Mysql——查询语句执行顺序

1. FROM

当涉及多个表的时候，左边表的输出会作为右边表的输入，之后会生成一个虚拟表VT1。
笛卡尔积
计算两个相关联表的笛卡尔积(CROSS JOIN) ，生成虚拟表VT1。

mysql> select * from table1,table2;
+-----+------+-----+------+
| uid | name | oid | uid  |
+-----+------+-----+------+
| aaa | mike |   1 | aaa  |
| bbb | jack |   1 | aaa  |
| ccc | mike |   1 | aaa  |
| ddd | mike |   1 | aaa  |
| aaa | mike |   2 | aaa  |
| bbb | jack |   2 | aaa  |
| ccc | mike |   2 | aaa  |
| ddd | mike |   2 | aaa  |
| aaa | mike |   3 | bbb  |
| bbb | jack |   3 | bbb  |
| ccc | mike |   3 | bbb  |
| ddd | mike |   3 | bbb  |
| aaa | mike |   4 | bbb  |
| bbb | jack |   4 | bbb  |
| ccc | mike |   4 | bbb  |
| ddd | mike |   4 | bbb  |
| aaa | mike |   5 | bbb  |
| bbb | jack |   5 | bbb  |
| ccc | mike |   5 | bbb  |
| ddd | mike |   5 | bbb  |
| aaa | mike |   6 | ccc  |
| bbb | jack |   6 | ccc  |
| ccc | mike |   6 | ccc  |
| ddd | mike |   6 | ccc  |
| aaa | mike |   7 | NULL |
| bbb | jack |   7 | NULL |
| ccc | mike |   7 | NULL |
| ddd | mike |   7 | NULL |
+-----+------+-----+------+
28 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2.ON过滤

基于虚拟表VT1这一个虚拟表进行过滤，过滤出所有满足ON 谓词条件的列，生成虚拟表VT2。
注意：这里因为语法限制，使用了’WHERE’代替，从中读者也可以感受到两者之间微妙的关系；

mysql> SELECT
    -> *
    -> FROM
    -> table1,
    -> table2
    -> WHERE
    -> table1.uid = table2.uid
    -> ;
+-----+------+-----+------+
| uid | name | oid | uid  |
+-----+------+-----+------+
| aaa | mike |   1 | aaa  |
| aaa | mike |   2 | aaa  |
| bbb | jack |   3 | bbb  |
| bbb | jack |   4 | bbb  |
| bbb | jack |   5 | bbb  |
| ccc | mike |   6 | ccc  |
+-----+------+-----+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3.添加外部列

如果使用了外连接(LEFT,RIGHT,FULL)，主表（保留表）中的不符合ON条件的列也会被加入到VT2中，作为外部行，生成虚拟表VT3。

mysql> SELECT
    -> *
    -> FROM
    -> table1 AS a
    -> LEFT OUTER JOIN table2 AS b ON a.uid = b.uid;
+-----+------+------+------+
| uid | name | oid  | uid  |
+-----+------+------+------+
| aaa | mike |    1 | aaa  |
| aaa | mike |    2 | aaa  |
| bbb | jack |    3 | bbb  |
| bbb | jack |    4 | bbb  |
| bbb | jack |    5 | bbb  |
| ccc | mike |    6 | ccc  |
| ddd | mike | NULL | NULL |
+-----+------+------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4. WHERE

对VT3过程中生成的临时表进行过滤，满足WHERE子句的列被插入到VT4表中。
注意：
此时因为分组，不能使用聚合运算；也不能使用SELECT中创建的别名；
与ON的区别：
如果有外部列，ON针对过滤的是关联表，主表（保留表）会返回所有的列；
如果没有添加外部列，两者的效果是一样的；
应用：
对主表的过滤应该放在WHERE；
对于关联表，先条件查询后连接则用ON，先连接后条件查询则用WHERE；

mysql> SELECT
    -> *
    -> FROM
    -> table1 AS a
    -> LEFT OUTER JOIN table2 AS b ON a.uid = b.uid
    -> WHERE
    -> a. NAME = 'mike';
+-----+------+------+------+
| uid | name | oid  | uid  |
+-----+------+------+------+
| aaa | mike |    1 | aaa  |
| aaa | mike |    2 | aaa  |
| ccc | mike |    6 | ccc  |
| ddd | mike | NULL | NULL |
+-----+------+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5. GROUP BY
   这个子句会把VT4中生成的表按照GROUP BY中的列进行分组。生成VT5表。
   注意：
   其后处理过程的语句，如SELECT,HAVING，所用到的列必须包含在GROUP BY中，对于没有出现的，得用聚合函数；
   原因：
   GROUP BY改变了对表的引用，将其转换为新的引用方式，能够对其进行下一级逻辑操作的列会减少；
   我的理解是：
   根据分组字段，将具有相同分组字段的记录归并成一条记录，因为每一个分组只能返回一条记录，除非是被过滤掉了，而不在分组字段里面的字段可能会有多个值，多个值是无法放进一条记录的，所以必须通过聚合函数将这些具有多值的列转换成单值；

mysql> SELECT
    -> *
    -> FROM
    -> table1 AS a
    -> LEFT OUTER JOIN table2 AS b ON a.uid = b.uid
    -> WHERE
    -> a. NAME = 'mike'
    -> GROUP BY
    -> a.uid;
+-----+------+------+------+
| uid | name | oid  | uid  |
+-----+------+------+------+
| aaa | mike |    1 | aaa  |
| ccc | mike |    6 | ccc  |
| ddd | mike | NULL | NULL |
+-----+------+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

6. HAVING

这个子句对VT5表中的不同的组进行过滤，只作用于分组后的数据，满足HAVING条件的子句被加入到VT6表中。

mysql> SELECT
    -> *
    -> FROM
    -> table1 AS a
    -> LEFT OUTER JOIN table2 AS b ON a.uid = b.uid
    -> WHERE
    -> a. NAME = 'mike'
    -> GROUP BY
    -> a.uid
    -> HAVING
    -> count(b.oid) < 2;
+-----+------+------+------+
| uid | name | oid  | uid  |
+-----+------+------+------+
| ccc | mike |    6 | ccc  |
| ddd | mike | NULL | NULL |
+-----+------+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

7. SELECT

这个子句对SELECT子句中的元素进行处理，生成VT7表。
计算表达式 计算SELECT 子句中的表达式，生成VT7-1
DISTINCT
寻找VT5-1中的重复列，并删掉，生成VT7-2

mysql> SELECT
    -> a.uid,
    -> count(b.oid) AS total
    -> FROM
    -> table1 AS a
    -> LEFT OUTER JOIN table2 AS b ON a.uid = b.uid
    -> WHERE
    -> a. NAME = 'mike'
    -> GROUP BY
    -> a.uid
    -> HAVING
    -> count(b.oid) < 2;
+-----+-------+
| uid | total |
+-----+-------+
| ccc |     1 |
| ddd |     0 |
+-----+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

8.ORDER BY

从VT7-2中的表中，根据ORDER BY 子句的条件对结果进行排序，生成VT8表。
注意：
唯一可使用SELECT中别名（字段别名）的地方；

mysql> SELECT
    -> a.uid,
    -> count(b.oid) AS total
    -> FROM
    -> table1 AS a
    -> LEFT OUTER JOIN table2 AS b ON a.uid = b.uid
    -> WHERE
    -> a. NAME = 'mike'
    -> GROUP BY
    -> a.uid
    -> HAVING
    -> count(b.oid) < 2
    -> ORDER BY
    -> total DESC;
+-----+-------+
| uid | total |
+-----+-------+
| ccc |     1 |
| ddd |     0 |
+-----+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

9.LIMIT
LIMIT子句从上一步得到的VT8虚拟表中选出从指定位置开始的指定行数据。
注意：
offset和rows的正负带来的影响；
当偏移量很大时效率是很低的，可以这么做：
采用子查询的方式优化，在子查询里先从索引获取到最大id，然后倒序排，再取N行结果集
采用INNER JOIN优化，JOIN子句里也优先从索引获取ID列表，然后直接关联查询获得最终结果

mysql> SELECT
    -> a.uid,
    -> count(b.oid) AS total
    -> FROM
    -> table1 AS a
    -> LEFT JOIN table2 AS b ON a.uid = b.uid
    -> WHERE
    -> a. NAME = 'mike'
    -> GROUP BY
    -> a.uid
    -> HAVING
    -> count(b.oid) < 2
    -> ORDER BY
    -> total DESC
    -> LIMIT 1;
+-----+-------+
| uid | total |
+-----+-------+
| ccc |     1 |
+-----+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

参考：https://www.cnblogs.com/annsshadow/p/5037667.html