SSD目标检测算法详解(附tensorflow简洁版代码及解析)(二)代码详解

SSD目标检测算法详解 (二)代码详解

这一篇讲一下一个简洁版SSD的代码,源码传送门:
https://github.com/Sharpiless/SSD-tensorflow(欢迎关注我的Github账号呀)

(PS:ckpt文件超过100M传不上了,,,需要的话可以自己训练或者私戳我)
SSD目标检测算法详解(附tensorflow简洁版代码及解析)(二)代码详解_第1张图片

主要分几个程序:

1、config.py : 保存了整个项目的大部分参数;

2、calculate_IOU.py : 计算预选框和真值框的IOU值,用于筛选正负样本;以及定义了对坐标进行encode和decode的函数;

3、nms.py : 定义了非极大值抑制函数;

4、random_crop.py : 定义了一个Cropper类,通过随机裁剪和随机翻转进行数据增强;

5、read_data.py : 定义了一个Reader类,用于读取VOC2012数据集;

6、anchors.py : 对不同特征层生成相应大小和数目的default box;

7、label_anchors.py : 将不同的default box与真值框(true boxes)进行匹配;

8、network.py : 定义了一个Net类,并定义了SSD网络结构,用于训练并保存模型;

9、loss_function.py : 定义了损失函数,其中包含对正样本和负样本1:3比例的取样;

10、SSD_API.py : 定义了SSD_detector类,用于加载模型并输入图片进行目标检测;

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正文开始前,按照惯例闲扯一会……emmm吐槽一下markdown吧,,,复制上本地代码的时候还要每行重新多打一个回车心好累呀,,,再就没什么要说的了,,,那就下期预告吧:下一系列讲一下FCN语义分割吧,先放图——
SSD目标检测算法详解(附tensorflow简洁版代码及解析)(二)代码详解_第2张图片

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1、config.py

保存了这个项目的参数,先上代码:

# config.py
import numpy as np
import os

NMS_THRESHOLD = 0.3  # nms(非极大值抑制)的阙值

DATA_PATH = '../VOC2012'  # 数据集路径

ImageSets_PATH = os.path.join(DATA_PATH, 'ImageSets') # 保存图片坐标和类别信息的路径

BLOCKS = ['block4', 'block7', 'block8',
 
          'block9', 'block10', 'block11', 'block12']  # 需要抽出的特征层名称

MAX_SIZE = 1000  # 图片最大边长

MIN_SIZE = 600  # 图片最小边长

EPOCHES = 2000  # 迭代次数

BATCHES = 64 # 一个epoch迭代多少个batch

THRESHOLD = 0.5  # 区分正负样本匹配的阙值

SCORE_THRESHOLD = 0.997  # 测试时正样本得分阙值

MIN_CROP_RATIO = 0.6  # 随机裁剪的最小比率

MAX_CROP_RATIO = 1.0  # 随机裁剪的最大比率

MODEL_PATH = './model/'  # 模型保存路径

LEARNING_RATE = 2e-4  # 学习率

CLASSES = ['', 'aeroplane', 'bicycle', 'bird', 'boat', 'bottle', 'bus',
           'car', 'cat', 'chair', 'cow', 'diningtable', 'dog', 'horse',
           'motorbike', 'person', 'pottedplant', 'sheep', 'sofa',
           'train', 'tvmonitor'] # 物体类别,第一个是背景类别
           
# 图片三像素均值
PIXEL_MEANS = np.array([[[122.7717, 115.9465, 102.9801]]])

# 不同层预选框的长宽比
RATIOS = [[2, .5],
          [2, .5, 3, 1./3],
          [2, .5, 3, 1./3],
          [2, .5, 3, 1./3],
          [2, .5, 3, 1./3],
          [2, .5], [2, .5]]
          
# 每层的步长
STRIDES = [8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512]

# 论文中的s,认为是每层预选框的边长大小(比率大小)
S = [0.04, 0.1, 0.26, 0.42, 0.58, 0.74, 0.9, 1.06]

# 每层default box的边长,第二个元素是下一层default box的边长
Sk = [(20.48, 51.2),

      (51.2, 133.12),
      
      (133.12, 215.04),
      
      (215.04, 296.96),
      
      (296.96, 378.88),
      
      (378.88, 460.8),
      
      (460.8, 542.72)]
      
# 用于调整边框回归值在loss中的比率
PRIOT_SCALING = (0.1, 0.1, 0.2, 0.2)

参数都有备注,就不多说啦,挑几个比较重要的吧:

1、BLOCKS: BLOCKS保存了我们需要提取的特征层的名称(共七个),其中第一个特征层’block4’是VGG的一个中间层,其余六个特征层是SSD在VGG之层后额外添加的几个,每层的步长见‘STRIDES’参数;

2、RATIOS: RATIOS保存了七个层default box的几个长宽比,比如第一层有[2, 0.5]两个长宽比,代表第一个特征层每个特征点有长宽比分别为2, 0.5的额外两个default box;

3、Sk: Sk保存了每个特征层的default box的边长,注意这里的边长大小跟原论文不太一样;

然后config.py中的参数通过 import config as cfg 引用,参量用cfg.参数名即可。

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2、calculate_IOU.py

这里定义了计算预选框和真值框的IOU值的函数,用于筛选正负样本;以及定义了对坐标进行encode和decode的函数;

先上代码:

# calculate_IOU.py
import numpy as np
import config as cfg

def encode_targets(true_box, anchors, prior_scaling=cfg.PRIOT_SCALING):

    anchor_y_min = anchors[:, 0]
    anchor_x_min = anchors[:, 1]
    anchor_y_max = anchors[:, 2]
    anchor_x_max = anchors[:, 3]

    anchor_ctr_y = (anchor_y_max + anchor_y_min) / 2
    anchor_ctr_x = (anchor_x_max + anchor_x_min) / 2
    anchor_h = anchor_y_max - anchor_y_min
    anchor_w = anchor_x_max - anchor_x_min

    true_box_y_min = true_box[:, 0]
    true_box_x_min = true_box[:, 1]
    true_box_y_max = true_box[:, 2]
    true_box_x_max = true_box[:, 3]

    true_box_ctr_y = (true_box_y_max + true_box_y_min) / 2
    true_box_ctr_x = (true_box_x_max + true_box_x_min) / 2
    true_box_h = true_box_y_max - true_box_y_min
    true_box_w = true_box_x_max - true_box_x_min

    target_dy = (true_box_ctr_y-anchor_ctr_y)/anchor_h
    target_dx = (true_box_ctr_x-anchor_ctr_x)/anchor_w
    target_dh = np.log(true_box_h/anchor_h)
    target_dw = np.log(true_box_w/anchor_w)

    targets = np.stack([target_dy, target_dx, target_dh, target_dw], axis=1)

    return np.reshape(targets, (-1, 4)) / prior_scaling


def decode_targets(anchors, targets, image_shape, prior_scaling=cfg.PRIOT_SCALING):

    y_min = anchors[:, 0]
    x_min = anchors[:, 1]
    y_max = anchors[:, 2]
    x_max = anchors[:, 3]

    height, width = image_shape[:2]

    ctr_y = (y_max + y_min) / 2
    ctr_x = (x_max + x_min) / 2
    h = y_max - y_min
    w = x_max - x_min

    targets = targets * prior_scaling

    dy = targets[:, 0]
    dx = targets[:, 1]
    dh = targets[:, 2]
    dw = targets[:, 3]

    pred_ctr_y = dy*h + ctr_y
    pred_ctr_x = dx*w + ctr_x
    pred_h = h*np.exp(dh)
    pred_w = w*np.exp(dw)

    y_min = pred_ctr_y - pred_h/2
    x_min = pred_ctr_x - pred_w/2
    y_max = pred_ctr_y + pred_h/2
    x_max = pred_ctr_x + pred_w/2

    y_min = np.clip(y_min, 0, height)
    y_max = np.clip(y_max, 0, height)
    x_min = np.clip(x_min, 0, width)
    x_max = np.clip(x_max, 0, width)

    boxes = np.stack([y_min, x_min, y_max, x_max], axis=1)

    return boxes


def fast_bbox_overlaps(holdon_anchor, true_boxes):

    num_true = true_boxes.shape[0]  # 真值框的个数 m
    num_holdon = holdon_anchor.shape[0]  # 候选框的个数(已删去越界的样本)n

    true_y_max = true_boxes[:, 2]
    true_y_min = true_boxes[:, 0]
    true_x_max = true_boxes[:, 3]
    true_x_min = true_boxes[:, 1]

    anchor_y_max = holdon_anchor[:, 2]
    anchor_y_min = holdon_anchor[:, 0]
    anchor_x_max = holdon_anchor[:, 3]
    anchor_x_min = holdon_anchor[:, 1]

    true_h = true_y_max - true_y_min
    true_w = true_x_max - true_x_min

    true_h = np.expand_dims(true_h, axis=1)
    true_w = np.expand_dims(true_w, axis=1)

    anchor_h = holdon_anchor[:, 2] - holdon_anchor[:, 0]
    anchor_w = holdon_anchor[:, 3] - holdon_anchor[:, 1]

    true_area = true_w * true_h
    anchor_area = anchor_w * anchor_h

    min_y_up = np.expand_dims(true_y_max, axis=1) < anchor_y_max
    min_y_up = np.where(min_y_up, np.expand_dims(
        true_y_max, axis=1), np.expand_dims(anchor_y_max, axis=0))

    max_y_down = np.expand_dims(true_y_min, axis=1) > anchor_y_min
    max_y_down = np.where(max_y_down, np.expand_dims(
        true_y_min, axis=1), np.expand_dims(anchor_y_min, axis=0))

    lh = min_y_up - max_y_down

    min_x_up = np.expand_dims(true_x_max, axis=1) < anchor_x_max
    min_x_up = np.where(min_x_up, np.expand_dims(
        true_x_max, axis=1), np.expand_dims(anchor_x_max, axis=0))

    max_x_down = np.expand_dims(true_x_min, axis=1) > anchor_x_min
    max_x_down = np.where(max_x_down, np.expand_dims(
        true_x_min, axis=1), np.expand_dims(anchor_x_min, axis=0))

    lw = min_x_up - max_x_down

    pos_index = np.where(
        np.logical_and(
            lh > 0, lw > 0
        )
    )

    overlap_area = lh * lw  # (n, m)

    overlap_weight = np.zeros(shape=lh.shape, dtype=np.int)

    overlap_weight[pos_index] = 1

    all_area = true_area + anchor_area

    dialta_S = all_area - overlap_area

    dialta_S = np.where(dialta_S > 0, dialta_S, all_area)

    IOU = np.divide(overlap_area, dialta_S)

    IOU = np.where(overlap_weight, IOU, 0)

    IOU_s = np.transpose(IOU)

    return IOU_s.astype(np.float32)  # (n, m) 转置矩阵

if __name__ == "__main__":

    pass

(1)

其中IOU用于描述两个线框的重叠程度,在SSD中,我们分别计算每个default box和每个true box的IOU值,其中最大IOU值大于0.5的标记为正样本小于0.5的标记为负样本,再将与正样本IOU最大的true box的坐标框和类别作为该正样本的label。计算公式为:
SSD目标检测算法详解(附tensorflow简洁版代码及解析)(二)代码详解_第3张图片
这里利用numpy的广播机制,改进了计算IOU的传统方式(fast_bbox_overlaps函数)。

(2)

然后对坐标encode和decode指的是,VOC数据集的真值框坐标是[min_y, min_x, max_y, max_x],即真值框的四角坐标:
SSD目标检测算法详解(附tensorflow简洁版代码及解析)(二)代码详解_第4张图片

encodeencode_targets函数)指的是,先将default box(程序中用anchor表示)和true box的四角坐标[min_y, min_x, max_y, max_x],转换成[ctr_y, ctr_x, h, w]的形式,即中心点坐标和高度宽度,然后根据公式:
SSD目标检测算法详解(附tensorflow简洁版代码及解析)(二)代码详解_第5张图片
计算出 [dy, dx, dh, dw] 作为default box的坐标label。

(3)

decodeencode_targets函数)功能正好跟encode相反,这里就不多赘述了。

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3、nms.py

非极大值抑制(Non-Maximum Suppression,NMS),功能是去除冗余的检测框,保留最好的一个。

如果不进行NMS,效果是这样的:
SSD目标检测算法详解(附tensorflow简洁版代码及解析)(二)代码详解_第6张图片
使用NMS之后,效果是这样的:
SSD目标检测算法详解(附tensorflow简洁版代码及解析)(二)代码详解_第7张图片
可以看到NMS除去了冗余的检测框,只保留了得分最大的那个。

上代码:

# nms.py
import numpy as np
import config as cfg

def py_cpu_nms(dets, thresh=cfg.NMS_THRESHOLD):

    y1 = dets[:, 0]
    x1 = dets[:, 1]
    y2 = dets[:, 2]
    x2 = dets[:, 3]

    scores = dets[:, 4]  # bbox打分

    areas = (x2 - x1 + 1) * (y2 - y1 + 1)

    # 打分从大到小排列,取index
    order = scores.argsort()[::-1]

    # keep为最后保留的边框
    keep = []

    while order.size > 0:

        # order[0]是当前分数最大的窗口,肯定保留
        i = order[0]

        keep.append(i)
        # 计算窗口i与其他所有窗口的交叠部分的面积

        xx1 = np.maximum(x1[i], x1[order[1:]])
        yy1 = np.maximum(y1[i], y1[order[1:]])
        xx2 = np.minimum(x2[i], x2[order[1:]])
        yy2 = np.minimum(y2[i], y2[order[1:]])

        w = np.maximum(0.0, xx2 - xx1 + 1)
        h = np.maximum(0.0, yy2 - yy1 + 1)

        inter = w * h

        # 交/并得到iou值
        ovr = inter / (areas[i] + areas[order[1:]] - inter)

        # inds为所有与窗口i的iou值小于threshold值的窗口的index,其他窗口此次都被窗口i吸收
        inds = np.where(ovr <= thresh)[0]

        # order里面只保留与窗口i交叠面积小于threshold的那些窗口,由于ovr长度比order长度少1(不包含i),所以inds+1对应到保留的窗口
        order = order[inds + 1]

    return keep

更详细的原理可以看一下这篇博客:https://www.cnblogs.com/makefile/p/nms.html

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4、random_crop.py

这里定义了一个Cropper类,用于对图片和true box进行随即裁剪和随机翻转,进行数据增强。
先上代码:

# random_crop.py
import numpy as np
import config as cfg
import random


class Cropper(object):

    def __init__(self):

        self.min_ratio = cfg.MIN_CROP_RATIO

        self.max_ratio = cfg.MAX_CROP_RATIO

    def random_flip(self, image, boxes):

        flag = random.randint(0, 1)

        if flag:

            image = np.flip(image, axis=1)

            h, w = image.shape[:2]

            y_min = boxes[:, 0]
            x_min = boxes[:, 1]
            y_max = boxes[:, 2]
            x_max = boxes[:, 3]

            new_y_min = y_max
            new_y_max = y_min
            new_x_min = w - x_max
            new_x_max = w - x_min

            # print('flip')

            boxes = np.stack(
                [new_y_min, new_x_min, new_y_max, new_x_max], axis=-1)

            return image, boxes

        else:
            return image, boxes

    def random_crop(self, image, boxes, labels):

        h, w = image.shape[:2]

        ratio = random.random()

        scale = self.min_ratio + ratio * (self.max_ratio - self.min_ratio)

        new_h = int(h*scale)
        new_w = int(w*scale)

        y = np.random.randint(0, h - new_h)
        x = np.random.randint(0, w - new_w)

        image = image[y:y+new_h, x:x+new_w, :]

        y_min = boxes[:, 0]
        x_min = boxes[:, 1]
        y_max = boxes[:, 2]
        x_max = boxes[:, 3]

        raw_areas = (y_max - y_min) * (x_max - x_min)

        y_min = y_min - y
        y_max = y_max - y
        x_min = x_min - x
        x_max = x_max - x

        y_min = np.clip(y_min, 0, new_h)
        y_max = np.clip(y_max, 0, new_h)
        x_min = np.clip(x_min, 0, new_w)
        x_max = np.clip(x_max, 0, new_w)

        new_areas = (y_max - y_min) * (x_max - x_min)

        # keep_index = np.where(new_areas > raw_areas*0.7)[0]
        boxes = np.stack([y_min, x_min, y_max, x_max], axis=-1)
        # boxes = boxes[keep_index]
        # labels = labels[keep_index]

        return image, boxes, labels

(1)random_flip方法:

0.5的概率对图片进行水平翻转

(2)random_crop方法:

对图片进行随机裁剪,裁剪区域为0.6~1.0随机大小;这里把选择保留裁剪后真值框大小大于原大小0.7倍的功能去掉了,如果想用的话把keep_index那部分的注释去掉就ok;

效果如图:

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5、read_data.py

这里定义了一个Reader类,主要功能是读取VOC2012数据集的数据,并通过generate方法生成用于训练的图片和标签;

由于VOC2012格式的数据集,使用.xml文件保存用于检测的图片的标签:
SSD目标检测算法详解(附tensorflow简洁版代码及解析)(二)代码详解_第8张图片
我们使用 xml.etree.ElementTree 来解析.xml文件并获取数据。

先上代码:

# read_data.py
import config as cfg
import cv2
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
import numpy as np
import os
import pickle
import random
from random_crop import Cropper


class Reader(object):
    def __init__(self, is_training):

        self.data_path = cfg.DATA_PATH

        self.cropper = Cropper()

        self.is_training = is_training

        self.max_size = cfg.MAX_SIZE

        self.min_size = cfg.MIN_SIZE

        self.CLASSES = cfg.CLASSES

        self.pixel_means = cfg.PIXEL_MEANS

        self.class_to_ind = dict(
            zip(self.CLASSES, range(len(self.CLASSES)))
        )

        self.cursor = 0 # 游标,用于检测是否历遍完一遍图片

        self.epoch = 1

        self.true_labels = None

        self.pre_process()

    def read_image(self, path):

        image = cv2.imread(path)

        return image.astype(np.float)

    def load_one_info(self, name):

        filename = os.path.join(self.data_path, 'Annotations', name+'.xml')

        tree = ET.parse(filename)

        Objects = tree.findall('object')

        objs_num = len(Objects)

        Boxes = np.zeros((objs_num, 4), dtype=np.float32)
        True_classes = np.zeros((objs_num), dtype=np.float32)

        for i, obj in enumerate(Objects):

            bbox = obj.find('bndbox')

            x_min = float(bbox.find('xmin').text) - 1 # 注意VOC格式的坐标是以1为起始点
            y_min = float(bbox.find('ymin').text) - 1
            x_max = float(bbox.find('xmax').text) - 1
            y_max = float(bbox.find('ymax').text) - 1

            obj_cls = obj.find('name').text.lower().strip()
            obj_cls = self.class_to_ind[obj_cls]

            Boxes[i, :] = [y_min, x_min, y_max, x_max]

            True_classes[i] = obj_cls

            image_path = os.path.join(
                self.data_path, 'JPEGImages', name + '.jpg')

        return {'boxes': Boxes, 'classes': True_classes, 'image_path': image_path}

    def load_labels(self):

        is_training = 'train' if self.is_training else 'test'

        if not os.path.exists('./dataset'):
            os.makedirs('./dataset')

        pkl_file = os.path.join('./dataset', is_training+'_labels.pkl')

        if os.path.isfile(pkl_file):

            print('Load Label From '+str(pkl_file))
            with open(pkl_file, 'rb') as f:
                labels = pickle.load(f)

            return labels

        # else
        print('Load labels from: '+str(cfg.ImageSets_PATH))

        if self.is_training:
            txt_path = os.path.join(cfg.ImageSets_PATH, 'Main', 'trainval.txt')
            # 这是用来存放训练集和测试集的列表的txt文件
        else:
            txt_path = os.path.join(cfg.ImageSets_PATH, 'Main', 'val.txt')

        with open(txt_path, 'r') as f:
            self.image_name = [x.strip() for x in f.readlines()]

        labels = []

        for name in self.image_name:
            # 包括objet box坐标信息 以及类别信息(转换成dict后的)
            true_label = self.load_one_info(name)
            labels.append(true_label)

        with open(pkl_file, 'wb') as f:
            pickle.dump(labels, f)

        print('Successfully saving '+is_training+'data to '+pkl_file)

        return labels

    def resize_image(self, image):

        image_shape = image.shape

        size_min = np.min(image_shape[:2])
        size_max = np.max(image_shape[:2])

        min_size = self.min_size

        scale = float(min_size) / float(size_min)

        image = cv2.resize(image, dsize=(0, 0), fx=scale, fy=scale)

        return image, scale

    def pre_process(self):

        true_labels = self.load_labels()

        if self.is_training:
            np.random.shuffle(true_labels)

        self.true_labels = true_labels

    def generate(self):

        image_path = self.true_labels[self.cursor]['image_path']
        image = self.read_image(image_path)
        true_boxes = self.true_labels[self.cursor]['boxes']
        true_labels = self.true_labels[self.cursor]['classes']

        image, true_boxes = self.cropper.random_flip(image, true_boxes)

        image, true_boxes, true_labels = self.cropper.random_crop(
            image, true_boxes, true_labels)

        image, scale = self.resize_image(image)

        true_boxes = true_boxes * scale

        self.cursor += 1

        if self.cursor >= len(self.true_labels):
            np.random.shuffle(self.true_labels)

            self.cursor = 0
            self.epoch += 1

        value = {'image': image, 'classes': true_labels,
                 'boxes': true_boxes, 'image_path': image_path, 'scale': scale}

        if true_boxes.shape[0] == 0:
            value = self.generate()

        return value

(1)read_image方法:

读取图片;

(2)load_one_info方法:

从Annotation文件夹中解析图片的.xml文件,并获取其true box的坐标和类别;

(3)load_labels方法:

加载所有图片,并对每张分别使用load_one_info加载标签,然后将图片路径(注意不要直接保存图片,不然加载时会占用太多内存)和标签等信息保存在一个pkl文件中;如果已经保存过pkl文件则跳过这步,直接从pkl文件加载数据;

(4)resize_image方法:

改变图片大小,即按图片最小边调整为600的比率放缩图片,防止图片过小导致最后无法继续池化;

(5)pre_process方法:

在创建reader类时调用load_labels方法,加载数据;

(6)generate方法:

每次调用生成用于训练的图片和标签,格式是一个字典;

(7)注意:这里使用了递归,防止裁剪出没有true box的图片

SSD目标检测算法详解(附tensorflow简洁版代码及解析)(二)代码详解_第9张图片

———————分割线————————

6、anchors.py

这里用于生成default box(有的地方也叫Prior Box,先验框),由于输入的图片大小不一样,得到的特征层大小也会不同,这里就根据每层大小而定,生成相应数目的default box;(至于为什么叫anchor呢,,,因为anchor比default box短好写呀)

(如果还是不明白default box的话,可以先看我的上一篇博客)

先用一张空图,看一下‘block9’特征层对应的default box生成效果:
SSD目标检测算法详解(附tensorflow简洁版代码及解析)(二)代码详解_第10张图片

再上代码:

# anchors.py
import numpy as np
import config as cfg
import math
import tensorflow as tf


def ssd_anchor_all_layers(image):

    image_shape = image.shape

    layers_shape, anchor_shapes = get_layers_shape(image_shape)

    layers_anchors = []

    for i, layer_size in enumerate(layers_shape):

        anchor_size = anchor_shapes[i]

        anchors = ssd_anchor_one_layer(
            image_shape, layer_size, anchor_size, ratio=cfg.RATIOS[i], stride=cfg.STRIDES[i]
        )

        layers_anchors.append(anchors)

    return layers_anchors


def ssd_anchor_one_layer(image_shape, layer_size, anchor_size, ratio, stride):

    y, x = np.mgrid[0:layer_size[0], 0:layer_size[1]]

    y = (y.astype(np.float)+0.5) * stride  # 原图上的锚定点
    x = (x.astype(np.float)+0.5) * stride  # 原图上的锚定点

    y = np.expand_dims(y, axis=-1)
    x = np.expand_dims(x, axis=-1)

    anchor_num = len(ratio) + len(anchor_size)

    h = np.zeros((anchor_num, ), dtype=np.float)
    w = np.zeros((anchor_num, ), dtype=np.float)

    di = 1

    h[0] = anchor_size[0]
    w[0] = anchor_size[0]

    if len(anchor_size) > 1:

        h[1] = math.sqrt(anchor_size[0]*anchor_size[1])
        w[1] = math.sqrt(anchor_size[0]*anchor_size[1])
        di += 1

    for i, r in enumerate(ratio):

        h[i+di] = anchor_size[0] / math.sqrt(r)
        w[i+di] = anchor_size[0] * math.sqrt(r)

    anchors = convert_format(y, x, w, h)

    return anchors.astype(np.float32)


def convert_format(y, x, w, h):

    bias = get_conners_coord(w, h)

    center_point = np.stack((y, x, y, x), axis=-1)

    anchors = center_point + bias 
    anchors = np.reshape(
        anchors, [y.shape[0], y.shape[1], bias.shape[0], 4])

    return anchors


def get_conners_coord(w, h):

    width = w
    height = h

    # 分别计算四点坐标
    x_min = np.round(0 - 0.5 * width)
    y_min = np.round(0 - 0.5 * height)
    x_max = np.round(0 + 0.5 * width)
    y_max = np.round(0 + 0.5 * height)

    bias = np.stack((y_min, x_min, y_max, x_max), axis=-1)

    return bias


def get_layers_shape(image_shape, Sk=cfg.Sk):

    height, width = image_shape[:2]

    H, W = height, width

    layers_shape = []

    for _ in range(3):

        height = math.ceil(height/2)
        width = math.ceil(width/2)

    for i in range(7):

        layers_shape.append((height, width))        
        height = math.ceil(height/2)
        width = math.ceil(width/2)

    anchor_shapes = np.array(Sk)  

    return layers_shape, anchor_shapes



(1)ssd_anchor_all_layers:

输入图片,输出相应图片对应的7个特征层的default box,保存在列表里;

(2)ssd_anchor_one_layer:

输入特征层的大小、相应特征层的default box的边长及长宽比,生成相应不同长宽比的default box;

(3)convert_format:

把坐标的(y, x, w, h)格式转换成(min_y, min_x, max_y, max_x)格式;

(4)get_conners_coord:

把(w, h)转换成(-0.5×h, 0.5×h, -0.5×w, 0.5×w );

(5)get_layers_shape:

传入图片大小,由于每次经过步长为2的池化层(或者个别步长为2的卷积层)时,特征图的大小就变为原来的1/2,故可以由此计算出每一个特征层的大小;
函数返回7个特征层的大小;

———————分割线————————

7、label_anchors.py

这里主要是给default box匹配true box,区分正样本和负样本,并给default box标注标签;

效果如图,其中绿色框和蓝色框是true box,红色框是正样本:
SSD目标检测算法详解(附tensorflow简洁版代码及解析)(二)代码详解_第11张图片

再上代码:

# label_anchors.py
import numpy as np
import config as cfg
from calculate_IOU import encode_targets, decode_targets, fast_bbox_overlaps


def ssd_bboxes_encode(anchors, true_boxes, true_labels, num_classes=len(cfg.CLASSES), threshold=cfg.THRESHOLD):

    labels, scores, loc = ssd_bboxes_encode_layer(
        anchors, true_boxes, true_labels, threshold=threshold
    )

    return labels.astype(np.float32), scores.astype(np.float32), loc.astype(np.float32)


def ssd_bboxes_encode_layer(anchors, true_boxes, true_labels, threshold=0.5):

    anchors = np.reshape(anchors, (-1, 4))
    true_boxes = np.reshape(true_boxes, (-1, 4))

    IOUs = fast_bbox_overlaps(anchors, true_boxes)

    max_arg = np.argmax(IOUs, axis=-1)
    index = np.arange(0, max_arg.shape[0])

    target_labels = true_labels[max_arg]
    target_scores = IOUs[index, max_arg]

    pos_index = np.where(target_scores > threshold)[0]
    pos_anchors = anchors[pos_index]
    pos_boxes = true_boxes[max_arg[pos_index]]

    target_loc = np.zeros(shape=anchors.shape)

    if pos_index.shape[0]:

        pos_targets = encode_targets(pos_boxes, pos_anchors)
        target_loc[pos_index, :] = pos_targets

    return target_labels, target_scores, target_loc


(1)ssd_bboxes_encode:

对七个特征层的default box(源码记为anchor)分别跟true box进行匹配;

(2)ssd_bboxes_encode_layer:

对某一特整层的default box,选出正样本和负样本,并给default box匹配true box的类别和坐标label;

输出:
1.target_labels:每个default box与之最大IOU对应的true box的类别,;2.target_scores:每个default box的最大IOU值;
3.target_loc:正样本的回归坐标(负样本标注为零,不参与Loss的计算);

———————分割线————————

8、network.py

这里定义了一个Net类,主要搭建了SSD的网络结构(如图),并进行神经网络的训练和模型的保存,ckpt文件保存在./model文件夹下;

SSD目标检测算法详解(附tensorflow简洁版代码及解析)(二)代码详解_第12张图片
我们跟论文略有不同的是,论文中采取的是将图片裁剪成固定大小输入(300×300或512×512),我们输入的是按最短边调整为600的比率缩放的图片,这样训练的模型对小目标的检测效果会更好;

然后我们使用动量梯度下降法(gradient descent with momentum)进行训练,由于我们使用SGD(Stochastic gradientdescent)随机梯度下降法,即每次只迭代一张图片,会产生下降过程中Loss左右振荡的现象。而动量梯度下降法通过减小振荡对算法进行优化。

先上代码:

import config as cfg
import tensorflow as tf
from read_data import Reader
from anchors import ssd_anchor_all_layers
from label_anchors import ssd_bboxes_encode
from loss_function import loss_layer
import numpy as np
import os

slim = tf.contrib.slim


class Net(object):

    def __init__(self, is_training):

        self.reader = Reader(is_training)

        self.is_training = is_training

        self.learning_rate = cfg.LEARNING_RATE

        self.class_num = len(cfg.CLASSES)

        self.blocks = cfg.BLOCKS

        self.ratios = cfg.RATIOS

        self.Sk = cfg.Sk

        self.x = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, None, 3])

        self.true_labels = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None])

        self.true_boxes = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 4])

        self.output = self.ssd_net(
            tf.expand_dims(self.x, axis=0)
        )

        self.anchors = tf.numpy_function(
            ssd_anchor_all_layers, [self.x],
            [tf.float32]*7
        )

        self.saver = tf.train.Saver()

    def ssd_net(self, inputs, scope='ssd_512_vgg'):

        layers = {}

        with tf.variable_scope(scope, 'ssd_512_vgg', [inputs], reuse=None):

            # Block 1
            net = slim.repeat(inputs, 2, slim.conv2d,
                              64, [3, 3], scope='conv1')
            net = slim.max_pool2d(net, [2, 2], scope='pool1', padding='SAME')

            # Block 2
            net = slim.repeat(net, 2, slim.conv2d,
                              128, [3, 3], scope='conv2')
            net = slim.max_pool2d(net, [2, 2], scope='pool2', padding='SAME')

            # Block 3
            net = slim.repeat(net, 3, slim.conv2d,
                              256, [3, 3], scope='conv3')
            net = slim.max_pool2d(net, [2, 2], scope='pool3', padding='SAME')

            # net = tf.layers.batch_normalization(net, training=self.is_training)

            # Block 4
            net = slim.repeat(net, 3, slim.conv2d,
                              512, [3, 3], scope='conv4')

            layers['block4'] = net

            net = slim.max_pool2d(net, [2, 2], scope='pool4', padding='SAME')

            # Block 5
            net = slim.repeat(net, 3, slim.conv2d,
                              512, [3, 3], scope='conv5')

            # Block 6
            net = slim.conv2d(net, 1024, [3, 3], rate=6, scope='conv6')

            # Block 7
            net = slim.conv2d(net, 1024, [1, 1], scope='conv7')
            layers['block7'] = net

            # Block 8
            with tf.variable_scope('block8'):

                net = slim.conv2d(net, 256, [1, 1], scope='conv1x1')
                net = slim.conv2d(net, 512, [3, 3], 2,
                                  scope='conv3x3', padding='SAME')

            layers['block8'] = net

            # Block 9
            with tf.variable_scope('block9'):

                net = slim.conv2d(net, 128, [1, 1], scope='conv1x1')
                net = slim.conv2d(net, 256, [3, 3], 2,
                                  scope='conv3x3', padding='SAME')

            layers['block9'] = net

            # Block 10
            with tf.variable_scope('block10'):

                net = slim.conv2d(net, 128, [1, 1], scope='conv1x1')
                net = slim.conv2d(net, 256, [3, 3], 2,
                                  scope='conv3x3', padding='SAME')

            layers['block10'] = net

            # Block 11
            with tf.variable_scope('block11'):

                net = slim.conv2d(net, 128, [1, 1], scope='conv1x1')
                net = slim.conv2d(net, 256, [3, 3], 2,
                                  scope='conv3x3', padding='SAME')

            layers['block11'] = net

            # Block 12
            with tf.variable_scope('block12'):

                net = slim.conv2d(net, 128, [1, 1], scope='conv1x1')
                net = slim.conv2d(net, 256, [4, 4], 2,
                                  scope='conv4x4', padding='SAME')

            layers['block12'] = net
            self.layers = layers

            pred_loc = []
            pred_score = []

            for i, block in enumerate(self.blocks):

                with tf.variable_scope(block+'_box'):

                    loc, score = self.ssd_multibox_layer(
                        layers[block], self.class_num, self.ratios[i], self.Sk[i]
                    )

                    pred_loc.append(loc)
                    pred_score.append(score)

        return pred_loc, pred_score

    def ssd_multibox_layer(self, inputs, class_num, ratio, size):

        num_anchors = len(size) + len(ratio)
        num_loc = num_anchors * 4
        num_cls = num_anchors * class_num

        # loc
        loc_pred = slim.conv2d(
            inputs, num_loc, [3, 3], activation_fn=None, scope='conv_loc')

        # cls
        cls_pred = slim.conv2d(
            inputs, num_cls, [3, 3], activation_fn=None, scope='conv_cls')

        loc_pred = tf.reshape(loc_pred, (-1, 4))
        cls_pred = tf.reshape(cls_pred, (-1, class_num))

        # softmax
        cls_pred = slim.softmax(cls_pred, scope='softmax')

        return loc_pred, cls_pred

    def train_net(self):

        self.target_labels = []
        self.target_scores = []
        self.target_loc = []

        for i in range(7):

            target_labels, target_scores, target_loc = tf.numpy_function(
                ssd_bboxes_encode, [self.anchors[i], self.true_boxes,
                                    self.true_labels, self.class_num],
                [tf.float32, tf.float32, tf.float32]
            )

            self.target_labels.append(target_labels)
            self.target_scores.append(target_scores)
            self.target_loc.append(target_loc)

        self.total_cross_pos, self.total_cross_neg, self.total_loc = loss_layer(
            self.output, self.target_labels, self.target_scores, self.target_loc
        )

        self.loss = tf.add(
            tf.add(self.total_cross_pos, self.total_cross_neg), self.total_loc
        )

        # gradients = self.optimizer.compute_gradients(self.loss)

        self.optimizer = tf.compat.v1.train.MomentumOptimizer(
            learning_rate=self.learning_rate, momentum=0.9)
        # self.optimizer = tf.compat.v1.train.AdamOptimizer(self.learning_rate)

        self.train_step = self.optimizer.minimize(self.loss)

        with tf.Session() as sess:

            sess.run(tf.compat.v1.global_variables_initializer())

            ckpt = tf.train.get_checkpoint_state(cfg.MODEL_PATH)

            if ckpt and ckpt.model_checkpoint_path:
                # 如果保存过模型,则在保存的模型的基础上继续训练
                self.saver.restore(sess, ckpt.model_checkpoint_path)
                print('Model Reload Successfully!')

            for i in range(cfg.EPOCHES):
                loss_list = []
                for batch in range(cfg.BATCHES):

                    value = self.reader.generate()

                    image = value['image'] - cfg.PIXEL_MEANS
                    true_labels = value['classes']
                    true_boxes = value['boxes']

                    feed_dict = {self.x: image,
                                 self.true_labels: true_labels,
                                 self.true_boxes: true_boxes}

                    test = sess.run(self.target_scores, feed_dict)

                    total_pos = 0
                    for v in test:
                        if np.max(v) > cfg.THRESHOLD:
                            total_pos += 1
                    if total_pos==0:
                        with open('NumError.txt', 'a') as f:
                            f.write(value['image_path']+'\n')
                        continue
                    try:
                        sess.run(self.train_step, feed_dict)
                        loss_0, loss_1, loss_2 = sess.run(
                            [self.total_cross_pos, self.total_cross_neg, self.total_loc], feed_dict)                    
                    except EOFError:
                        pass

                    loss_list.append(
                        np.array([loss_0, loss_1, loss_2])
                    )

                    print('batch:{},pos_loss:{},neg_loss:{},loc_loss:{}'.format(
                        batch, loss_0, loss_1, loss_2
                    ), end='\r')

                loss_values = np.array(loss_list)  # (64, 3)

                loss_values = np.mean(loss_values, axis=0)

                with open('./result.txt', 'a') as f:
                    f.write(str(loss_values)+'\n')

                self.saver.save(sess, os.path.join(
                    cfg.MODEL_PATH, 'model.ckpt'))

                print('epoch:{},pos_loss:{},neg_loss:{},loc_loss:{}'.format(
                    self.reader.epoch, loss_values[0], loss_values[1], loss_values[2]
                ))


if __name__ == '__main__':

    if not os.path.exists(cfg.MODEL_PATH):
        os.makedirs(cfg.MODEL_PATH)

    net = Net(is_training=True)

    net.train_net()

注意:

由于我们使用了numpy进行图片default box的生成和匹配标签,这里需要再使用tf.numpy_function函数进行array和tensor的转换;tensorflow中的numpy_function近似于py_function,可以直接将一个python函数(主要指numpy函数)转换成tensorflow的张量输出;但是numpy_function应该是最近版本才更新的,实测tensorflow-gpu==1.14才出现,之前的版本可能会报错;

(1)ssd_net方法:

定义了SSD的网络结构,接受图片为输入,输出每个特征点的预测值(原论文中网络结构图输出有所省略,应该7个特征层都有输出):
SSD目标检测算法详解(附tensorflow简洁版代码及解析)(二)代码详解_第13张图片
SSD目标检测算法详解(附tensorflow简洁版代码及解析)(二)代码详解_第14张图片

(2)ssd_multibox_layer方法:

ssd_multibox_layer方法在ssd_net方法中被调用,作用是对每个特征层计算该特征层每个特征点的default box数,并用卷积输出预测值;

(3)train_net方法:

这里主要是训练并保存模型,每迭代一次(64个batch)会在终端打印Loss值:
1.pos_loss:指的是正样本的分类Loss;
2.neg_loss:指的是负样本的分类Loss(物体和非物体二分类);
3.loc_loss:指的是正样本坐标回归Loss;
SSD目标检测算法详解(附tensorflow简洁版代码及解析)(二)代码详解_第15张图片

然后把Loss保存在工作区result.txt文件中,没有匹配到正样本的图片保存在NumError.txt文件中;
SSD目标检测算法详解(附tensorflow简洁版代码及解析)(二)代码详解_第16张图片
每次迭代也会保存一次模型,保存在工作区model文件夹下:
SSD目标检测算法详解(附tensorflow简洁版代码及解析)(二)代码详解_第17张图片

然后调用这个方法就可以开始训练啦~

———————分割线————————

9、loss_function.py

对正负样本1:3的取样,以及进行Loss的计算;

上代码:

import tensorflow as tf


def loss_layer(output, target_labels, target_scores, target_loc, threshold=0.5):

    predictions_loc, predictions_score = output

    dtype = predictions_loc[0].dtype
    l_cross_pos = []
    l_cross_neg = []
    l_loc = []

    for i in range(len(predictions_score)):

        pred_loc = predictions_loc[i]
        pred_score = predictions_score[i]
        true_label = tf.cast(target_labels[i], tf.int32)

        pos_mask = target_scores[i] > threshold
        no_classes = tf.cast(pos_mask, tf.int32)
        fpos_mask = tf.cast(pos_mask, dtype)

        pos_num = tf.reduce_sum(fpos_mask)

        neg_mask = tf.logical_not(pos_mask)
        fneg_mask = tf.cast(neg_mask, dtype)

        neg_values = tf.where(
            neg_mask, pred_score[:, 0], 1.-fneg_mask)

        neg_values_flat = tf.reshape(neg_values, [-1])

        n_neg = tf.cast(3 * pos_num, tf.int32)

        n_neg = tf.maximum(n_neg, tf.size(neg_values_flat) // 8)

        n_neg = tf.maximum(n_neg, tf.shape(neg_values)[0] * 4)

        max_neg_entries = tf.cast(tf.reduce_sum(fneg_mask), tf.int32)

        n_neg = tf.minimum(n_neg, max_neg_entries)

        val, idxes = tf.nn.top_k(-neg_values_flat, k=n_neg)

        minval = val[-1]

        neg_mask = tf.logical_and(neg_mask, -neg_values > minval)

        fneg_mask = tf.cast(neg_mask, dtype)

        with tf.name_scope('cross_entropy_pos'):

            loss = tf.nn.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(
                logits=pred_score, labels=true_label
            )

            loss = tf.losses.compute_weighted_loss(loss, fpos_mask)

            l_cross_pos.append(loss)

        with tf.name_scope('cross_entropy_neg'):

            loss = tf.nn.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(
                logits=pred_score[:, :2], labels=no_classes
            )

            loss = tf.losses.compute_weighted_loss(loss, fneg_mask)

            l_cross_neg.append(loss)

        with tf.name_scope('localization'):

            weights = tf.expand_dims(fpos_mask, axis=-1)

            loss = abs_smooth(
                pred_loc - target_loc[i])

            loss = tf.losses.compute_weighted_loss(loss, weights)

            l_loc.append(loss)

    with tf.name_scope('total'):

        l_cross_pos = tf.gather(
            l_cross_pos, tf.where(tf.not_equal(l_cross_pos, 0))
        )

        l_cross_neg = tf.gather(
            l_cross_neg, tf.where(tf.not_equal(l_cross_neg, 0))
        )

        l_loc = tf.gather(
            l_loc, tf.where(tf.not_equal(l_loc, 0))
        )

        total_cross_pos = tf.reduce_mean(l_cross_pos)

        total_cross_neg = tf.reduce_mean(l_cross_neg)

        total_loc = tf.reduce_mean(l_loc)

    return total_cross_pos, total_cross_neg, total_loc


def abs_smooth(x):

    absx = tf.abs(x)

    minx = tf.minimum(absx, 1)

    r = 0.5 * ((absx - 1) * minx + absx)

    return r

注意:

1、这里是对每一层分别计算Loss,如果某一层正样本数>负样本数的1/3,需要对负样本数做出修正;
2、使用tf.losses.compute_weighted_loss()函数,通过设置weight矩阵某处值为1或0来决定某个default box是否参与Loss的计算;

10、SSD_API.py

这里定义了一个SSD_detector类,即定义了SSD算法的API接口,通过test_ssd方法传入单张图片路径或者保存了多张图片路径的列表,对图片上的物体的分类和位置进行预测,再通过decode方式转换坐标,最后通过matplotlib进行展示;

代码:

import tensorflow as tf
from network import Net
import config as cfg
import cv2
import numpy as np
from label_anchors import decode_targets
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from nms import py_cpu_nms


class SSD_detector(object):

    def __init__(self):

        self.net = Net(is_training=False)

        self.model_path = cfg.MODEL_PATH

        self.pixel_means = cfg.PIXEL_MEANS

        self.min_size = cfg.MIN_SIZE

        self.pred_loc, self.pred_cls = self.net.output

        self.score_threshold = cfg.SCORE_THRESHOLD

    def pre_process(self, image_path):

        image = cv2.imread(image_path)

        image = image.astype(np.float)

        image, scale = self.resize_image(image)

        value = {'image': image, 'scale': scale, 'image_path': image_path}

        return value

    def resize_image(self, image):

        image_shape = image.shape

        size_min = np.min(image_shape[:2])
        size_max = np.max(image_shape[:2])

        scale = float(self.min_size) / float(size_min)

        image = cv2.resize(image, dsize=(0, 0), fx=scale, fy=scale)

        return image, scale

    def test_ssd(self, image_paths):

        if isinstance(image_paths, str):
            image_paths = [image_paths]

        with tf.Session() as sess:

            sess.run(tf.compat.v1.global_variables_initializer())

            ckpt = tf.train.get_checkpoint_state(cfg.MODEL_PATH)

            if ckpt and ckpt.model_checkpoint_path:
                # 如果保存过模型,则在保存的模型的基础上继续训练
                self.net.saver.restore(sess, ckpt.model_checkpoint_path)
                print('Model Reload Successfully!')

            for path in image_paths:

                value = self.pre_process(path)

                image = value['image'] - self.pixel_means

                feed_dict = {self.net.x: image}

                pred_loc, pred_cls, layer_anchors = sess.run(
                    [self.pred_loc, self.pred_cls, self.net.anchors], feed_dict
                )

                pos_loc, pos_cls, pos_anchors, pos_scores = self.decode_output(
                    pred_loc, pred_cls, layer_anchors)

                pos_boxes = decode_targets(pos_anchors, pos_loc, image.shape)

                pos_scores = np.expand_dims(pos_scores, axis=-1)

                self.draw_result(
                    value['image'], pos_boxes, pos_cls, value['scale']
                )

                keep_index = py_cpu_nms(np.hstack([pos_boxes, pos_scores]))

                self.draw_result(
                    value['image'], pos_boxes[keep_index], pos_cls[keep_index], value['scale']
                )

    def draw_result(self, image, pos_boxes, pos_cls, scale, font=cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX):

        image = cv2.resize(image, dsize=(0, 0), fx=1/scale, fy=1/scale)        
        image = image.astype(np.int)

        pos_boxes = pos_boxes * (1/scale)

        for i in range(pos_boxes.shape[0]):

            bbox = pos_boxes[i]
            label = cfg.CLASSES[pos_cls[i]]

            y_min, x_min, y_max, x_max = bbox.astype(np.int)

            cv2.rectangle(image, (x_min, y_min),
                          (x_max, y_max), (0, 0, 255), thickness=2)

            cv2.putText(image, label, (x_min+20, y_min+20),
                        font, 1, (255, 0, 0), thickness=2)

        plt.imshow(image[:, :, [2, 1, 0]])
        plt.show()

    def decode_output(self, pred_loc, pred_cls, layer_anchors):

        pos_loc, pos_cls, pos_anchors, pos_scores = [], [], [], []

        for i in range(len(pred_cls)):

            loc_ = pred_loc[i]
            cls_ = pred_cls[i]  # cls_是每个分类的得分
            anchors = layer_anchors[i].reshape((-1, 4))

            max_scores = np.max(cls_[:, 1:], axis=-1)  # 非背景最大得分
            cls_ = np.argmax(cls_, axis=-1)  # 最大索引

            pos_index = np.where(max_scores > self.score_threshold)[0]  # 正样本

            pos_loc.append(loc_[pos_index])
            pos_cls.append(cls_[pos_index])
            pos_anchors.append(anchors[pos_index])
            pos_scores.append(max_scores[pos_index])

        pos_loc = np.vstack(pos_loc)
        pos_cls = np.hstack(pos_cls)
        pos_anchors = np.vstack(pos_anchors)
        pos_scores = np.hstack(pos_scores)

        return pos_loc, pos_cls, pos_anchors, pos_scores


if __name__ == "__main__":

    detector = SSD_detector()

    detector.test_ssd('./1.jpg')
    

这里就大功告成啦~

———————分割线————————

11、训练时注意:

1、由于tf.numpy_function是最近版本才更新的,可能会报错 ‘tensorflow’ module has no attribute ‘numpy_function’,可能是tensorflow版本号过低导致;可以通过运行version.py查看版本;需要版本:python3.7 tensorflow1.14及以上;

2、可能报错AttributeError: ‘NoneType’ object has no attribute ‘astype’,应该是数据集路径问题,这是要修改config.py中的路径,并删除dataset文件夹(如果有的话)重新运行;

3、还有其他问题的话请留言哦,日常在线~

Ps:

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大佬们的支持就是我更新的最大动力(●’◡’●),下次写一下FCN语义分割;

我们下期再见~

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