1. 从结果的角度来看:体现为类的继承性。
* 在创建了子类对象以后,可以获取直接父类以及所有的间接父类中声明的结构:属性、方法。
* 在权限允许的情况,可以直接进行调用或修改。
*
*
*
* 在创建子类对象的过程中,一定会调用父类中的构造器吗?yes!
* 2. 从过程的角度来看:
* 在通过子类的构造器创建对象时,子类的构造器一定会直接或间接调用到直接父类的构造器,直接父类的构造器也一定会直接或间接的调用其父类的构造器(即:子类的间接的父类),。。。,直到调用了java.lang.Object类的构造器为止。也就是说,在创建子类对象的过程中,一定会加载器所有父类的构造器,进而理解为加载了所有父类的结构。
*
*
* 3. 注意:创建子类的对象,一定注意:内存中自始至终就只有一个对象,那就是变量声明的类型的子类对象。
1. 多态性,理解为一个事物的多种形态。
*
* 2. 此时的java中的多态性,可以理解为子类对象的多态性。
*
* 子类对象的多态性:父类的引用指向子类的对象
//子类对象的多态性:父类的引用指向子类的对象
Person p2 = new Man();
3. 多态性的应用:虚方法(virtual method)调用
编译时,引用变量只能调用声明的类型中的结构,在真正调用时,实际执行的是子类重写父类的方法
* 总结为:编译看左边,运行看右边。
*
4. 多态性使用的前提:① 类的继承关系 ② 方法的重写
*
* 注意:多态性,只适用于方法,不适用于属性!
Person p2 = new Man();
//多态性的应用:虚方法(virtual method)调用
//编译时,引用变量只能调用声明的类型中的结构,在真正调用时,实际执行的是子类重写父类的方法
p2.eat();
p2.walk();
// p2.earnMoney();
System.out.println(p2.id);//1001
其中:
public class Person {
String name;
int age;
int id = 1001;
public void eat(){
System.out.println("吃饭");
}
public void walk(){
System.out.println("走路");
}
}
public class Man extends Person {
boolean isSmoking;
int id = 1002;
public void earnMoney(){
System.out.println("男人赚钱养家");
}
public void eat(){
System.out.println("男人多吃肉!长肌肉");
}
public void walk(){
System.out.println("男人笔直的走路");
}
}
public class Woman extends Person {
boolean isBeauty;
public void goShopping(){
System.out.println("女人喜欢购物");
}
public void eat(){
System.out.println("女人少吃饭,减肥");
}
public void walk(){
System.out.println("女人窈窕的走路");
}
}
举例一:
public class AnimalTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
AnimalTest test = new AnimalTest();
// test.func(new Animal());
// test.func(new Dog());
test.func(new Cat());
}
public void func(Animal animal){//多态性:Animal animal = new Dog();
animal.eat();
animal.shout();
if(animal instanceof Dog){
Dog dog = (Dog)animal;
dog.protectHome();
}else if(animal instanceof Cat){
Cat cat = (Cat)animal;
cat.catchMouse();
}
}
// public void func(Dog dog){
// dog.eat();
// dog.shout();
// }
// public void func(Cat cat){
// cat.eat();
// cat.shout();
// }
//...
}
class Animal{
public void eat(){
System.out.println("动物进食");
}
public void shout(){
System.out.println("动物叫");
}
}
class Dog extends Animal{
public void eat(){
System.out.println("狗吃骨头");
}
public void shout(){
System.out.println("汪~汪~汪~");
}
public void protectHome(){
System.out.println("狗开门");
}
}
class Cat extends Animal{
public void eat(){
System.out.println("猫吃鱼");
}
public void shout(){
System.out.println("喵~喵~喵~");
}
public void catchMouse(){
System.out.println("猫抓耗子");
}
}
举例二:
//应用场景二:
class Order{
public boolean equals(Object obj){
return false;
}
}
举例三:
//应用场景三:
class DataBaseTest{ // oracle\mysql\sqlserver\
public void insertData(Connection conn){//conn = new MysqlConnection()
//通用操作1
//通用操作2
//通用操作3
}
}
举例四:
public class Account {
private int id;//账号
private double balance;//余额
private double annualInterestRate;//年利率
public void withdraw(double amount){
System.out.println("Account .. withdraw");
if (balance >= amount) {
balance -= amount;
}else{
System.out.println("余额不足!");
}
}
}
public class CheckAccount extends Account{ //信用卡
private double overdraft;//可透支额度
@Override
public void withdraw(double amount) {
System.out.println("CheckAccount .. withdraw");
if (amount <= getBalance()) {
// setBalance(getBalance() - amount);
super.withdraw(amount);
}else{
if ((amount - getBalance()) <= overdraft) {
overdraft -= (amount - getBalance());
super.withdraw(getBalance());
// setBalance(0);
}else{
System.out.println("超过可透支限额!");
}
}
}
}
public class Customer {
private String firstName;
private String lastName;
private Account acct;
public String getFirstName() {
return firstName;
}
public void setFirstName(String firstName) {
this.firstName = firstName;
}
public String getLastName() {
return lastName;
}
public void setLastName(String lastName) {
this.lastName = lastName;
}
public Account getAcct() {
return acct;
}
public void setAcct(Account acct) {//Account acct = new CheckAccount();
this.acct = acct;
}
public Customer() {
super();
}
public Customer(String firstName, String lastName) {
super();
this.firstName = firstName;
this.lastName = lastName;
}
public void info(){
System.out.println("firstName : " + firstName +", lastName : " + lastName
+ ", accout : " + acct);
}
}
测试:
public class CustomerTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Customer cust = new Customer("志鹏", "连");
CheckAccount acct1 = new CheckAccount(1002, 30000, 0.035, 10000);
//体现了多态性
cust.setAcct(acct1);
cust.info();
//虚拟方法调用
cust.getAcct().withdraw(3000);
}
}
代码体现:
//向下转型:将父类的引用转换为子类的引用类型。使用强转符:()
Man m2 = (Man)p2;
m2.earnMoney();
//强转时,可能会出现ClassCastException的异常。
// Woman w1 = (Woman)p2;
// w1.goShopping();
//避免在向下转型时,出现ClassCastException的异常,所以在强转前,必须要使用instanceof进行判断。
//a instanceof A:判断对象a是否是类A类型的。
//如果是,返回true;如果不是,就返回false.
if(p2 instanceof Man){
Man m3 = (Man)p2;
m2.earnMoney();
}
if(p2 instanceof Woman){
Woman w1 = (Woman)p2;
w1.goShopping();
}else{
System.out.println("我根本不是女人");
}
//如果a instanceof A返回是true,则 a instanceof B也一定是true.其中,类B是类A的父类。
if(p2 instanceof Person){
System.out.println("Person....");
}
if(p2 instanceof Object){
System.out.println("Object....");
}
//问题一:编译时通过,运行时不通过
Person p1 = new Woman();
// Man man1 = (Man)p1;
Person p2 = new Person();
// Man man2 = (Man)p2;
//问题二:编译时通过,运行时也通过
Woman woman1 = (Woman)p1;
Object obj = new Man();
Man m = (Man)obj;//
Person p = (Person)obj;
//问题三:编译不通过
// Man m1 = new Man();
// Woman w = (Woman)m1;
String str = "hello";
// Date date = (Date)str;
// Object obj1 = str;
// Date date1 = (Date)obj1;
练习1:
class Person {
protected String name="person";
protected int age=50;
public String getInfo() {
return "Name: "+ name + "\n" +"age: "+ age;
}
}
class Student extends Person {
protected String school="pku";
public String getInfo() {
return "Name: "+ name + "\nage: "+ age
+ "\nschool: "+ school;
}
}
class Graduate extends Student{
public String major="IT";
public String getInfo()
{
return "Name: "+ name + "\nage: "+ age
+ "\nschool: "+ school+"\nmajor:"+major;
}
}
建立InstanceTest 类,在类中定义方法method(Person e);
在method中:
(1)根据e的类型调用相应类的getInfo()方法。
(2)根据e的类型执行:
如果e为Person类的对象,输出:
“a person”;
如果e为Student类的对象,输出:
“a student”
“a person ”
如果e为Graduate类的对象,输出:
“a graduated student”
“a student”
“a person”
答案:
public class InstanceTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
InstanceTest test = new InstanceTest();
Student s = new Student();
test.method(s);
}
public void method(Person e){
System.out.println(e.getInfo());
if(e instanceof Graduate){
System.out.println("a graduated student");
}
if(e instanceof Student){
System.out.println("a student");
}
if(e instanceof Person){
System.out.println("a person");
}
}
}
练习2:
定义三个类,父类GeometricObject代表几何形状,子类Circle代表圆形,MyRectangle代表矩形。定义一个测试类GeometricTest,编写equalsArea方法测试两个对象的面积是否相等(注意方法的参数类型,利用动态绑定技术),编写displayGeometricObject方法显示对象的面积(注意方法的参数类型,利用动态绑定技术)。
答案:
public class GeometricObject {
protected String color;
protected double weight;
// protected GeometricObject(){
//
// }
protected GeometricObject (String color,double weight){
this.color = color;
this.weight = weight;
}
public void setWeight(double weight) {
this.weight = weight;
}
public double getWeight() {
return weight;
}
public void setColor(String color) {
this.color = color;
}
public String getColor() {
return color;
}
public double findArea(){
return -1.0;
}
}
public class Circle extends GeometricObject {
private double radius;
public Circle(double radius, String color, double weight) {
super(color, weight);
this.radius = radius;
}
public void setRadius(double radius) {
this.radius = radius;
}
public double getRadius() {
return radius;
}
@Override
public double findArea() {
return 3.14 * radius * radius;
}
}
public class MyRectangle extends GeometricObject {
private double width;
private double height;
public MyRectangle(double width, double height, String color, double weight) {
super(color, weight);
this.width = width;
this.height = height;
}
public void setHeight(double height) {
this.height = height;
}
public double getHeight() {
return height;
}
public void setWidth(double width) {
this.width = width;
}
public double getWidth() {
return width;
}
@Override
public double findArea() {//返回矩形的面积
return width * height;
}
}
public class GeometricTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
GeometricTest test = new GeometricTest();
MyRectangle r1 = new MyRectangle(2.3, 3.4, "white", 1.0);
MyRectangle r2 = new MyRectangle(3.4, 2.3, "white", 1.0);
test.displayGeometricObject(r1);
test.displayGeometricObject(r2);
test.equalsArea(r1, r2);
}
/**
*
* @Description 比较两个几何图形的面积是否相等
* @author shkstart
* @date 2020年2月29日下午3:44:43
* @param g1
* @param g2
*/
public void equalsArea(GeometricObject g1,GeometricObject g2){
// if (g1.findArea() == g2.findArea()){
// System.out.println("两个几何图形的面积相等");
// }else {
// System.out.println("两个几何图形的面积不相等");
// }
String str = (g1.findArea() == g2.findArea())? "两个几何图形的面积相等":"两个几何图形的面积不相等";
System.out.println(str);
}
/**
*
* @Description 返回几何图形的面积
* @author shkstart
* @date 2020年2月29日下午3:45:29
* @param g
*/
public void displayGeometricObject(GeometricObject g){
System.out.println(g.findArea());
}
}
* 1. Object类是所有其他类的根父类、根基类
* 2. 任何一个类(除了Object类)如果没有显式的声明其父类的话,则默认继承于Object类
* 3. 熟悉Object类中的常用方法
* equals() 和 toString()
* 了解:clone() \ finalize()
* wait() \ notify() \ hashCode() \ getClass() 后续讲解
*
* 4. 笔试题: 区分:finalize \ final \ finally
1. 回顾 == 的使用
*
* ① 使用在基本数据类型变量中,比较左右两端的数据值是否相等。
* ② 使用在引用数据类型变量中,比较两个引用变量的保存的地址值是否相同的。(或:比较两个引用是否指向同一个对象)
*
*
* 2. equals()的使用
* ① 使用范围:只能适用于引用数据类型的变量。
* ② Object类中equals()定义如下:
* public boolean equals(Object obj) {
return (this == obj);
}
* ③ 像 String\Date\File\包装类重写了Object类中的equals(),用于比较两个对象的实体内容是否相等。
* ④ 我们在开发中,需要使用equals()方法时,通常都是需要比较两个对象的实体内容是否相等。则,我们需要重写
* Object类中的equals()
*
*
*
* 面试题:区分 == 和 equals()
public class User {
private String name;
private int age;
public User() {
super();
}
public User(String name, int age) {
super();
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
//自动调用
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
System.out.println("User ... equals()");
if (this == obj)
return true;
if (obj == null)
return false;
if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
return false;
User other = (User) obj;
if (age != other.age)
return false;
if (name == null) {
if (other.name != null)
return false;
} else if (!name.equals(other.name))
return false;
return true;
}
//手动:比较两个User的属性name和age是否都相等
// public boolean equals(Object obj) {
// System.out.println("User ... equals()");
// if(this == obj){
// return true;
// }else if(obj instanceof User){
// User u = (User)obj;
if(this.age == u.age && this.name.equals(u.name)){
return true;
}else{
return false;
}
// //替换为:
// return this.age == u.age && this.name.equals(u.name);
// }
//
// return false;
// }
}
public class EqualsTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 10;
int j = 10;
System.out.println(i == j);//true
char c = 'A';
int k = 65;
System.out.println(c == k);//true
float f = 54.0f;
int m = 54;
System.out.println(f == m);//true
//*************************************
User u1 = new User("Tom",12);
User u2 = new User("Tom",12);
System.out.println(u1 == u2);//false
User u3 = u1;
System.out.println(u1 == u3);//true
//*************************************
System.out.println(u1.equals(u2));//false --> true
String str1 = new String("hello");
String str2 = new String("hello");
System.out.println(str1.equals(str2));//true
}
}
* 1. Object类中toString()的定义如下:
* public String toString() {
return getClass().getName() + "@" + Integer.toHexString(hashCode());
}
2. 当我们打印对象的引用时,默认调动了其toString()
* 3. String\包装类\File\Date类重写了toString(),用于输出其实体内容的信息
* 4. 我们也可以考虑在自定义类中重写toString(),用于输出其实体内容的信息
public class User {
private String name;
private int age;
public User() {
super();
}
public User(String name, int age) {
super();
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
//手动编写
// public String toString() {
// return "User[name = " + name + ", age = " + age + "]";
// }
//自动生成
@Override
public String toString() {
return "User [name=" + name + ", age=" + age + "]";
}
}
public class ToStringTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
User u1 = new User("Tom",12);
System.out.println(u1.toString());//com.atguigu.java2.User@15db9742-->User[name = Tom, age = 12]
System.out.println(u1);//com.atguigu.java2.User@15db9742 -->User[name = Tom, age = 12]
String str = new String("hello");
System.out.println(str);//hello
System.out.println(str.toString());//hello
}
}
练习1:
练习2:
编写Order类,有int型的orderId,String型的orderName,相应的getter()和setter()方法,两个参数的构造器,重写父类的equals()方法:public boolean equals(Object obj),并判断测试类中创建的两个对象是否相等。
练习3:
请根据以下代码自行定义能满足需要的MyDate类,在MyDate类中覆盖equals方法,使其判断当两个MyDate类型对象的年月日都相同时,结果为true,否则为false。 public boolean equals(Object o)
public class EqualsTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyDate m1 = new MyDate(14, 3, 1976);
MyDate m2 = new MyDate(14, 3, 1976);
if (m1 == m2) {
System.out.println("m1==m2");
} else {
System.out.println("m1!=m2"); // m1 != m2
}
if (m1.equals(m2)) {
System.out.println("m1 is equal to m2");// m1 is equal to m2
} else {
System.out.println("m1 is not equal to m2");
}
}
}
String str = new String("hello");
System.out.println(str);//hello
System.out.println(str.toString());//hello
}
}