【回顾&引言】前面一章的内容大家可以感觉到我们主要是对基础知识做一个梳理,让大家了解数据分析的一些操作,主要做了数据的各个角度的观察 。那么在这里,我们主要是做数据分析的流程性学习,主要是包括了数据清洗以及数据的特征处理,数据重构以及数据可视化。这些内容是为数据分析最后的建模和模型评价做一个铺垫。
from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
InteractiveShell.ast_node_interactivity = 'all'
#加载所需的库
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
#加载数据train.csv
df=pd.read_csv('train.csv')
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S |
我们拿到的数据通常是不干净的,所谓的不干净,就是数据中有缺失值,有一些异常点等,需要经过一定的处理才能继续做后面的分析或建模,所以拿到数据的第一步是进行数据清洗,本章我们将学习缺失值、重复值、字符串和数据转换等操作,将数据清洗成可以分析或建模的样子。
我们拿到的数据经常会有很多缺失值,比如我们可以看到Cabin列存在NaN,那其他列还有没有缺失值,这些缺失值要怎么处理呢
(1) 请查看每个特征缺失值个数
(2) 请查看Age, Cabin, Embarked列的数据
以上方式都有多种方式,所以大家多多益善
(1) 请查看每个特征缺失值个数
#写入代码
df.isnull().sum()
PassengerId 0
Survived 0
Pclass 0
Name 0
Sex 0
Age 177
SibSp 0
Parch 0
Ticket 0
Fare 0
Cabin 687
Embarked 2
dtype: int64
#写入代码
df.isna().sum()
PassengerId 0
Survived 0
Pclass 0
Name 0
Sex 0
Age 177
SibSp 0
Parch 0
Ticket 0
Fare 0
Cabin 687
Embarked 2
dtype: int64
【小结】可以看出只有Age、Cabin和Embark三项有缺失。
df[df.Age.isnull()]
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | 6 | 0 | 3 | Moran, Mr. James | male | NaN | 0 | 0 | 330877 | 8.4583 | NaN | Q |
17 | 18 | 1 | 2 | Williams, Mr. Charles Eugene | male | NaN | 0 | 0 | 244373 | 13.0000 | NaN | S |
19 | 20 | 1 | 3 | Masselmani, Mrs. Fatima | female | NaN | 0 | 0 | 2649 | 7.2250 | NaN | C |
26 | 27 | 0 | 3 | Emir, Mr. Farred Chehab | male | NaN | 0 | 0 | 2631 | 7.2250 | NaN | C |
28 | 29 | 1 | 3 | O'Dwyer, Miss. Ellen "Nellie" | female | NaN | 0 | 0 | 330959 | 7.8792 | NaN | Q |
... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
859 | 860 | 0 | 3 | Razi, Mr. Raihed | male | NaN | 0 | 0 | 2629 | 7.2292 | NaN | C |
863 | 864 | 0 | 3 | Sage, Miss. Dorothy Edith "Dolly" | female | NaN | 8 | 2 | CA. 2343 | 69.5500 | NaN | S |
868 | 869 | 0 | 3 | van Melkebeke, Mr. Philemon | male | NaN | 0 | 0 | 345777 | 9.5000 | NaN | S |
878 | 879 | 0 | 3 | Laleff, Mr. Kristo | male | NaN | 0 | 0 | 349217 | 7.8958 | NaN | S |
888 | 889 | 0 | 3 | Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen "Carrie" | female | NaN | 1 | 2 | W./C. 6607 | 23.4500 | NaN | S |
177 rows × 12 columns
可以看到Age缺失旅客的具体相关信息,下面同理。
df[df.Cabin.isnull()]
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S |
5 | 6 | 0 | 3 | Moran, Mr. James | male | NaN | 0 | 0 | 330877 | 8.4583 | NaN | Q |
7 | 8 | 0 | 3 | Palsson, Master. Gosta Leonard | male | 2.0 | 3 | 1 | 349909 | 21.0750 | NaN | S |
... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
884 | 885 | 0 | 3 | Sutehall, Mr. Henry Jr | male | 25.0 | 0 | 0 | SOTON/OQ 392076 | 7.0500 | NaN | S |
885 | 886 | 0 | 3 | Rice, Mrs. William (Margaret Norton) | female | 39.0 | 0 | 5 | 382652 | 29.1250 | NaN | Q |
886 | 887 | 0 | 2 | Montvila, Rev. Juozas | male | 27.0 | 0 | 0 | 211536 | 13.0000 | NaN | S |
888 | 889 | 0 | 3 | Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen "Carrie" | female | NaN | 1 | 2 | W./C. 6607 | 23.4500 | NaN | S |
890 | 891 | 0 | 3 | Dooley, Mr. Patrick | male | 32.0 | 0 | 0 | 370376 | 7.7500 | NaN | Q |
687 rows × 12 columns
df[df.Embarked.isnull()]
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
61 | 62 | 1 | 1 | Icard, Miss. Amelie | female | 38.0 | 0 | 0 | 113572 | 80.0 | B28 | NaN |
829 | 830 | 1 | 1 | Stone, Mrs. George Nelson (Martha Evelyn) | female | 62.0 | 0 | 0 | 113572 | 80.0 | B28 | NaN |
#写入代码
df.info()
RangeIndex: 891 entries, 0 to 890
Data columns (total 12 columns):
PassengerId 891 non-null int64
Survived 891 non-null int64
Pclass 891 non-null int64
Name 891 non-null object
Sex 891 non-null object
Age 714 non-null float64
SibSp 891 non-null int64
Parch 891 non-null int64
Ticket 891 non-null object
Fare 891 non-null float64
Cabin 204 non-null object
Embarked 889 non-null object
dtypes: float64(2), int64(5), object(5)
memory usage: 83.7+ KB
(2) 请查看Age, Cabin, Embarked列的数据
#写入代码
df[['Age','Cabin','Embarked']].head()
Age | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 22.0 | NaN | S |
1 | 38.0 | C85 | C |
2 | 26.0 | NaN | S |
3 | 35.0 | C123 | S |
4 | 35.0 | NaN | S |
df.loc[:,['Age','Cabin','Embarked']].head()
Age | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 22.0 | NaN | S |
1 | 38.0 | C85 | C |
2 | 26.0 | NaN | S |
3 | 35.0 | C123 | S |
4 | 35.0 | NaN | S |
df.iloc[:,[5,10,11]].head()
Age | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 22.0 | NaN | S |
1 | 38.0 | C85 | C |
2 | 26.0 | NaN | S |
3 | 35.0 | C123 | S |
4 | 35.0 | NaN | S |
(1) 处理缺失值一般有几种思路
(2) 请尝试对Age列的数据的缺失值进行处理
(3) 请尝试使用不同的方法直接对整张表的缺失值进行处理
#(1) 处理缺失值的一般思路:
#提醒:可使用的函数有--->dropna函数与fillna函数
#回答:主要有两种思路:
# 1.删除存在缺失值的个例
# 2.缺失值插补
#(2) 请尝试对Age列的数据的缺失值进行处理
#用0填充
df[df['Age']==None]=0
df.head()
df['Age'].count()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S |
714
NaN没处理成功
#写入代码
df[df['Age']==np.nan]=0
df.head()
df['Age'].count()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S |
714
同样NaN也没处理成功
#写入代码
df[df['Age'].isnull()]=0
df.head()
df['Age'].count()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S |
891
NaN处理成功
#写入代码
df[df['Age'].isna()]=0
df.head()
df['Age'].count()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S |
891
NaN处理成功
#写入代码
df['Age']=df['Age'].fillna(0)
df.head()
df['Age'].count()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S |
891
df.dropna().head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S |
6 | 7 | 0 | 1 | McCarthy, Mr. Timothy J | male | 54.0 | 0 | 0 | 17463 | 51.8625 | E46 | S |
10 | 11 | 1 | 3 | Sandstrom, Miss. Marguerite Rut | female | 4.0 | 1 | 1 | PP 9549 | 16.7000 | G6 | S |
11 | 12 | 1 | 1 | Bonnell, Miss. Elizabeth | female | 58.0 | 0 | 0 | 113783 | 26.5500 | C103 | S |
df.fillna(0).head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | 0 | S |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | 0 | S |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | 0 | S |
【思考1】dropna和fillna有哪些参数,分别如何使用呢?
【思考1回答】详情见下面参考资料
【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.dropna.html
【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.fillna.html
【思考2】检索空缺值用np.nan要比用None好,这是为什么?
【思考2回答】数值列读取数据后,空缺值的数据类型为float64,np.nan的数据类型为float64,而None的类型为特殊的NoneType,所以用None一般索引不到,比较的时候最好用np.nan。
type(None)
NoneType
type(np.nan)
float
上面可以看出None是一种特殊的NoneType类型,而np.nan是比较常见的float类型,这是上述问题的根源。这会导致:
【参考】https://www.cnblogs.com/onemorepoint/p/8966791.html
由于这样那样的原因,数据中会不会存在重复值呢,如果存在要怎样处理呢
#写入代码,方法一
df[df.duplicated()]
any(df.duplicated())
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked |
---|
False
结果可以看出没有重复值
# 方法二
df.index.is_unique
True
(1)重复值有哪些处理方式呢?
(2)处理我们数据的重复值
方法多多益善
重复值有哪些处理方式:
用df.drop_duplicates(subset,keep,inplace)函数。
【参考】 https://www.cda.cn/bigdata/27829.html
#写入代码
df.drop_duplicates().head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S |
#写入代码
df.to_csv('test_clear.csv')
我们对特征进行一下观察,可以把特征大概分为两大类:
数值型特征:Survived ,Pclass, Age ,SibSp, Parch, Fare,其中Survived, Pclass为离散型数值特征,Age,SibSp, Parch, Fare为连续型数值特征
文本型特征:Name, Sex, Cabin,Embarked, Ticket,其中Sex, Cabin, Embarked, Ticket为类别型文本特征,数值型特征一般可以直接用于模型的训练,但有时候为了模型的稳定性及鲁棒性会对连续变量进行离散化。文本型特征往往需要转换成数值型特征才能用于建模分析。
【感想】在做进一步的数据分析过程前,我们要把数据转化成计算机能处理的数据类型,所以上述特征类型都进行了数字化,将其转化成计算机最好处理的离散数值型。
(1) 分箱操作是什么?
(2) 将连续变量Age平均分箱成5个年龄段,并分别用类别变量12345表示
(3) 将连续变量Age划分为[0,5) [5,15) [15,30) [30,50) [50,80)五个年龄段,并分别用类别变量12345表示
(4) 将连续变量Age按10% 30% 50% 70% 90%五个年龄段,并用分类变量12345表示
(5) 将上面的获得的数据分别进行保存,保存为csv格式
【回答】
(1)分箱操作是什么:
即连续数值离散化。数据分箱操作,即把一段连续的值切分成若干段,每一段的值看成一个分类。
#(2) 将连续变量Age平均分箱成5个年龄段,并分别用类别变量12345表示
df['AgeBand'] = pd.cut(df['Age'], 5,labels = ['1','2','3','4','5'])
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | AgeBand | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S | 2 |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C | 3 |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S | 2 |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S | 3 |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S | 3 |
df.to_csv('test_ave.csv')
观察发现最后面多了一列AgeBand,按Age平均分5组,以12345进行分箱
#(3)将连续变量Age划分为[0,5) [5,15) [15,30) [30,50) [50,80)五个年龄段,并分别用类别变量12345表示
df['AgeBand'] = pd.cut(df['Age'],[0,5,15,30,50,80],labels = ['1','2','3','4','5'])
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | AgeBand | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S | 3 |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C | 4 |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S | 3 |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S | 4 |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S | 4 |
df.to_csv('test_cut.csv')
#(4) 将连续变量Age按10% 30% 50% 70% 90%五个年龄段,并用分类变量12345表示
df['AgeBand'] = pd.qcut(df['Age'],[0,0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9],labels = ['1','2','3','4','5'])
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | AgeBand | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S | 2 |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C | 5 |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S | 3 |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S | 4 |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S | 4 |
df.to_csv('test_pr.csv')
【总结】pd.cut与pd.qcut
pd.cut(x,bins,right=True,labels=None,retbins=False,precision=3,include_lowest=False)
需要将数据值分段并排序到bins中时使用cut。 此函数对于从连续变量转换为离散变量也很有用。 例如,cut可以将年龄转换为年龄范围组。 支持bins到相同数量的箱柜或预先指定的bins阵列。
x: 进行划分的一维数组
bins : 1,整数---将x划分为多少个等间距的区间;2,序列—将x划分在指定的序列中,若不在该序列中,则是NaN
right : 是否包含右端点
labels : 是否用标记来代替返回的bins
retbins: 是否返回间距bins
precision: 精度
include_lowest:是否包含左端点
返回值:如果retbins = False 则返回x中每个值对应的bin的列表,否者则返回x中每个值对应的bin的列表和对应的bins
pd.qcut(x, q, labels=None, retbins=False, precision=3, duplicates=‘raise’)
基于分位数的离散化功能。 根据等级或基于样本分位数将变量分离为相等大小的桶。 例如,10个分位数的1000个值将产生一个分类对象,表示每个数据点的分位数成员资格。
x: 要进行分组的数据,数据类型为一维数组,或Series对象
q: 组数,即要将数据分成几组,后边举例说明
labels: 可以理解为组标签,这里注意标签个数要和组数相等
retbins: 默认为False,当为False时,返回值是Categorical类型(具有value_counts()方法),为True是返回值是元组
【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.cut.html
【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.qcut.html
(1) 查看文本变量名及种类
(2) 将文本变量Sex, Cabin ,Embarked用数值变量12345表示
(3) 将文本变量Sex, Cabin, Embarked用one-hot编码表示
【分析】通过刚才的观察,我们知道文本型特征:Name, Sex, Cabin,Embarked, Ticket,其中Sex, Cabin, Embarked, Ticket为类别型文本特征。
#(1)查看类别文本变量名及种类
#方法一: value_counts
df['Sex'].value_counts()
df.Sex.value_counts()
male 577
female 314
Name: Sex, dtype: int64
male 577
female 314
Name: Sex, dtype: int64
df['Cabin'].value_counts()
df.Cabin.value_counts()
B96 B98 4
G6 4
C23 C25 C27 4
C22 C26 3
E101 3
..
B41 1
B38 1
C90 1
E36 1
C118 1
Name: Cabin, Length: 147, dtype: int64
B96 B98 4
G6 4
C23 C25 C27 4
C22 C26 3
E101 3
..
B41 1
B38 1
C90 1
E36 1
C118 1
Name: Cabin, Length: 147, dtype: int64
df['Embarked'].value_counts()
df.Embarked.value_counts()
S 644
C 168
Q 77
Name: Embarked, dtype: int64
S 644
C 168
Q 77
Name: Embarked, dtype: int64
df['Ticket'].value_counts()
df.Ticket.value_counts()
CA. 2343 7
1601 7
347082 7
3101295 6
347088 6
..
349912 1
349251 1
PC 17475 1
PP 4348 1
2649 1
Name: Ticket, Length: 681, dtype: int64
CA. 2343 7
1601 7
347082 7
3101295 6
347088 6
..
349912 1
349251 1
PC 17475 1
PP 4348 1
2649 1
Name: Ticket, Length: 681, dtype: int64
#方法二: unique
df['Sex'].unique()
df.Sex.unique()
array(['male', 'female'], dtype=object)
array(['male', 'female'], dtype=object)
df['Sex'].nunique()
df.Sex.nunique()
2
2
#(2)将类别文本转换为12345
#方法一: replace
df['Sex_num'] = df['Sex'].replace(['male','female'],[1,2])
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | AgeBand | Sex_num | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S | 2 | 1 |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C | 5 | 2 |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S | 3 | 2 |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S | 4 | 2 |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S | 4 | 1 |
#方法二: map
df['Sex_num'] = df['Sex'].map({'male': 1, 'female': 2})
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | AgeBand | Sex_num | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S | 2 | 1 |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C | 5 | 2 |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S | 3 | 2 |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S | 4 | 2 |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S | 4 | 1 |
#方法三: 使用sklearn.preprocessing的LabelEncoder
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
for feat in ['Cabin', 'Ticket']:
lbl = LabelEncoder()
label_dict = dict(zip(df[feat].unique(), range(df[feat].nunique())))
df[feat + "_labelEncode"] = df[feat].map(label_dict)
df[feat + "_labelEncode"] = lbl.fit_transform(df[feat].astype(str))
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | AgeBand | Sex_num | Cabin_labelEncode | Ticket_labelEncode | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S | 2 | 1 | 147 | 523 |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C | 5 | 2 | 81 | 596 |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S | 3 | 2 | 147 | 669 |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S | 4 | 2 | 55 | 49 |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S | 4 | 1 | 147 | 472 |
其中,zip([iterable, …]),返回元组列表。
【参考】https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.preprocessing.LabelEncoder.html
#(3)将类别文本转换为one-hot编码
#方法一: OneHotEncoder
for feat in ["Age", "Embarked"]:
# x = pd.get_dummies(df["Age"] // 6)
# x = pd.get_dummies(pd.cut(df['Age'],5))
x = pd.get_dummies(df[feat], prefix=feat)
df = pd.concat([df, x], axis=1)
#df[feat] = pd.get_dummies(df[feat], prefix=feat)
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | ... | Age_65.0 | Age_66.0 | Age_70.0 | Age_70.5 | Age_71.0 | Age_74.0 | Age_80.0 | Embarked_C | Embarked_Q | Embarked_S | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
5 rows × 107 columns
在sklearn 包中,OneHotEncoder 函数非常实用,它可以实现将分类特征的每个元素转化为一个可以用来计算的值。
【参考】https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.preprocessing.OneHotEncoder.html
#写入代码
df['Title'] = df.Name.str.extract('([A-Za-z]+)\.', expand=False)
df.head()
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | AgeBand | Sex_num | Cabin_labelEncode | Ticket_labelEncode | Title | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S | 2 | 1 | 147 | 523 | Mr |
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th... | female | 38.0 | 1 | 0 | PC 17599 | 71.2833 | C85 | C | 5 | 2 | 81 | 596 | Mrs |
2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | Heikkinen, Miss. Laina | female | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | STON/O2. 3101282 | 7.9250 | NaN | S | 3 | 2 | 147 | 669 | Miss |
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel) | female | 35.0 | 1 | 0 | 113803 | 53.1000 | C123 | S | 4 | 2 | 55 | 49 | Mrs |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S | 4 | 1 | 147 | 472 | Mr |
【分析】上面用到了str.extract()函数和正则表达式,可以处理数字、符号和字母混合的字符串。
【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.Series.str.extract.html
#保存最终你完成的已经清理好的数据
df.to_csv('test_fin.csv')
【问题】
【附加题回答】
DataFrame数据类型:
(1). float
(2). int
(3). bool
(4). datetime64[ns]
(5). datetime64[ns, tz]
(6). timedelta[ns]
(7). category
(8). object
用df.dtypes可以查看数据类型
df.dtypes
PassengerId int64
Survived int64
Pclass int64
Name object
Sex object
Age float64
SibSp int64
Parch int64
Ticket object
Fare float64
Cabin object
Embarked object
AgeBand category
Sex_num int64
Cabin_labelEncode int32
Ticket_labelEncode int32
Title object
dtype: object
最终会变为float
步骤如下:
#(1) 首先将他们进行字符串化,并得到其对应的布尔值:
bool = df.Name.str.contains('Mr\.') #不要忘记正则表达式的写法,'.'在里面要用'\.'表示
print('bool : \n', bool)
bool :
0 True
1 False
2 False
3 False
4 True
...
886 False
887 False
888 False
889 True
890 True
Name: Name, Length: 891, dtype: bool
#(2) 通过dataframe的基本操作将其选取出来:
filter_data = df[bool]
filter_data
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Name | Sex | Age | SibSp | Parch | Ticket | Fare | Cabin | Embarked | AgeBand | Sex_num | Cabin_labelEncode | Ticket_labelEncode | Title | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Braund, Mr. Owen Harris | male | 22.0 | 1 | 0 | A/5 21171 | 7.2500 | NaN | S | 2 | 1 | 147 | 523 | Mr |
4 | 5 | 0 | 3 | Allen, Mr. William Henry | male | 35.0 | 0 | 0 | 373450 | 8.0500 | NaN | S | 4 | 1 | 147 | 472 | Mr |
5 | 6 | 0 | 3 | Moran, Mr. James | male | NaN | 0 | 0 | 330877 | 8.4583 | NaN | Q | NaN | 1 | 147 | 275 | Mr |
6 | 7 | 0 | 1 | McCarthy, Mr. Timothy J | male | 54.0 | 0 | 0 | 17463 | 51.8625 | E46 | S | NaN | 1 | 129 | 85 | Mr |
12 | 13 | 0 | 3 | Saundercock, Mr. William Henry | male | 20.0 | 0 | 0 | A/5. 2151 | 8.0500 | NaN | S | 2 | 1 | 147 | 535 | Mr |
... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
881 | 882 | 0 | 3 | Markun, Mr. Johann | male | 33.0 | 0 | 0 | 349257 | 7.8958 | NaN | S | 4 | 1 | 147 | 394 | Mr |
883 | 884 | 0 | 2 | Banfield, Mr. Frederick James | male | 28.0 | 0 | 0 | C.A./SOTON 34068 | 10.5000 | NaN | S | 3 | 1 | 147 | 565 | Mr |
884 | 885 | 0 | 3 | Sutehall, Mr. Henry Jr | male | 25.0 | 0 | 0 | SOTON/OQ 392076 | 7.0500 | NaN | S | 3 | 1 | 147 | 650 | Mr |
889 | 890 | 1 | 1 | Behr, Mr. Karl Howell | male | 26.0 | 0 | 0 | 111369 | 30.0000 | C148 | C | 3 | 1 | 60 | 8 | Mr |
890 | 891 | 0 | 3 | Dooley, Mr. Patrick | male | 32.0 | 0 | 0 | 370376 | 7.7500 | NaN | Q | 4 | 1 | 147 | 466 | Mr |
517 rows × 17 columns
【结论】可以看出有517个人有Mr.的Title。
df.quantile(0.95)
df['Age'].quantile(0.95) #pandas的方法,数组可以有缺失值,这里Age有缺失值
df.describe(percentiles=[.95])
np.percentile(df['Age'],0.95) #numpy的方法,数组不能有缺失值,这里Age有缺失值
np.quantile(df['Fare'],0.95)
PassengerId 846.50000
Survived 1.00000
Pclass 3.00000
Age 56.00000
SibSp 3.00000
Parch 2.00000
Fare 112.07915
Name: 0.95, dtype: float64
56.0
PassengerId | Survived | Pclass | Age | SibSp | Parch | Fare | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
count | 891.000000 | 891.000000 | 891.000000 | 714.000000 | 891.000000 | 891.000000 | 891.000000 |
mean | 446.000000 | 0.383838 | 2.308642 | 29.699118 | 0.523008 | 0.381594 | 32.204208 |
std | 257.353842 | 0.486592 | 0.836071 | 14.526497 | 1.102743 | 0.806057 | 49.693429 |
min | 1.000000 | 0.000000 | 1.000000 | 0.420000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 |
50% | 446.000000 | 0.000000 | 3.000000 | 28.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 14.454200 |
95% | 846.500000 | 1.000000 | 3.000000 | 56.000000 | 3.000000 | 2.000000 | 112.079150 |
max | 891.000000 | 1.000000 | 3.000000 | 80.000000 | 8.000000 | 6.000000 | 512.329200 |
nan
112.07915
type(np.nan)
float
type(None)
NoneType
np.nan == None
False
np.nan == np.nan
False
df['Age'].isnull()
0 False
1 False
2 False
3 False
4 False
...
886 False
887 False
888 True
889 False
890 False
Name: Age, Length: 891, dtype: bool
df['Age'].fillna(True)
0 22
1 38
2 26
3 35
4 35
...
886 27
887 19
888 True
889 26
890 32
Name: Age, Length: 891, dtype: object
【小结】由上可以看出,有慎用==来判断缺失值,因为返回值是False,判断不出来,从而无法替换。而后面两种方法可以判断出来。
【参考】https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_41712499/article/details/82719987