快速入门Python 最新最流行的pipenv虚拟环境
Python Dev Workflow for
Pipenv & Virtual Environments
virtualenv-burrito
简单说,pipenv就是把pip和virtualenv包装起来的一个便携工具,它会自动为您的项目创建和管理virtualenv,以及在安装/卸载软件包时添加/删除Pipfile中的软件包。
使用pipenv管理python环境虚拟环境的优势:
首先,确保你已经正确安装python3和pip3
[root@shiyanlou ~]# python3 -V
Python 3.7.2
[root@shiyanlou ~]# pip3 -V
pip 19.0.1 from /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pip (python 3.7)
[root@shiyanlou ~]#
然后,Linux下pip3 install pipenv,Mac下brew install pipenv
[root@shiyanlou ~]# pip3 install pipenv
Looking in indexes: http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
Collecting pipenv
Downloading http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/packages/13/b4/3ffa55f77161cff9a5220f162670f7c5eb00df52e00939e203f601b0f579/pipenv-2018.11.26-py3-none-any.whl (5.2MB)
100% |████████████████████████████████| 5.2MB 4.0MB/s
Requirement already satisfied: certifi in /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.7/site-packages (from pipenv) (2018.11.29)
Requirement already satisfied: setuptools>=36.2.1 in /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.7/site-packages (from pipenv) (40.6.2)
Requirement already satisfied: pip>=9.0.1 in /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.7/site-packages (from pipenv) (18.1)
Requirement already satisfied: virtualenv in /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.7/site-packages (from pipenv) (16.2.0)
Requirement already satisfied: virtualenv-clone>=0.2.5 in /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.7/site-packages (from pipenv) (0.4.0)
Installing collected packages: pipenv
Successfully installed pipenv-2018.11.26
[root@shiyanlou ~]#
pipenv依赖psutil, virtualenv-clone, pew, certifi, urllib3, chardet, requests, mccabe, pyflakes, pycodestyle, flake8等第三方模块,pipenv有很漂亮的彩色终端界面。
[[source]]
name = "pypi"
url = "https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/" # 指定国内pip源,不然会慢死人的
verify_ssl = true
[dev-packages] # 开发环境
[packages] # 生产环境
requests = "*" # *表示最新版本
django = "*"
[requires]
python_version = "3.7" # python版本
Pipfile.lock, 详细记录环境依赖,并且利用了Hash算法保证了它完整对应关系
{
"_meta": {
"hash": {
"sha256": "d737a1ef2f8b591f86cd0fa6a8cb48918f742d60df2a394ebc3d23aff4748999"
},
"pipfile-spec": 6,
"requires": {
"python_version": "3.7"
},
"sources": [
{
"name": "pypi",
"url": "https://pypi.org/simple",
"verify_ssl": true
}
]
},
"default": {
"certifi": {
"hashes": [
"sha256:47f9c83ef4c0c621eaef743f133f09fa8a74a9b75f037e8624f83bd1b6626cb7",
"sha256:993f830721089fef441cdfeb4b2c8c9df86f0c63239f06bd025a76a7daddb033"
],
"version": "==2018.11.29"
},
"chardet": {
"hashes": [
"sha256:84ab92ed1c4d4f16916e05906b6b75a6c0fb5db821cc65e70cbd64a3e2a5eaae",
"sha256:fc323ffcaeaed0e0a02bf4d117757b98aed530d9ed4531e3e15460124c106691"
],
"version": "==3.0.4"
},
"django": {
"hashes": [
"sha256:a32c22af23634e1d11425574dce756098e015a165be02e4690179889b207c7a8",
"sha256:d6393918da830530a9516bbbcbf7f1214c3d733738779f06b0f649f49cc698c3"
],
"index": "pypi",
"version": "==2.1.5"
},
"idna": {
"hashes": [
"sha256:c357b3f628cf53ae2c4c05627ecc484553142ca23264e593d327bcde5e9c3407",
"sha256:ea8b7f6188e6fa117537c3df7da9fc686d485087abf6ac197f9c46432f7e4a3c"
],
"version": "==2.8"
},
"pytz": {
"hashes": [
"sha256:32b0891edff07e28efe91284ed9c31e123d84bea3fd98e1f72be2508f43ef8d9",
"sha256:d5f05e487007e29e03409f9398d074e158d920d36eb82eaf66fb1136b0c5374c"
],
"version": "==2018.9"
},
"requests": {
"hashes": [
"sha256:502a824f31acdacb3a35b6690b5fbf0bc41d63a24a45c4004352b0242707598e",
"sha256:7bf2a778576d825600030a110f3c0e3e8edc51dfaafe1c146e39a2027784957b"
],
"index": "pypi",
"version": "==2.21.0"
},
"urllib3": {
"hashes": [
"sha256:61bf29cada3fc2fbefad4fdf059ea4bd1b4a86d2b6d15e1c7c0b582b9752fe39",
"sha256:de9529817c93f27c8ccbfead6985011db27bd0ddfcdb2d86f3f663385c6a9c22"
],
"version": "==1.24.1"
}
},
"develop": {}
}
进入项目的文件夹,直接pipenv install xxx安装你需要的包,就会在当前文件夹下创建虚拟环境,生成Pipfile和Pipfile.lock
[root@shiyanlou ~]# cd myproject/
[root@shiyanlou myproject]# pipenv install requests
Creating a virtualenv for this project…
Pipfile: /root/myproject/Pipfile
Using /usr/local/python3/bin/python3.7 (3.7.2) to create virtualenv…
⠸ Creating virtual environment...Already using interpreter /usr/local/python3/bin/python3.7
Using base prefix '/usr/local/python3'
New python executable in /root/.local/share/virtualenvs/myproject-zKJX12a5/bin/python3.7
Also creating executable in /root/.local/share/virtualenvs/myproject-zKJX12a5/bin/python
Installing setuptools, pip, wheel...
done.
✔ Successfully created virtual environment!
Virtualenv location: /root/.local/share/virtualenvs/myproject-zKJX12a5
Creating a Pipfile for this project…
Installing requests…
✔ Installation Succeeded
Pipfile.lock not found, creating…
Locking [dev-packages] dependencies…
Locking [packages] dependencies…
✔ Success!
Updated Pipfile.lock (444a6d)!
Installing dependencies from Pipfile.lock (444a6d)…
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To activate this project's virtualenv, run pipenv shell.
Alternatively, run a command inside the virtualenv with pipenv run.
[root@shiyanlou myproject]# ll -al
total 12
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 39 Jan 31 14:09 .
dr-xr-x---. 17 root root 4096 Jan 31 14:08 ..
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 153 Jan 31 14:09 Pipfile
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1914 Jan 31 14:09 Pipfile.lock
[root@shiyanlou myproject]#
如果需要指定python版本的话
$ pipenv --three # 泛指python的版本
$ pipenv --python 3.7 # 或者,特指某个python版本
$ pipenv --python # 或者,特指某个位置的python
4.2 进入/退出/删除虚拟环境
[root@shiyanlou myproject]# pipenv shell # 进入虚拟环境
Launching subshell in virtual environment…
. /root/.local/share/virtualenvs/myproject-zKJX12a5/bin/activate
[root@shiyanlou myproject]# . /root/.local/share/virtualenvs/myproject-zKJX12a5/bin/activate
(myproject) [root@shiyanlou myproject]# exit # 退出虚拟环境
exit
[root@shiyanlou myproject]# pipenv --rm # 删除整个环境
Removing virtualenv (/root/.local/share/virtualenvs/myproject-zKJX12a5)…
[root@shiyanlou myproject]#
有几点需要注意:
平时安装和卸载包的时候不需要先进入或退出虚拟环境,直接在项目文件下pipenv install/uninstall xxx就行了
退出虚拟环境不要deactivate,请使用exit,否则下次pipenv进入的时候就会报如下错
[root@shiyanlou myproject]# pipenv shell
Shell for UNKNOWN_VIRTUAL_ENVIRONMENT already activated.
No action taken to avoid nested environments.
[root@shiyanlou myproject]#
pipenv --rm并不会删除生成的Pipfile和Pipfile.lock
通常有一些Python包只在你的开发环境中需要,而不是在生产环境中,例如单元测试包。 Pipenv使用–dev标志区分两个环境。也就是说一个–dev参数,帮你在同一个虚拟环境中又区分出了开发和非开发环境。
$ pipenv install --dev pytest
在虚拟环境中运行命令,使用run参数,提供要运行的命令:
$ pipenv run python manage.py runserver
这将使用当前虚拟环境关联的Python解释器,执行命令。或者简单的执行脚本:
$ pipenv run python your_script.py
如果你不想每次运行Python时都输入这么多字符,可以在shell中设置一个别名,例如:
$ alias prp="pipenv run python"
冻结Pipfile,相当于将项目所使用的第三方库列表进行打包输出,类似于virtualenv中生成requirements.txt文件。通过更新Pipfile.lock来冻结库名称及其版本,以及其依赖关系的列表。需要使用lock参数:
[root@shiyanlou myproject]# pipenv lock
Locking [dev-packages] dependencies…
Locking [packages] dependencies…
✔ Success!
Updated Pipfile.lock (748999)!
[root@shiyanlou myproject]#
定位项目路径、虚拟环境、Python解释器,显示依赖关系,卸载包
[root@shiyanlou myproject]# pipenv --where # 定位项目路径
/root/myproject
[root@shiyanlou myproject]# pipenv --venv # 定位虚拟环境
/root/.local/share/virtualenvs/myproject-zKJX12a5
[root@shiyanlou myproject]# pipenv --py # 定位Python解释器
/root/.local/share/virtualenvs/myproject-zKJX12a5/bin/python
[root@shiyanlou myproject]# pipenv graph # 显示依赖关系
atomicwrites==1.2.1
attrs==18.2.0
Django==2.1.5
- pytz [required: Any, installed: 2018.9]
more-itertools==5.0.0
- six [required: >=1.0.0,<2.0.0, installed: 1.12.0]
py==1.7.0
requests==2.21.0
- certifi [required: >=2017.4.17, installed: 2018.11.29]
- chardet [required: >=3.0.2,<3.1.0, installed: 3.0.4]
- idna [required: >=2.5,<2.9, installed: 2.8]
- urllib3 [required: >=1.21.1,<1.25, installed: 1.24.1]
[root@shiyanlou myproject]# pipenv uninstall --all # 卸载所有包
Un-installing all [dev-packages] and [packages]…
Found 12 installed package(s), purging…
Uninstalling Django-2.1.5:
Successfully uninstalled Django-2.1.5
...略...
Environment now purged and fresh!
[root@shiyanlou myproject]#
pipenv有个缺点,lock不稳定而且时间非常长,所以安装包的时候记得加上–skip-lock,在最后开发完成要提交到仓库的时候再pipenv lock。希望将来的版本能够优化。
[root@shiyanlou myproject]# pipenv install django --skip-lock
Installing django…
✔ Installation Succeeded
Installing dependencies from Pipfile…
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[root@shiyanlou myproject]#
pipenv具有下列的选项:
$ pipenv
Usage: pipenv [OPTIONS] COMMAND [ARGS]...
Options:
--where 显示项目文件所在路径
--venv 显示虚拟环境实际文件所在路径
--py 显示虚拟环境Python解释器所在路径
--envs 显示虚拟环境的选项变量
--rm 删除虚拟环境
--bare 最小化输出
--completion 完整输出
--man 显示帮助页面
--three / --two 使用Python 3/2创建虚拟环境(注意本机已安装的Python版本)
--python TEXT 指定某个Python版本作为虚拟环境的安装源
--site-packages 附带安装原Python解释器中的第三方库
--jumbotron An easter egg, effectively.
--version 版本信息
-h, --help 帮助信息
pipenv可使用的命令参数:
Commands:
check 检查安全漏洞
graph 显示当前依赖关系图信息
install 安装虚拟环境或者第三方库
lock 锁定并生成Pipfile.lock文件
open 在编辑器中查看一个库
run 在虚拟环境中运行命令
shell 进入虚拟环境
uninstall 卸载一个库
update 卸载当前所有的包,并安装它们的最新版本
Pipenv playground是官方的在线练习网站:https://rootnroll.com/d/pipenv/,非常棒!
2.自定义用户模型
3.优化使用通用视图类
4.在系统环境变量中保存敏感信息
5.为不同环境分别配置settings.py文件
6.测试用例,为视图和模型编写测试用例