼儿会在老师的引导下把老师带入一个更宽广的思维空间。幼儿的大师性是与生俱来的，但这种创造性如果不很好的引导和保护，会随着年龄的增长而逐渐消失。很多艺术大师，都是保持了一生孩子般的纯真，才创造出动人的艺术。
不是说幼儿的作品就一定是大师级作品，教师要引导幼儿欣赏和感受更多的美术作品，丰富他们的美感体验，培养幼儿的审美情感和审美评价能力，让幼儿可以一直保持自己这样纯粹的艺术形式的同时，增加艺术修养。多带幼儿看画展，看名画，欣赏雕塑，手工艺，建筑等身边一切美的东西。而菲律宾又是一个多元化的国家，很多中国元素、西班牙艺术、英国、美国、日本的艺术对他们的影响都很深刻，再加上本民族艺术，有好的环境，想不培养出大师都不可能。让幼儿学会安静地，集中注意观察、欣赏的良好习惯，学会用语言、动作、表情等表达自己的审美感受。我有时候会把两个不同班级的幼儿美术和手工作品让彼此欣赏，那么，对待同一幅画，幼儿就有不同的评价，有说好有说坏的，在争吵和讨论中，就提高了幼儿美术的欣赏能力。
“有两种东西，我对它们的思考越是深沉和持久，它们在我心灵中唤起的惊奇和敬畏就会日新月异，不断增长，这就是我头上的星空和心中的道德定律。”这是刻在康德墓碑上的一句话，作为我的结束语。在菲律宾，幼儿绘画这样纯粹的表达，也是我一生努力保持和追求的东西，希望孩子们大师般的绘画灵性可以受用终生。
Child Painting, Master Childhood
Picasso at the age of eighty read a children's art exhibition, after which he said: "when I like them so much can draw like Raphael, but I spent a lifetime to learn painting like them.”
Painting is the art of color, natural color, the heart of color; the endoplasmic reticulum, the eye is invisible, only through the heart to see, touched the hearts of the art, the eye and the mind can see. Art is innovation. What is innovation? Innovation is to put themselves in risk, the pursuit of unique and innovative, explore the expression of personalized. While children's arts are in innovation. The child is a blank sheet of paper, fearless, their works under plain and clumsy lines, the naïve expression has no disguise of the art form.
In the domestic art exhibition this year, fair comment now many artists just in front of the pictures to paint, the lack of own feeling, with a theme of " a woman who is lying on the sofa, ", at least 8 pieces is the same. This is still chosen, plus not chosen, and probably more. In my kindergarten in Philippines, the children's painting time and time I feel shocked. A painting class, I give a theme of the children,” I love my family”, you can draw their own home, family, and home related things, I still do a blackboard model painting on the blackboard. Results after the children painting, there is no one and my demonstration is the same, no two children's work is similar. Each one,it can be framed the exhibition. If this is in the country, there will be a lot of kids who go to imitate the teacher, and hate to let the teacher and parents to help to draw, parents will think that the painting and the more like the teacher as the better. I don't change pictures to children, just to encourage and guide. Here, on the one hand, I marvel at the imagination and creativity of the young children in Philippines, on the other hand, they are amazed at their boldness and innovation.
It reminds me of my little nephew, when I was particularly fond of painting when I was in kindergarten, and my brother asked me to teach him.. First went to his brother, nephew took his thick coloring books and describing the picture let me see, he really likes, otherwise how could with so much time to complete enough. I took out a blank sheet of paper, ask him home or goods what he likes, he said he likes fish, I said that we have today to draw your home aquarium fish. My nephew looked at me in surprise, a little at a loss.. I began to lead him to observe, analyze the color, and sum up the shape, but he always reluctant to draw on a pen on the white paper. I know, it seems that he has lost the freedom, his artistic passion, has been framed. Helpless nephew did not want to write, I am afraid of him have a reverse psychology of conflict, we in the white paint handprints and footprints, I can't compromise to and he went on to describe. Fortunately, in the process of playing nephew relaxed his mind was confined to the form of painting, happy in his painting to add some he painted the picture, such as small animals, the birds, the sun, but a look at knew is a kindergarten brief strokes of the image. This state, which lasted three times, dared to pick up his brush and paint on the white paper.. And here, the ten children in Philippines draw the sun, absolutely ten different sun, not necessarily in the sky, and even in the room.
I also remembered the high school students I taught, and he'll take the college entrance exam, sketch and color is the best in our class.. Once he and my children draw together, we are ready to draw strawberries, I said that you should let him first painted a strawberry he had seen to the children, he actually said he would not draw. I am amazed that such a fine art professional college students, how can become a real artist in the future? My children clamoring to say they will draw, and then began a different journey of strawberry.
This mechanical professor is also common in some art training courses.. Before a journalist friend want to let daughter in elementary school to learn to draw a fine arts training class, the first lesson, he do not know what the teacher will teach, but the teacher gave each of the students sent a print brief strokes of a Chinese character, so that each child will go home and draw ten paintings. This time, the child of the friend never wants to learn to draw.. Can painting be a copy of the machine? It's just killing art!
My personal understanding of painting is freedom and respect the inner expression of myself. It is in the domestic, it is too in Philippines, I try to encourage and guide the children, and more is to let the children to experience, observe and feel. Let them find the object of their eyes, seize the moment to impress their own, and then express themselves freely. Although the child art in the image and the degree of detail can not achieve perfection, about the nature and pure, a lot of artists lack of it and they really want to find.
Painting is free, and art is free.. In the Philippines, the children are free and the whole school, from kindergarten, primary school, junior high school until high school, as if the children are in the game and the production every day,, in the rehearsal for the show, everywhere is the song, acoustic guitar, and applauses, at any time lying on the floor of the hallway drawing and manual. Each month of the school has a different theme of the blackboard and theatrical programs, the English Ministry of the host and the Chinese Ministry of the host, one is free and lively, the other is neat as one. This reflects the different feelings of different national culture to people. Slightly older students often go to experience hands-on cooking, waste materials decayed for magical, those full of fantasy physics small production and crafts. This is really an eye opener. The overall performance of Philippines children in painting Is freedom, innovation, and lively. They can lay pictures, sit paintings, walk painting, crawl painting, dance painting, flow painting, cover painting, beat painting and touch painting....... In the painting, the children's imaginative performance is really comparable with the master.
The feeling of children is a kind of call for nature in the heart. Mo is public enemy number one for artistic creation, it closed our whole body capillaries, cut off from the optic nerve to the heart and closed the lacrimal gland of ours. It is the human shaped like a dead-alive person, if it is like this, Is there any art? Reluctantly picked up the brush at best, but like a monkey to get a pen to paint it, do not know what their paintings. Life in urban civilization is hard not to dance and then gradually lose the eyes, lose the ability to watch, lose the body and soul with the whole heart to get close to natural feelings. And Philippine children of all cares and curiosity, so that they can almost prostrate to experience life, although the child's performance of painting do not have a complete system of expression, or does not rise to the theory of the height, but the pure natural feelings and immature performance enough to make you cry. We will be moved by a piece of article and moved by a piece of music, we will be moved by a movie, do not know you have not been moved by a painting? I have. Once there is a child's drawing which moved me to tears trickling down one's cheeks. Any work, to impress others, first of all to impress yourself. I want to do now, is to let the children of Philippines to the pure expression of the painting, and I hope that in the future I can let the children break the shackles, to find painting freedom.
A person who is observing the thing only stays in the visual viewing and recording, and does not enter the activity of the mind, so he will not produce the moving art. Therefore, the external observation is particularly important to not overdo sth., spend more time to feelings and inner activities. And as a teacher, how to retain the pure natural experience and performance of the painting of the children in Philippines as much as possible.. I often take them to observe the nature, the color of the sky, the shape of clouds, a grass germination, so that children quietly with the intention to experience, and then brush to express. To the life, the shape of a piece of leaf, a story of a stone, a pile of moss color......
Color is an important way to vent emotions, Philippines children's painting to the color of the performance, plain, naive, full of imagination and accident. What's inside you could never have imagined that children's little head, how can the kind of color to express; you'll never find two children of the same things the same performance, even paint a rainbow, how many children, there are many beautiful rainbow appears on the screen. Different colors express different feelings, perhaps today's rainbow is grey, we cannot deny, perhaps his mood today is gray, perhaps tomorrow's floor is colorful, than the rainbow colors, children have a wealth of color that you could never have imagined that, this is I as a teacher, I never draw out. The significance of the child painting is not only the sight of our eyes, because they remember some images, there are stories in the picture.. They are not going to draw in accordance with the will of our adult, nor can we judge by our minds and the expression that is hindering them..
Child painting also includes different materials. In addition to the children commonly used oil pastel, crayon, watercolor pen, colored pencils and so on, in teaching, I also put with Chinese characteristics of brushes and rice paper, traditional Chinese painting pigment for children to experience and enjoy different forms of artistic expression. Sometimes I would also be in teaching using old paper, kraft paper, corrugated paper, cardboard, cardboard and other children interested in different materials, so as to give children a more free space for development and imagination. Use lines, color accumulation, collage, shear, sticky and other methods to guide children to play their own maximum creativity and breakthrough. Young children often have more interest in not pure paintings.. Use sand, buttons, seeds, line, straw, branches, cloth, leaves, fruits, vegetables and other comprehensive utilization can stimulate a child masters like creative, but also deepened the children's understanding of different aspects of materials. For example, onion transverse section and longitudinal section of the printed texture is completely different, or apples, pepper and so on, play while you try, children will take the teacher into a broader space of thinking under the guidance of the teacher. The master of the child is inherent, but this creative if not very good guidance and protection, will gradually disappear with age. A lot of art masters, are to maintain the childlike innocence of life, to create the moving art .
We can not say that children's works must be a master of works, teachers should guide children to appreciate and feelings more works of art, enrich their aesthetic experience, to cultivate children's aesthetic emotion and aesthetic evaluation of the ability, so that children can keep his such pure art form, artistic accomplishments. Take children to see the exhibition, see the famous paintings, appreciate sculpture crafts, architectural appreciation, all beautiful things. While the Philippines is a diverse country, many Chinese elements, art in Spain, Britain, the United States, Japan art of their effects are profound, and on the national art, a good environment, does not want to cultivate master may not. Let the children learn quietly, focus on observation, Appreciate the good habits, learn to use language, action, expression and so on to express their own aesthetic feelings. I sometimes think of two different classes of children's art and crafts to appreciate each other, then treat the same painting, children have different evaluation, some people said good, and some people said bad, throughout argument and discussion, it can improve children's art appreciation ability.
"There are two things, I think of them more deep and lasting, they evoke in my heart in surprise and fear will be changing and growing, and this is my head on the sky and the hearts of the moral law." This is a sentence engraved on the tombstone of Kant as my concluding remarks. In the Philippines, children's painting so pure expression, it also is my life and I strive to preserve and pursue something, I hope children master like painting spirituality can last a lifetime.