Netty初探

Netty是一个高性能事件驱动的异步的非阻塞的IO(NIO)框架,用于建立TCP等底层的连接,基于Netty可以建立高性能的Http服务器。支持HTTP、WebSocket、Protobuf、Binary TCP和UDP,Netty已经被很多高性能项目作为其Socket底层基础,如PlayFamework和Cassandra。其对手是:Apache Mina和Grizzly。

传统的阻塞IO读取入下:

InputStream is=new FileInputStream("data.bin");
int byte=is.read();//当前线程等待结果直接读取错误

而使用NIO如下:

while (true) { 
    selector.select(); // 从多个通道请求事件 
    Iterator it = selector.selectedKeys().iterator(); 
    while (it.hasNext()) {  
        SelectorKey key = (SelectionKey) it.next();              
        handleKey(key);  
        it.remove(); 
    }
}

堵塞与非堵塞原理
  传统硬件的堵塞如下,从内存中读取数据,然后写到磁盘,而CPU一直等到磁盘写完成,磁盘的写操作是慢的,这段时间CPU被堵塞不能发挥效率。

  使用非堵塞的DMA如下图:CPU只是发出写操作这样的指令,做一些初始化工作,DMA具体执行,从内存中读取数据,然后写到磁盘,当完成写后发出一个中断事件给CPU。这段时间CPU是空闲的,可以做别的事情。这个原理称为Zero.copy零拷贝。

  Netty底层基于上述Java NIO的零拷贝原理实现:

比较
Tomcat是一个Web服务器,它是采取一个请求一个线程,当有1000客户端时,会耗费很多内存。通常一个线程将花费 256kb到1mb的stack空间。
Node.js是一个线程服务于所有请求,在错误处理上有限制
Netty是一个线程服务于很多请求,如下图,当从Java NIO获得一个Selector事件,将激活通道Channel。

Netty的使用代码如下:

Channel channel = ...
ChannelFuture cf = channel.write(data);
cf.addListener(new ChannelFutureListener() {   
    @Override   
    public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) throws Exception {     
            if(!future.isSuccess() {        
                future.cause().printStacktrace();
        ...     
            }     
               ...   
    }
}
);
...
cf.sync();

通过引入观察者监听,当有数据时,将自动激活监听者中的代码运行。
我们使用Netty建立一个服务器代码:

package com.veione;

import io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelOption;
import io.netty.channel.EventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel;
import io.netty.handler.logging.LogLevel;
import io.netty.handler.logging.LoggingHandler;

public class EchoServer {

    private final int port;

    public EchoServer(int port) {
        this.port = port;
    }

    public void run() throws Exception {
        // Configure the server.
        EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        try {
            ServerBootstrap b = new ServerBootstrap();
            b.group(bossGroup, workerGroup)
                    .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
                    .option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG, 100)
                    .handler(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.INFO))
                    .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer() {
                        @Override
                        public void initChannel(SocketChannel ch)
                                throws Exception {
                            ch.pipeline().addLast(
                            // new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.INFO),
                                    new EchoServerHandler());
                        }
                    });

            // Start the server.
            ChannelFuture f = b.bind(port).sync();

            // Wait until the server socket is closed.
            f.channel().closeFuture().sync();
        } finally {
            // Shut down all event loops to terminate all threads.
            bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
            workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }

}

这段代码调用:在9999端口启动
new EchoServer(9999).run();
我们需要完成的代码是EchoServerHandler

package com.veione;

import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter;

import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

public class EchoServerHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {

    private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(EchoServerHandler.class.getName());

    @Override
    public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
        ctx.write(msg);
    }

    @Override
    public void channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
        ctx.flush();
    }

    @Override
    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) {
        // Close the connection when an exception is raised.
        logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Unexpected exception from downstream.",cause);
        ctx.close();
    }
}

原理
   一个Netty服务器的原理如下:

  图中每次请求的读取是通过UpStream来实现,然后激活我们的服务逻辑如EchoServerHandler,而服务器向外写数据,也就是响应是通过DownStream实现的。每个通道Channel包含一对UpStream和DownStream,以及我们的handlers(EchoServerHandler),如下图,这些都是通过channel pipeline封装起来的,数据流在管道里流动,每个Socket对应一个ChannelPipeline。
 

   CHANNELPIPELINE是关键,它类似Unix的管道,有以下作用:
为每个Channel 保留 ChannelHandlers ,如EchoServerHandler
所有的事件都要通过它
不断地修改:类似unix的SH管道: echo “Netty is shit….” | sed -e ‘s/is /is the /’
一个Channel对应一个 ChannelPipeline
包含协议编码解码 安全验证SSL/TLS和应用逻辑

 
客户端代码
  前面我们演示了服务器端代码,下面是客户端代码:

package com.veione;

import io.netty.bootstrap.Bootstrap;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelOption;
import io.netty.channel.EventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioSocketChannel;

public class EchoClient {
    private final String host;
    private final int port;
    private final int firstMessageSize;

    public EchoClient(String host, int port, int firstMessageSize) {
        this.host = host;
        this.port = port;
        this.firstMessageSize = firstMessageSize;
    }

    public void run() throws Exception {
        // Configure the client.
        EventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        try {
            Bootstrap b = new Bootstrap();
            b.group(group).channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
                    .option(ChannelOption.TCP_NODELAY, true)
                    .handler(new ChannelInitializer() {
                        @Override
                        public void initChannel(SocketChannel ch)
                                throws Exception {
                            ch.pipeline().addLast(
                            // new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.INFO),
                                    new EchoClientHandler(firstMessageSize));
                        }
                    });

            // Start the client.
            ChannelFuture f = b.connect(host, port).sync();

            // Wait until the connection is closed.
            f.channel().closeFuture().sync();
        } finally {
            // Shut down the event loop to terminate all threads.
            group.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }
}

客户端的应用逻辑EchoClientHandler

package com.veione;

import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter;

public class EchoClientHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {

    private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(EchoClientHandler.class.getName());

    private final ByteBuf firstMessage;

    /**
     * Creates a client-side handler.
     */
    public EchoClientHandler(int firstMessageSize) {
        if (firstMessageSize <= 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("firstMessageSize: "+ firstMessageSize);
        }
        firstMessage = Unpooled.buffer(firstMessageSize);
        for (int i = 0; i < firstMessage.capacity(); i++) {
            firstMessage.writeByte((byte) i);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
        ctx.writeAndFlush(firstMessage);
        System.out.print("active");
    }

    @Override
    public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
        ctx.write(msg);
        System.out.print("read");
    }

    @Override
    public void channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
        ctx.flush();
        System.out.print("readok");
    }

    @Override
    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) {
        // Close the connection when an exception is raised.
        logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Unexpected exception from downstream.",cause);
        ctx.close();
    }

}

转自:http://www.jdon.com/concurrent/netty.html

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