朗阁海外考试研究中心
难点二：抓不住重点
Task6的听力持续时间为90-120秒，总长为250-300词。也就是说，一秒钟要听到2-3个词。有时，还会出现口音不适应或是使用俚语不熟悉，愈发使得听懂Task6像是不可能完成的任务。然而，与任何考试一样，了解测试意图，攻克此类学术课程话题也是有迹可循的。
首先，Task6文章结构的设置，永远是典型的总分结构。
单元型总分结构：即General topic → sub topic (detailed description)。例如TPO1的Task6, 讲婴儿的计算能力：
Scientists have learned some interesting things about the intellectual
abilities of babies. They say there is evidence that babies as young as five
month old can do basic arithmetic: that they can add. （首段头两句，非常清楚的表述了General topic是婴儿有计算能力）……the evidence is indirect because……so they devised
an experiment where……（紧接着引出了sub topic, 做实验，后面就详述了这个实验是什么，以及这个实验如何说明婴儿有计算能力）
这类文章的分述细节通常是一个步骤详细的实验。
双元总分结构：即General topic → sub topic 1 (definition1+example1) → sub topic 2 (definition2+example2)。例如TPO3的Task6, 讲说服消费者购买某产品的策略：
In advertising, various strategies are used to persuade people to buy
products……The strategies they use can be subtle, friendly forms of persuasion
that are sometimes hard to recognize.（general topic, 看似友好地说服消费者购买的广告方式）
In a lot of ads, repetition is a key strategy.（sub topic 1, 重复）Research shows that repeated exposure to a message even something
meaningless or untrue is enough to make people accept it or see it in a
positive light.（对“重复”下定义）You’ve all seen the car commercials on TV……this guy
is driving around a he keeps stopping to pick up different people……and each
time, the narrator says plenty of room for friends, plenty of room for family,
plenty of room for everybody. The same message is repeated several times in the
course of the commercial. Now the car……is not a very big car at all. But you
get the sense that it is pretty spacious. ……what usually happens is that when
the statement plenty of room is repeated often enough, people are actually
convinced that it is true.（这个冗长的例子无非就是说，汽车广告反复宣称空间大，而实际上空间则并不大，反复的次数多了，受众就觉得确实空间很大）
Another strategy they use is to get a celebrity to advertise a product, it
turns out that we are more likely to accept an advertising claim made by
somebody famous.（sub topic 2, 明星代言）接着的两句话都是重复这么做的好处。You might have a car commercial that features a well know race car driver.
Now it may not be a very fast car, it could even be an in expensive vehicle
with a low performance rating. But if a popular race car driver is shown
driving it and saying I like my car’s fast. Then people will believe the car is
impressive for its speed.（还是汽车广告，请赛车手给经济车型做广告，大家会相信这车真的很快）
双元立体总分结构：即General topic → sub topic 1 (suptopic1A: definition1A+example1A /
suptopic1B: definition1B+example1B) → sub topic 2 (definition2+example2)。例如TPO2的Task6, 讲钱的概念：
So let’s talk about money. What is money? Well, typically, people think ofcoins and paper bills as money. But that is using a somewhat narrow definitionof the term. A broad definition is this:money is anything that
people can use to make purchases with. Since many things can be used to make
purchases, money can have many different forms.（开篇明义，说明硬币和纸钞是钱的一种，但并不完全如此。可以用于购买的东西都可以称作钱，因此钱的形式有很多种。）
Certainly, coins and bills are one form of money.（sub topic 1A, 硬币和纸钞是钱）People exchange goods and services for coins or paper bills and they use
this money these bills to obtain other goods and services.（definition1A, 对于硬币和纸钞作为钱的定义）For example, you might give a taxi driver five dollars to purchase a ride
in his taxi. And he in turn gives the five dollars to a famer to buy some
vegetables.（example 1A, 坐出租车付钱，出租车司机买蔬菜付钱）
But as I said, coins and bills are not the only form of money under this
broad definition. Some societies make use of a barter system.（sub topic
1B, 有些社会采用以物易物的机制）Basically, in a barter system, people exchange
goods and services directly for other goods and services.（definition 1B, 解释什么是以物易物）The taxi driver, for example, might give a ride to a farmer in exchange for
some vegetables. Since the vegetables are used to pay for a service, by a broad
definition the vegetables are used in a barter a as a form of money.（example 1B, 农民用蔬菜换取出租车服务）
Now as I mentioned there is also a second, a narrower definition of money,
in the United States, only coins and bills are legal tender, meaning that by
law, a seller must accept them as payment.（sub topic2, 狭义而言，硬币和纸钞是合法的付款方式）The taxi driver must accept coins and bills as
payment for a taxi ride, okay? But in the US, the taxi driver is not required
to accept vegetables in exchange for a ride.（举例说明在美国，货币才是合法的付款方式，而不是蔬菜）So a narrower definition of money might be whateverlegal tender in a society, whatever has to be accepted as payment.
这也是所有类型中信息量最大，最为复杂的结构。
把一段90-120秒的话，缩短到60秒中去，再怎么不善言辞的人也总能找出东西来说。而在解构听力时，不妨就按照上述总分结构来进行。
General Topic
通常在开头部分就交代完毕。常见提示有：
1）设问句。如what is ……? ……is……
2）转折词。But, however……
3）句型。What we want to be focus on today is…… Let’s talk…
Sub topic 1
Lecture的第二段开头，通常只有一句话的长度。
紧跟着的就是对这个sub
topic进行的定义
Sub topic 2
Lecture的第三段开头，通常只有一句话的长度。
紧跟着的就是对这个sub
topic进行的定义
以TPO2为例，记笔记时，便可以记下这样的逻辑结构：
General
Topic: what is money
Key
words: sometimes untrue; subtle; friendly persuasion
Sub
topic 1: repetitions
Definition: repeated message; meaningless or untrue; make people accept
Example: roomy car; plenty of room; actually small; people think roomy
Sub
topic 2: celebrity
Definition: famous people; believe
Example: race car driver; not fast car; impressive speed
（未完待续）