设计模式:Abstract Factory模式

Abstract Factory模式——将关联的零件组装成产品

关于工厂模式,参见链接(设计模式:Factory Method模式)在Abstract Factory模式中,不仅有“抽象工厂”,还有“抽象零件”和“抽象产品”。抽象工厂的工作是将“抽象零件”组装成“抽象产品”。

我们并不关心零件的具体实现,而是只关心接口(API)。我们仅使用该接口(API)将零件组装成为产品。

下面的示例程序的功能是将带有层次关系的链接的集合制作成HTML文件。

在示例程序中,类被划分为以下3个包。

  • 类的一览表
名字 说明
factory Factory 表示抽象工厂的类(制作Link,Tray,Page)
factory Item 方便统一处理Link和Tray的类
factory Link 抽象零件:表示HTML的链接的类
factory Tray 抽象零件:表示含有Link和Tray的类
factory Page 抽象零件:表示HTML页面的类
default Main 测试程序行为的类
listfactory ListFactory 表示具体工厂的类(制作ListLink,ListTray,ListPage)
listfactory ListLink 具体零件:表示HTML的链接的类
listfactory ListTray 具体零件:表示含有Link和Tray的类
listfactory ListPage 具体零件:表示HTML页面的类
tablefactory TableFactory 表示具体工厂的类(制作ListLink,ListTray,ListPage)
tablefactory TableLink 具体零件:表示HTML的链接的类
tablefactory TableTray 具体零件:表示含有Link和Tray的类
tablefactory TablePage 具体零件:表示HTML页面的类

每个包中的类依次如下。

  • factory.Item类
package factory;

public abstract class Item {
    protected String caption;

    public Item(String caption) {
        this.caption = caption;
    }

    public abstract String makeHTML();
}
  • factory.Link类
package factory;

public abstract class Link extends Item {
    protected String url;

    public Link(String caption, String url) {
        super(caption);
        this.url = url;
    }
}
  • factory.Tray类
package factory;

import java.util.ArrayList;

public abstract class Tray extends Item {
    protected ArrayList tray = new ArrayList();

    public Tray(String caption) {
        super(caption);
    }

    public void add(Item item) {
        tray.add(item);
    }
}
  • factory.Page类
package factory;

import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.Writer;
import java.util.ArrayList;

public abstract class Page {
    protected String title;
    protected String author;
    protected ArrayList content = new ArrayList();

    public Page(String title, String author) {
        this.title = title;
        this.author = author;
    }

    public void add(Item item) {
        content.add(item);
    }

    public void output() {
        try {
            String filename = title + ".html";
            Writer writer = new FileWriter(filename);
            writer.write(this.makeHTML());
            writer.close();
            System.out.println(filename + " has wrote.");
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    public abstract String makeHTML();
}
  • factory.Factory类
package factory;

public abstract class Factory {
    public static Factory getFactory(String classname) {
        Factory factory = null;
        try {
            factory = (Factory) Class.forName(classname).newInstance();
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.println("have not found " + classname + " class.");
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return factory;
    }

    public abstract Link createLink(String caption, String url);

    public abstract Tray createTray(String caption);

    public abstract Page createPage(String title, String author);
}
  • Main类
import factory.Factory;
import factory.Link;
import factory.Page;
import factory.Tray;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        if (args.length != 1) {
            System.out.println("Usage: java Main class.name.of.ConcreteFactory");
            System.out.println("Example 1: java Main listfactory.ListFactory");
            System.out.println("Example 2: java Main tablefactory.TableFactory");
            System.exit(0);
        }

        Factory factory = Factory.getFactory(args[0]);

        Link people = factory.createLink("人民日报",
                "http://www.people.com.cn/");
        Link gmw = factory.createLink("光明日报",
                "http://www.gmw.cn/");

        Link us_yahoo = factory.createLink("Yahoo!",
                "http://www.yahoo.com/");
        Link jp_yahoo = factory.createLink("Yahoo!Japan",
                "http://www.yahoo.co.jp/");

        Link excite = factory.createLink("Excite",
                "http://www.excite.com/");
        Link google = factory.createLink("Google",
                "http://www.google.com/");

        Tray traynews = factory.createTray("日报");
        traynews.add(people);
        traynews.add(gmw);

        Tray trayyahoo = factory.createTray("Yahoo!");
        trayyahoo.add(us_yahoo);
        trayyahoo.add(jp_yahoo);

        Tray traysearch = factory.createTray("搜索引擎");
        traysearch.add(trayyahoo);
        traysearch.add(excite);
        traysearch.add(google);

        Page page = factory.createPage("LinkPage", "F.Mortal");
        page.add(traynews);
        page.add(traysearch);
        page.output();
    }
}
  • listfactory.ListFactory类
package listfactory;

import factory.Factory;
import factory.Link;
import factory.Page;
import factory.Tray;

public class ListFactory extends Factory {

    @Override
    public Link createLink(String caption, String url) {
        return new ListLink(caption, url);
    }

    @Override
    public Tray createTray(String caption) {
        return new ListTray(caption);
    }

    @Override
    public Page createPage(String title, String author) {
        return new ListPage(title, author);
    }
}
  • listfactory.ListLink类
package listfactory;

import factory.Link;

public class ListLink extends Link {
    public ListLink(String caption, String url) {
        super(caption, url);
    }

    @Override
    public String makeHTML() {
        return "  
  • + url + "\">" + caption + "
  • \n"
    ; } }
    • listfactory.ListTray类
    package listfactory;
    
    import factory.Item;
    import factory.Tray;
    
    import java.util.Iterator;
    
    public class ListTray extends Tray {
        public ListTray(String caption) {
            super(caption);
        }
    
        @Override
        public String makeHTML() {
            StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
            buffer.append("
  • \n"); buffer.append(caption + "\n"); buffer.append("
      \n"); Iterator it = tray.iterator(); while (it.hasNext()) { Item item = (Item) it.next(); buffer.append(item.makeHTML()); } buffer.append("
    \n"
    ); buffer.append("
  • \n"
    ); return buffer.toString(); } }
    • listfactory.ListPage类
    package listfactory;
    
    import factory.Item;
    import factory.Page;
    
    import java.util.Iterator;
    
    public class ListPage extends Page {
        public ListPage(String title, String author) {
            super(title, author);
        }
    
        @Override
        public String makeHTML() {
            StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
            buffer.append(""</span> + title + <span class="hljs-string">"\n");
            buffer.append("\n");
            buffer.append("

    " + title + "

    \n"
    ); buffer.append("
      \n"); Iterator it = content.iterator(); while (it.hasNext()) { Item item = (Item) it.next(); buffer.append(item.makeHTML()); } buffer.append("
    \n"
    ); buffer.append("
    " + author + "
    "
    ); buffer.append("\n"); return buffer.toString(); } }
    • tablefactory.TableFactory类
    package tablefactory;
    
    import factory.Factory;
    import factory.Link;
    import factory.Page;
    import factory.Tray;
    
    public class TableFactory extends Factory {
        @Override
        public Link createLink(String caption, String url) {
            return new TableLink(caption, url);
        }
    
        @Override
        public Tray createTray(String caption) {
            return new TableTray(caption);
        }
    
        @Override
        public Page createPage(String title, String author) {
            return new TablePage(title, author);
        }
    }
    
    • tablefactory.TableLink类
    package tablefactory;
    
    import factory.Link;
    
    public class TableLink extends Link {
        public TableLink(String caption, String url) {
            super(caption, url);
        }
        @Override
        public String makeHTML() {
            return " + url + "\">" + caption + "\n";
        }
    }
    
    • tablefactory.TableTray类
    package tablefactory;
    
    import factory.Item;
    import factory.Tray;
    
    import java.util.Iterator;
    
    public class TableTray extends Tray {
        public TableTray(String caption) {
            super(caption);
        }
    
        @Override
        public String makeHTML() {
            StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
            buffer.append("");
            buffer.append("");
            buffer.append("");
            buffer.append("\n");
            buffer.append("\n");
            Iterator it = tray.iterator();
            while (it.hasNext()) {
                Item item = (Item) it.next();
                buffer.append(item.makeHTML());
            }
            buffer.append("
    + tray.size() + "\">" + caption + "
    "
    ); buffer.append(""); return buffer.toString(); } }
    • tablefactory.TablePage类
    package tablefactory;
    
    import factory.Item;
    import factory.Page;
    
    import java.util.Iterator;
    
    public class TablePage extends Page {
        public TablePage(String title, String author) {
            super(title, author);
        }
    
        @Override
        public String makeHTML() {
            StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
            buffer.append(""</span> + title + <span class="hljs-string">"\n");
            buffer.append("\n");
            buffer.append("

    " + title + "

    \n"
    ); buffer.append("\n"); Iterator it = content.iterator(); while (it.hasNext()) { Item item = (Item)it.next(); buffer.append("" + item.makeHTML() + ""); } buffer.append("
    \n"
    ); buffer.append("
    " + author + "
    "
    ); buffer.append("\n"); return buffer.toString(); } }

    在程序运行的时候需要传入参数“listfactory.ListFactory”或“tablefactory.TableFactory”来决定使用List还是Table来生成HTML文档

    示例输出如下:

    • 使用listfactory.ListFactory

    设计模式:Abstract Factory模式_第1张图片

    <html><head><title>LinkPagetitle>head>
    <body>
    <h1>LinkPageh1>
    <ul>
    <li>
    日报
    <ul>
      <li><a href="http://www.people.com.cn/">人民日报a>li>
      <li><a href="http://www.gmw.cn/">光明日报a>li>
    ul>
    li>
    <li>
    搜索引擎
    <ul>
    <li>
    Yahoo!
    <ul>
      <li><a href="http://www.yahoo.com/">Yahoo!a>li>
      <li><a href="http://www.yahoo.co.jp/">Yahoo!Japana>li>
    ul>
    li>
      <li><a href="http://www.excite.com/">Excitea>li>
      <li><a href="http://www.google.com/">Googlea>li>
    ul>
    li>
    ul>
    <hr><address>F.Mortaladdress>body>html>
    
    • 使用tablefactory.TableFactory

    设计模式:Abstract Factory模式_第2张图片

    <html><head><title>LinkPagetitle>head>
    <body>
    <h1>LinkPageh1>
    <table width="80%" border="3">
    <tr><td><table width="100%" border="1"><tr><td bgcolor="#cccccc" align="center" colspan="2"><b>日报b>td>tr>
    <tr>
    <td><a href="http://www.people.com.cn/">人民日报a>td>
    <td><a href="http://www.gmw.cn/">光明日报a>td>
    tr>table>td>tr><tr><td><table width="100%" border="1"><tr><td bgcolor="#cccccc" align="center" colspan="3"><b>搜索引擎b>td>tr>
    <tr>
    <td><table width="100%" border="1"><tr><td bgcolor="#cccccc" align="center" colspan="2"><b>Yahoo!b>td>tr>
    <tr>
    <td><a href="http://www.yahoo.com/">Yahoo!a>td>
    <td><a href="http://www.yahoo.co.jp/">Yahoo!Japana>td>
    tr>table>td><td><a href="http://www.excite.com/">Excitea>td>
    <td><a href="http://www.google.com/">Googlea>td>
    tr>table>td>tr>table>
    <hr><address>F.Mortaladdress>body>html>
    

    Abstract Factory模式中的角色

    • AbstractProduct(抽象产品)

    AbstractProduct角色负责定义AbstractFactory角色所生成的抽象零件和产品的接口(API)。在示例程序中,由Item类,Link类,Tray类和Page类扮演此角色。

    • AbstractFactory(抽象工厂)

    AbstractFactory角色负责定义用于生成抽象产品的接口(API)。在示例程序中,由Factory类扮演此角色。

    • Client(委托者)

    Client角色仅会调用AbstractFac角色和AbstractProduct角色的接口(API)来进行工作。对于具体的零件,产品和工厂一无所知。在示例程序中,由Main类扮演此角色。

    • ConcreteProduct(具体产品)

    ConcreteProduct角色负责实现AbstractProduct角色的接口(API)。在示例程序中,以下类扮演此角色:

    listfactory包:ListLink类,ListTray类和ListPage类。

    tablefactory包:TableLink类,TableTray类和TablePage类。

    • ConcreteFactory(具体工厂)

    ConcreteFactory角色负责实现AbstractFactory角色的接口(API)。在示例程序中,由ListFactory类和TableFactory类扮演此角色。


    Abstract Factory模式的思路

    • 易于增加具体的工厂

    假设要在示例程序中增加新的具体工厂,那么只需要编写Factory,Link,Tray和Page这4个类的子类,并实现它们定义的抽象方法。这样,无论要增加多少个具体工厂(或是要修改具体工厂的Bug),都无需修改抽象工厂和Main部分。

    • 难以增加新的零件

    而如果要在示例程序中增加新的零件,很多类都需要修改。例如,新增Picture零件,那么我们必须做以下修改:

    • 在所有的Factory类中加入createPicture方法
    • 在所有的具体实现中编写Picture类的具体实现。

    想了解更多关于设计模式:设计模式专栏
    设计模式总结

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