oracle启动参数文件顺序解释

oracle实例启动的参数文件选择顺序为spfile$ORACLE_SID.ora -> spfile.ora -> init$ORACLE_SID.ora。

同时，oracle实例启动的参数文件选择顺序为spfile$ORACLE_SID.ora -> spfile.ora -> init$ORACLE_SID.ora。其中，spfile$ORACLE_SID.ora，spfile.ora必须为oracle认可的二进制文件。init$ORACLE_SID.ora 和以startup pfile='pfile.ora'启动的pfile.ora文件可以为可读文件。

  db_name不能超过8个字符长度。同时，能让实例启动的参数文件的最小参数必须包括db_name。

下面做实验验证。

[oracle@localhost dbs]$ echo $ORACLE_SID 
iloveqhdb
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ export ORACLE_SID=hellokitty
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ echo $ORACLE_SID
hellokitty
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ sqlplus / as sysdba


SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Wed May 25 08:25:44 2016


Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle.  All rights reserved.


Connected to an idle instance.


SQL> ! ls
afiedt.buf  hc_iloveqhdb.dat  hc_wangfeng.dat  initiloveqhdb.ora  init.ora  lkILOVEQHDlkILOVEQHDB  orapwiloveqhdb


SQL> ! cp initiloveqhdb.ora  spfile$ORACLE_SID.ora


SQL> ! ls
afiedt.buf  hc_iloveqhdb.dat  hc_wangfeng.dat  initiloveqhdb.ora  init.ora  lkILOVEQHDlkILOVEQHDB  orapwiloveqhdb  spfilehellokitty.ora


SQL> startup nomount
ORA-01078: failure in processing system parameters
LRM-00109: could not open parameter file '/u01/app/oracle/11.2.0.4/db_home1/dbs/inithellokitty.ora'
SQL> exit
Disconnected
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ 
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ 
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ 
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ cat spfilehellokitty.ora 
iloveqhdb.__db_cache_size=574619648
iloveqhdb.__java_pool_size=4194304
iloveqhdb.__large_pool_size=16777216
iloveqhdb.__pga_aggregate_target=268435456
iloveqhdb.__sga_target=805306368
iloveqhdb.__shared_io_pool_size=0
iloveqhdb.__shared_pool_size=197132288
iloveqhdb.__streams_pool_size=0
*.audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/iloveqhdb/adump'
*.audit_trail='db'
*.compatible='11.2.0.4.0'
*.control_files='+DATA/iloveqhdb/controlfile/current.261.912462939','+DATA/iloveqhdb/controlfile/current.260.912462939'
*.db_block_size=8192
*.db_create_file_dest='+DATA'
*.db_domain='wf'
*.db_name='iloveqhd'
*.db_recovery_file_dest='+DATA'
*.db_recovery_file_dest_size=4385144832
*.db_unique_name='iloveqhdb'
*.diagnostic_dest='/u01/app/oracle'
*.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=iloveqhdbXDB)'
*.local_listener='LISTENER_ILOVEQHDB'
*.open_cursors=300
*.pga_aggregate_target=268435456
*.processes=150
*.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
*.sga_target=805306368
*.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ source $HOME/.bash_profile
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ sqlplus / as sysdba


SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Wed May 25 08:28:28 2016


Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle.  All rights reserved.




Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
With the Automatic Storage Management option


SQL> create spfile from spfile;
create spfile from spfile
                   *
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00922: missing or invalid option




SQL> create spfile from memory;


File created.


SQL> exit
Disconnected from Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
With the Automatic Storage Management option
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ ls
afiedt.buf        hc_wangfeng.dat    init.ora    lkILOVEQHDB     spfilehellokitty.ora
hc_iloveqhdb.dat  initiloveqhdb.ora  lkILOVEQHD  orapwiloveqhdb  spfileiloveqhdb.ora
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ rm spfilehellokitty.ora 
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ 
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ 
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ 
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ 
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ 
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ 
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ 
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ 
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ 
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ 
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ 
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ export ORACLE_SID=hellokitty
[oracle@localhost dbs]$ sqlplus / as sysdba


SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Wed May 25 08:30:20 2016


Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle.  All rights reserved.


Connected to an idle instance.


SQL> ! ls
afiedt.buf  hc_iloveqhdb.dat  hc_wangfeng.dat  initiloveqhdb.ora  init.ora  lkILOVEQHDlkILOVEQHDB  orapwiloveqhdb  spfileiloveqhdb.ora


SQL> startup nomount
ORA-01078: failure in processing system parameters
LRM-00109: could not open parameter file '/u01/app/oracle/11.2.0.4/db_home1/dbs/inithellokitty.ora'
SQL> ! cp spfileiloveqhdb.ora  spfile$ORACLE_SID.ora


SQL> ! ls
afiedt.buf  hc_wangfeng.dat    init.oralkILOVEQHDBspfilehellokitty.ora
hc_iloveqhdb.dat  initiloveqhdb.ora  lkILOVEQHD  orapwiloveqhdb  spfileiloveqhdb.ora


SQL> startup nomount
ORA-32004: obsolete or deprecated parameter(s) specified for RDBMS instance
ORACLE instance started.


Total System Global Area  801701888 bytes
Fixed Size    2257520 bytes
Variable Size  281021840 bytes
Database Buffers  511705088 bytes
Redo Buffers    6717440 bytes
SQL> shutdown immediate
ORA-01507: database not mounted




ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> ! cp spfilehellokitty.ora   spfile.ora


SQL> !ls
afiedt.buf   hc_iloveqhdb.dat  initiloveqhdb.oralkILOVEQHD   orapwiloveqhdb  spfileiloveqhdb.ora
hc_hellokitty.dat  hc_wangfeng.dat   init.ora lkILOVEQHDB  spfilehellokitty.ora  spfile.ora


SQL> startup nomount
ORA-32004: obsolete or deprecated parameter(s) specified for RDBMS instance
ORACLE instance started.


Total System Global Area  801701888 bytes
Fixed Size    2257520 bytes
Variable Size  281021840 bytes
Database Buffers  511705088 bytes
Redo Buffers    6717440 bytes
SQL> show parametet pfile
SP2-0158: unknown SHOW option "parametet"
SP2-0158: unknown SHOW option "pfile"
SQL> show parameter pfile


NAME     TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
spfile     string/u01/app/oracle/11.2.0.4/db_ho
me1/dbs/spfilehellokitty.ora
SQL> ! rm spfilehellokitty.ora


SQL> ! ls
afiedt.buf   hc_iloveqhdb.dat  initiloveqhdb.oralkILOVEQHD   orapwiloveqhdb spfile.ora
hc_hellokitty.dat  hc_wangfeng.dat   init.ora lkILOVEQHDB  spfileiloveqhdb.ora


SQL> shutdown immediate
ORA-01507: database not mounted




ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup nomount
ORA-32004: obsolete or deprecated parameter(s) specified for RDBMS instance
ORACLE instance started.


Total System Global Area  801701888 bytes
Fixed Size    2257520 bytes
Variable Size  281021840 bytes
Database Buffers  511705088 bytes
Redo Buffers    6717440 bytes

SQL> show parameter pfile


NAME     TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
spfile     string/u01/app/oracle/11.2.0.4/db_ho
me1/dbs/spfile.ora
SQL> 

SQL> ! rm spfile.ora


SQL> ! ls
afiedt.buf  hc_hellokitty.dat  hc_iloveqhdb.dat  hc_wangfeng.dat  initiloveqhdb.ora  init.ora  lkILOVEQHD  lkILOVEQHDBorapwiloveqhdbspfileiloveqhdb.ora


SQL> shutdown immediate
ORA-01507: database not mounted




ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup nomount
ORA-01078: failure in processing system parameters
LRM-00109: could not open parameter file '/u01/app/oracle/11.2.0.4/db_home1/dbs/inithellokitty.ora'
SQL> ! echo "db_name=hellokitty">init$ORACLE_SID.ora        


SQL> !ls
afiedt.buf   hc_iloveqhdb.dat  inithellokitty.ora  init.ora    lkILOVEQHDB     spfileiloveqhdb.ora
hc_hellokitty.dat  hc_wangfeng.dat   initiloveqhdb.oralkILOVEQHD  orapwiloveqhdb


SQL> startup nomount
ORA-01127: database name 'hellokitty' exceeds size limit of 8 characters
SQL> ! echo "db_name=kitty">init${ORACLE_SID}.ora


SQL> ! ls
afiedt.buf   hc_iloveqhdb.dat  inithellokitty.ora  init.ora    lkILOVEQHDB     spfileiloveqhdb.ora
hc_hellokitty.dat  hc_wangfeng.dat   initiloveqhdb.oralkILOVEQHD  orapwiloveqhdb


SQL> startup nomount
ORACLE instance started.


Total System Global Area  263090176 bytes
Fixed Size    2252256 bytes
Variable Size  205521440 bytes
Database Buffers   50331648 bytes
Redo Buffers    4984832 bytes
SQL> shutdown immediate
ORA-01507: database not mounted




ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> ! cp initiloveqhdb.ora  pfile.ora                    


SQL> !ls
afiedt.buf   hc_iloveqhdb.dat  inithellokitty.ora  init.ora    lkILOVEQHDB     pfile.ora
hc_hellokitty.dat  hc_wangfeng.dat   initiloveqhdb.oralkILOVEQHD  orapwiloveqhdb  spfileiloveqhdb.ora


SQL> startup pfile='pfile.ora' nomount
ORACLE instance started.


Total System Global Area  801701888 bytes
Fixed Size    2257520 bytes
Variable Size  276827536 bytes
Database Buffers  515899392 bytes
Redo Buffers    6717440 bytes

SQL> show parameter pfile


NAME     TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
spfile     string

SQL> shutdown immediate
ORA-01507: database not mounted




ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> ! ls -l
total 60
-rw-r--r--. 1 oracle oinstall    66 May 22 06:28 afiedt.buf
-rw-rw----. 1 oracle asmadmin  1544 May 25 09:11 hc_hellokitty.dat
-rw-rw----. 1 oracle asmadmin  1544 May 22 10:29 hc_iloveqhdb.dat
-rw-rw----. 1 oracle asmadmin  1544 May 25 08:10 hc_wangfeng.dat
-rw-r--r--. 1 oracle oinstall    14 May 25 08:40 inithellokitty.ora
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall   990 May 22 02:41 initiloveqhdb.ora
-rw-r--r--. 1 oracle oinstall  2851 May 15  2009 init.ora
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle asmadmin    24 May 21 21:46 lkILOVEQHD
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle asmadmin    24 May 21 21:46 lkILOVEQHDB
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall  1536 May 22 06:50 orapwiloveqhdb
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall   990 May 25 08:43 pfile.ora
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle asmadmin 14848 May 25 08:29 spfileiloveqhdb.ora


SQL> ! rm pfile
rm: cannot remove ‘pfile’: No such file or directory


SQL> ! rm pfile.ora


SQL> ! cat inithellokitty.ora
db_name=kitty


SQL> ! rm inithellokitty.ora


SQL> ! touch inithellokitty.ora


SQL> startup nomount
ORA-01506: missing or illegal database name
SQL> 

以上实验得出结论：oracle实例启动的参数文件选择顺序为spfile$ORACLE_SID.ora -> spfile.ora -> init$ORACLE_SID.ora。其中，spfile$ORACLE_SID.ora，spfile.ora必须为oracle认可的二进制文件。init$ORACLE_SID.ora 和以startup pfile='pfile.ora'启动的pfile.ora文件可以为可读文件。

  db_name不能超过8个字符长度。同时，能让实例启动的参数文件的最小参数必须包括db_name。