POJ 2018 Best Cow Fences【二分答案+最大子段和+前缀和】

Farmer John's farm consists of a long row of N (1 <= N <= 100,000)fields. Each field contains a certain number of cows, 1 <= ncows <= 2000. 
FJ wants to build a fence around a contiguous group of these fields in order to maximize the average number of cows per field within that block. The block must contain at least F (1 <= F <= N) fields, where F given as input. 
Calculate the fence placement that maximizes the average, given the constraint. 

Input

* Line 1: Two space-separated integers, N and F. 

* Lines 2..N+1: Each line contains a single integer, the number of cows in a field. Line 2 gives the number of cows in field 1,line 3 gives the number in field 2, and so on. 

Output

* Line 1: A single integer that is 1000 times the maximal average.Do not perform rounding, just print the integer that is 1000*ncows/nfields. 

Sample Input

10 6
6 
4
2
10
3
8
5
9
4
1

Sample Output

6500

题目描述：给定一个正整数数列A，求一个平均数最大的、长度不小于L的子段。

分析：二分答案，判定是否存在一个长度不小于L的子段，平均数不小于二分的值。如果把数列中的每个数都减去二分的值，就转换为判定“是否存在一个长度不小于L的子段，子段和非负”。

      求一个子段，它的和最大，子段的长度不小于L。

子段和可以转换为前缀和相减的形式，即设sumj表示Ai~Aj的和，

则有：max{A[j+1]+A[j+2].......A[i] } ( i-j>=L ) = max{ sum[i] - min{ sum[j] }(0<=j<=i-L) }（L<=i<=n）

仔细观察上面的式子可以发现，随着i的增长，j的取值范围 0~i-L 每次只会增大1。换言之，每次只会有一个新的取值进入 min{sumj} 的候选集合，所以我们没必要每次循环枚举j，只需要用一个变量记录当前的最小值，每次与新的取值 sum[i-L] 取min 就可以了。

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