linux内核移植笔记
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交叉编译器环境：arm-linux-gcc-4.5.4
开发板平台： FL2440
Linux内核版本： linux-3.0
邮箱：[email protected]
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下面直接进行1. Linux内核移植与启动
2.1
Bootloader：U-boot-2010.09
Target borad：FL2440
首先到 Linux Kernel官方网站www.kernel.org下载得到linux-3.0-rc4.tar.bz2文件，把它放到一个你有权限读写的文件夹，运行下面命令解压缩并进入解压后的文件夹：
[hongfuhao@vboxcentos6 kernel]$ tar -xjf linux-3.0.tar.bz2
[hongfuhao@vboxcentos6 kernel]$ ls
linux-3.0 linux-3.0.tar.bz2
2.2配置内核编译参数
1. 首先修改顶层目录的Makefile文件
首要便是交叉编译器环境变量和选择开发平台类型
然后要将生成的zimage拷贝到当前目录，再手动增加mkimage工具来自动把Zimage生成可执行的.bin文。
[hongfuhao@vboxcentos6 linux-3.0]$ vim Makefile
注：内核编译之后会生成两个文件。一个Image，一个Zimage。image为内核映像文件，而Zimage为内核映像压缩文件。Image大约为4M，而Zimage不到2M。
修改内容如下：@@ -192,8 +192,8 @@
# Default value for CROSS_COMPILE is not to prefix executables
# Note: Some architectures assign CROSS_COMPILE in their arch/*/Makefile
export KBUILD_BUILDHOST := $(SUBARCH)
- ARCH ?= $(SUBARCH)
- CROSS_COMPILE ?= $(CONFIG_CROSS_COMPILE:"%"=%)
+ARCH ?= arm
+CROSS_COMPILE?= /opt/buildroot-2012.08/arm920t/usr/bin/arm-linux-
# Architecture as present in compile.h
UTS_MACHINE := $(ARCH)
@@ -557,6 +557,9 @@
# This allow a user to issue only 'make' to build a kernel including modules
# Defaults to vmlinux, but the arch makefile usually adds further targets
all: vmlinux
+ cp arch/arm/boot/zImage . -f
+ mkimage -A arm -O linux -T kernel -C none -a 30008040 -n "Linux Kernel" -d zImage\ linuxrom-s3c2440.bin
+ rm -f zImage
ifdef CONFIG_CC_OPTIMIZE_FOR_SIZE
KBUILD_CFLAGS += -Os
@@ -1201,6 +1204,7 @@
-o -name '.*.rej' -o -size 0 \
-o -name '*%' -o -name '.*.cmd' -o -name 'core' \) \
-type f -print | xargs rm -f
+ @rm -f linuxrom-s3c2440.bin
2.修改晶振频率
使用的是fl2440开发板，根据datesheet可知晶振频率为12M。所以下一步修改晶振频率。
[hongfuhao@vboxcentos6 linux-3.0]$ vim arch/arm/mach-s3c2440/mach-smdk2440.c
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@
static void __init smdk2440_map_io(void)
{
s3c24xx_init_io(smdk2440_iodesc, ARRAY_SIZE(smdk2440_iodesc));
-- s3c24xx_init_clocks(16934400);
+ s3c24xx_init_clocks(12000000);
s3c24xx_init_uarts(smdk2440_uartcfgs, ARRAY_SIZE(smdk2440_uartcfgs));
}
3.修改驱动串口[hongfuhao@vboxcentos6 linux-3.0]$ vim drivers/tty/serial/samsung.c
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
/* UART name and device definitions */
-- #define S3C24XX_SERIAL_NAME "ttySAC"：
+ #define S3C24XX_SERIAL_NAME "ttyS"
#define S3C24XX_SERIAL_MAJOR 204
#define S3C24XX_SERIAL_MINOR 64
参考mini2440的.config文件作为我们的默认.config文件。改好之后再
[hongfuhao@vboxcentos6 linux-3.0]$ Make menuconfig
打开文本窗口来选定即将要编译的模块，保存后会将里面的信息保存到同时生成的.config配置文件中。
另外：make menuconfig时出来的文本窗口中的信息是通过读取在内核源代码目录下的Kconfig文件来配置的。根据Makefile文件来编译，而Makefile文件中的变量则通过.config来进行赋值操作。仅仅在Kconfig中添加选项。
4.修改MACHINE ID设备编号
OK，同样因为是做FL2440的内核，所以我们选择三星SMDK2440这个开发板。
因为我U-boot中使用的machine id为1999，而且我使用的是s3c2440这个板子。
将mini2440和和s3c2440的machineID对调。
[hongfuhao@vboxcentos6 linux-3.0]$ vim arch/arm/tools/mach-types
配置就绪之后
Make
显示成功
此时已经会生成一个linux-s3c2440.bin的可执行二进制文件。
[hongfuhao@vboxcentos6 linux-3.0]$ lsarch crypto fs Kbuild linuxrom-s3c2440.bin modules.builtin README security usr
block Documentation include Kconfig MAINTAINERS modules.order REPORTING-BUGS sound virt
COPYING drivers init kernel Makefile Module.symvers samples System.map vmlinux
CREDITS firmware ipc lib mm net scripts tools vmlinux.o
5.对nandflash进行分区
[hongfuhao@vboxcentos6 linux-3.0]$ vim arch/arm/plat-s3c24xx/common-smdk.c
@@ -106,49 +106,39 @@
},
};
-/* NAND parititon from 2.4.18-swl5 */
+/* NAND parititon from 2.4.18-swl5,modify by Handy 2014.11.30 */
static struct mtd_partition smdk_default_nand_part[] = {
[0] = {
- .name = "Boot Agent",
- .size = SZ_16K,
+ .name = "bootloader",
+ .size = SZ_1M,
.offset = 0,
},
[1] = {
- .name = "S3C2410 flash partition 1",
- .offset = 0,
- .size = SZ_2M,
+ .name = "linux",
+ .offset = MTDPART_OFS_NXTBLK,
+ .size = SZ_1M*15,
},
[2] = {
- .name = "S3C2410 flash partition 2",
- .offset = SZ_4M,
- .size = SZ_4M,
+ .name = "rootfs",
+ .offset = MTDPART_OFS_NXTBLK,
+ .size = SZ_1M*40,
},
[3] = {
- .name = "S3C2410 flash partition 3",
- .offset = SZ_8M,
- .size = SZ_2M,
+ .name = "apps",
+ .offset = MTDPART_OFS_NXTBLK,
+ .size = SZ_1M*50,
},
[4] = {
- .name = "S3C2410 flash partition 4",
- .offset = SZ_1M * 10,
- .size = SZ_4M,
+ .name = "data",
+ .offset = MTDPART_OFS_NXTBLK,
+ .size = SZ_1M*50,
},
[5] = {
- .name = "S3C2410 flash partition 5",
- .offset = SZ_1M * 14,
- .size = SZ_1M * 10,
- },
- [6] = {
- .name = "S3C2410 flash partition 6",
- .offset = SZ_1M * 24,
- .size = SZ_1M * 24,
- },
- [7] = {
- .name = "S3C2410 flash partition 7",
- .offset = SZ_1M * 48,
+ .name = "backup",
+ .offset = SZ_1M * 100,
.size = MTDPART_SIZ_FULL,
- }
+ },
};
板子上nandflash是256M，给bootloader1M用来启动，内核15M以及40M的根文件系统。其他自由分配。
注意：此时若要再进行分区就要选择相应的文件系统。Nandflash比较常用的有yaffs2，ubifs，cramfs以及initramfs等等。
[hongfuhao@vboxcentos6 linux-3.0]$ make
此时能编译成功，但是生成的linux-s3c2440.bin文件依旧不能在板子上跑起来。
因为内核启动时首先挂载的是根文件系统，我们还没有做根文件系统给予内核支持，系统会出错而退出启动。
CHK include/linux/version.h
CHK include/generated/utsrelease.h
make[1]: “include/generated/mach-types.h”是最新的。
CALL scripts/checksyscalls.sh
CHK include/generated/compile.h
CC arch/arm/plat-s3c24xx/common-smdk.o
LD arch/arm/plat-s3c24xx/built-in.o
LD vmlinux.o
MODPOST vmlinux.o
GEN .version
CHK include/generated/compile.h
UPD include/generated/compile.h
CC init/version.o
LD init/built-in.o
LD .tmp_vmlinux1
KSYM .tmp_kallsyms1.S
AS .tmp_kallsyms1.o
LD .tmp_vmlinux2
KSYM .tmp_kallsyms2.S
AS .tmp_kallsyms2.o
LD vmlinux
SYSMAP System.map
SYSMAP .tmp_System.map
OBJCOPY arch/arm/boot/Image
Kernel: arch/arm/boot/Image is ready
GZIP arch/arm/boot/compressed/piggy.gzip
AS arch/arm/boot/compressed/piggy.gzip.o
SHIPPED arch/arm/boot/compressed/lib1funcs.S
AS arch/arm/boot/compressed/lib1funcs.o
LD arch/arm/boot/compressed/vmlinux
OBJCOPY arch/arm/boot/zImage
Kernel: arch/arm/boot/zImage is ready
Building modules, stage 2.
MODPOST 178 modules
cp arch/arm/boot/zImage . -f
mkimage -A arm -O linux -T kernel -C none -a 30008040 -n "Linux Kernel" -d zImage \ linuxrom-s3c2440.bin
Image Name: Linux Kernel
Created: Wed Sep 21 02:46:09 2016
Image Type: ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)
Data Size: 2337936 Bytes = 2283.14 kB = 2.23 MB
Load Address: 30008040
Entry Point: 30008040
rm -f zImage
[hongfuhao@vboxcentos6 linux-3.0]$ ls
arch crypto fs Kbuild linuxrom-s3c2440.bin modules.builtin README security usr
block Documentation include Kconfig MAINTAINERS modules.order REPORTING-BUGS sound virt
COPYING drivers init kernel Makefile Module.symvers samples System.map vmlinux
CREDITS firmware ipc lib mm net scripts tools vmlinux.o
3.添加根文件系统内核支持
此步先进行省略，至此内核数据修改完成看看移植到开发板厚的情况。DRAM: 64 MiB
NAND: 256 MiB
*** Warning - bad CRC or NAND, using default environment
In: serial
Out: serial
Err: serial
Net: dm9000
Hit any key to stop autoboot: 0
NAND read: device 0 offset 0x100000, size 0x900000
Skipping bad block 0x00700000
9437184 bytes read: OK
## Booting kernel from Legacy Image at 30008000 ...
Image Name: Linux Kernel
Created: 2016-09-20 22:24:48 UTC
Image Type: ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)
Data Size: 2332608 Bytes = 2.2 MiB
Load Address: 30008040
Entry Point: 30008040
Verifying Checksum ... OK
Loading Kernel Image ... OK
OK
Starting kernel ...
Uncompressing Linux... done, booting the kernel.
Linux version 3.0.0 ([email protected]) (gcc version 4.5.4 (Buildroot 2012.08) ) #1 Wed Sep 21 06:15:35 CST 2016
CPU: ARM920T [41129200] revision 0 (ARMv4T), cr=c0007177
CPU: VIVT data cache, VIVT instruction cache
Machine: SMDK2440
Memory policy: ECC disabled, Data cache writeback
CPU S3C2440A (id 0x32440001)
S3C24XX Clocks, Copyright 2004 Simtec Electronics
S3C244X: core 405.000 MHz, memory 101.250 MHz, peripheral 50.625 MHz
CLOCK: Slow mode (1.500 MHz), fast, MPLL on, UPLL on
Built 1 zonelists in Zone order, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 16256
Kernel command line: console=ttyS0,115200 mem=64M rw loglevel=7
PID hash table entries: 256 (order: -2, 1024 bytes)
Dentry cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 3, 32768 bytes)
Inode-cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
Memory: 64MB = 64MB total
Memory: 60204k/60204k available, 5332k reserved, 0K highmem
Virtual kernel memory layout:
vector : 0xffff0000 - 0xffff1000 ( 4 kB)
fixmap : 0xfff00000 - 0xfffe0000 ( 896 kB)
DMA : 0xffc00000 - 0xffe00000 ( 2 MB)
vmalloc : 0xc4800000 - 0xf6000000 ( 792 MB)
lowmem : 0xc0000000 - 0xc4000000 ( 64 MB)
modules : 0xbf000000 - 0xc0000000 ( 16 MB)
.init : 0xc0008000 - 0xc002a000 ( 136 kB)
.text : 0xc002a000 - 0xc0439ee4 (4160 kB)
.data : 0xc043a000 - 0xc045e300 ( 145 kB)
.bss : 0xc045e324 - 0xc0498f4c ( 236 kB)
SLUB: Genslabs=13, HWalign=32, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=1, Nodes=1
NR_IRQS:85
irq: clearing subpending status 00000002
Console: colour dummy device 80x30
console [ttyS0] enabled
Calibrating delay loop... 201.52 BogoMIPS (lpj=503808)
pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301
Mount-cache hash table entries: 512
CPU: Testing write buffer coherency: ok
gpiochip_add: gpios 288..303 (GPIOK) failed to register
gpiochip_add: gpios 320..334 (GPIOL) failed to register
gpiochip_add: gpios 352..353 (GPIOM) failed to register
NET: Registered protocol family 16
S3C Power Management, Copyright 2004 Simtec Electronics
S3C2440: Initialising architecture
S3C2440: IRQ Support
S3C244X: Clock Support, DVS off
bio: create slab
usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
usbcore: registered new device driver usb
s3c-i2c s3c2440-i2c: slave address 0x10
s3c-i2c s3c2440-i2c: bus frequency set to 98 KHz
s3c-i2c s3c2440-i2c: i2c-0: S3C I2C adapter
Advanced Linux Sound Architecture Driver Version 1.0.24.
NET: Registered protocol family 2
IP route cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
TCP established hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
TCP bind hash table entries: 2048 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 2048 bind 2048)
TCP reno registered
UDP hash table entries: 256 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
UDP-Lite hash table entries: 256 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
NET: Registered protocol family 1
RPC: Registered named UNIX socket transport module.
RPC: Registered udp transport module.
RPC: Registered tcp transport module.
RPC: Registered tcp NFSv4.1 backchannel transport module.
JFFS2 version 2.2. (NAND) 漏 2001-2006 Red Hat, Inc.
ROMFS MTD (C) 2007 Red Hat, Inc.
msgmni has been set to 117
io scheduler noop registered
io scheduler deadline registered
io scheduler cfq registered (default)
Console: switching to colour frame buffer device 60x53
fb0: s3c2410fb frame buffer device
s3c2440-uart.0: ttyS0 at MMIO 0x50000000 (irq = 70) is a S3C2440
s3c2440-uart.1: ttyS1 at MMIO 0x50004000 (irq = 73) is a S3C2440
s3c2440-uart.2: ttyS2 at MMIO 0x50008000 (irq = 76) is a S3C2440
brd: module loaded
S3C24XX NAND Driver, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
s3c24xx-nand s3c2440-nand: Tacls=3, 29ns Twrph0=7 69ns, Twrph1=3 29ns
s3c24xx-nand s3c2440-nand: NAND soft ECC
NAND device: Manufacturer ID: 0xec, Chip ID: 0xda (Samsung NAND 256MiB 3,3V 8-bit)
Scanning device for bad blocks
Bad eraseblock 56 at 0x000000700000
Bad eraseblock 669 at 0x0000053a0000
Bad eraseblock 1800 at 0x00000e100000
Creating 8 MTD partitions on "NAND":
0x000000000000-0x000000004000 : "Boot Agent"
mtd: partition "Boot Agent" doesn't end on an erase block -- force read-only
ftl_cs: FTL header corrupt!
0x000000000000-0x000000200000 : "S3C2410 flash partition 1"
ftl_cs: FTL header not found.
0x000000400000-0x000000800000 : "S3C2410 flash partition 2"
ftl_cs: FTL header not found.
0x000000800000-0x000000a00000 : "S3C2410 flash partition 3"
ftl_cs: FTL header not found.
0x000000a00000-0x000000e00000 : "S3C2410 flash partition 4"
ftl_cs: FTL header not found.
0x000000e00000-0x000001800000 : "S3C2410 flash partition 5"
ftl_cs: FTL header not found.
0x000001800000-0x000003000000 : "S3C2410 flash partition 6"
ftl_cs: FTL header not found.
0x000003000000-0x000010000000 : "S3C2410 flash partition 7"
ftl_cs: FTL header not found.
dm9000 Ethernet Driver, V1.31
ohci_hcd: USB 1.1 'Open' Host Controller (OHCI) Driver
s3c2410-ohci s3c2410-ohci: S3C24XX OHCI
s3c2410-ohci s3c2410-ohci: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1
s3c2410-ohci s3c2410-ohci: irq 42, io mem 0x49000000
hub 1-0:1.0: USB hub found
hub 1-0:1.0: 2 ports detected
usbcore: registered new interface driver libusual
mousedev: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
S3C24XX RTC, (c) 2004,2006 Simtec Electronics
i2c /dev entries driver
S3C2410 Watchdog Timer, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
s3c2410-wdt s3c2410-wdt: watchdog inactive, reset disabled, irq enabled
cpuidle: using governor ladder
sdhci: Secure Digital Host Controller Interface driver
sdhci: Copyright(c) Pierre Ossman
usbcore: registered new interface driver usbhid
usbhid: USB HID core driver
ALSA device list:
No soundcards found.
TCP cubic registered
NET: Registered protocol family 17
Registering the dns_resolver key type
drivers/rtc/hctosys.c: unable to open rtc device (rtc0)
Root-NFS: no NFS server address
VFS: Unable to mount root fs via NFS, trying floppy.
VFS: Cannot open root device "(null)" or unknown-block(2,0)
Please append a correct "root=" boot option; here are the available partitions:
1f00 16 mtdblock0 (driver?)
1f01 2048 mtdblock1 (driver?)
1f02 4096 mtdblock2 (driver?)
1f03 2048 mtdblock3 (driver?)
1f04 4096 mtdblock4 (driver?)
1f05 10240 mtdblock5 (driver?)
1f06 24576 mtdblock6 (driver?)
1f07 212992 mtdblock7 (driver?)
Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(2,0)
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