以太坊私链入门
链客，专为开发者而生，有问必答！
此文章来自区块链技术社区，未经允许拒绝转载
目录
- 背景
- 软件安装与配置
2.1. Ubuntu
2.1.1. 安装 geth
2.1.2. 安装 solc
2.2. Windows
2.3. Mac OS
2.4. 编译安装 - 创世区块
3.1. 初始化创世区块
3.2. 启动节点
3.2.1. rpcaddr
3.3. 使用节点进行挖矿
3.3.1. 启动矿工开始挖矿
3.3.2. 停止挖矿
3.3.3. 查看所挖金额 - 管理
4.1. 控制台
4.2. 连接控制台
4.3. 账号管理
4.3.1. 新建账号
4.3.2. 查看账号
4.4. 运行JS - JavaScript Console
5.1. personal 管理
5.1.1. 创建账号
5.1.2. 显示账号
5.2. eth 管理
5.2.1. 矿工账号
5.2.2. 余额
5.2.2.1. 单位转换
5.2.3. 转账
5.3. admin 管理
5.3.1. 显示节点
5.3.2. 查看池
5.3.3. 添加节点
5.4. miner 挖矿管理
5.4.1. 开始挖矿
5.4.2. 停止挖矿 - 总结
- FAQ
7.1. Error: authentication needed: password or unlock - 背景
区块链是什么？一句话，它是一种特殊的（非关系型）分布式数据库，这种数据库只能做插入和查找操作，并且没有管理员。
首先，区块链的主要作用是储存信息。任何需要保存的信息，都可以写入区块链，也可以从里面读取，所以它是数据库。
其次，任何人都可以架设服务器，加入区块链网络，成为一个节点。区块链的世界里面，没有中心节点，每个节点都是平等的，都保存着整个数据库。你可以向任何一个节点，写入/读取数据，因为所有节点最后都会同步，保证区块链一致。
- 软件安装与配置
2.1. Ubuntu
2.1.1. 安装 geth
安装环境
Ubuntu 17.10
sudo apt upgrade -y
sudo apt install software-properties-common
sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ethereum/ethereum
sudo apt update
sudo apt install ethereum
neo@netkiller ~ % geth version
Geth
Version: 1.7.3-stable
Git Commit: 4bb3c89d44e372e6a9ab85a8be0c9345265c763a
Architecture: amd64
Protocol Versions: [63 62]
Network Id: 1
Go Version: go1.9.1
Operating System: linux
GOPATH=
GOROOT=/usr/lib/go-1.9
2.1.2. 安装 solc
sudo apt install solc -y
neo@netkiller ~ % solc --version
solc, the solidity compiler commandline interface
Version: 0.4.19+commit.c4cbbb05.Linux.g++
2.2. Windows
访问 https://geth.ethereum.org/downloads/
下载并安装 Geth for Windows
2.3. Mac OS
brew tap ethereum/ethereum
brew install ethereum
2.4. 编译安装
git clone https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
sudo apt-get install -y build-essential golang
cd go-ethereum
make geth
3. 创世区块
cd ~
mkdir -p ethereum
cd ethereum
3.1. 初始化创世区块
创建文件 genesis.json
{
“nonce”: “0x0000000000000042”,
“difficulty”: “0x020000”,
“mixhash”: “0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000”,
“coinbase”: “0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000”,
“timestamp”: “0x00”,
“parentHash”: “0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000”,
“extraData”: “0x11bbe8db4e347b4e8c937c1c8370e4b5ed33adb3db69cbdb7a38e1e50b1b82fa”,
“gasLimit”: “0x4c4b40”,
“config”: {
“chainId”: 15,
“homesteadBlock”: 0,
“eip155Block”: 0,
“eip158Block”: 0
},
“alloc”: { }
}
mixhash: 与nonce配合用于挖矿，由上一个区块的一部分生成的hash。注意他和nonce的设置需要满足以太坊的Yellow paper, 4.3.4. Block Header Validity, (44)章节所描述的条件。.
nonce: nonce就是一个64位随机数，用于挖矿，注意他和mixhash的设置需要满足以太坊的Yellow paper, 4.3.4. Block Header Validity, (44)章节所描述的条件。
difficulty: 设置当前区块的难度，如果难度过大，cpu挖矿就很难，这里设置较小难度
alloc: 用来预置账号以及账号的以太币数量，因为私有链挖矿比较容易，所以我们不需要预置有币的账号，需要的时候自己创建即可以。
coinbase: 矿工的账号，随便填
timestamp: 设置创世块的时间戳
parentHash: 上一个区块的hash值，因为是创世块，所以这个值是0
extraData: 附加信息，随便填，可以填你的个性信息
gasLimit: 该值设置对GAS的消耗总量限制，用来限制区块能包含的交易信息总和，因为我们是私有链，所以填最大。
初始化创世区块
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth init genesis.json
WARN [01-19|17:35:17] No etherbase set and no accounts found as default
INFO [01-19|17:35:17] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/chaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [01-19|17:35:17] Writing custom genesis block
INFO [01-19|17:35:17] Successfully wrote genesis state database=chaindata hash=611596…424d04
INFO [01-19|17:35:17] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/lightchaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [01-19|17:35:18] Writing custom genesis block
INFO [01-19|17:35:18] Successfully wrote genesis state database=lightchaindata hash=611596…424d04
默认目录是 /home/neo/.ethereum/ 你可以通过 --datadir 参数指定目录
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --datadir data init genesis.json
WARN [01-19|17:38:16] No etherbase set and no accounts found as default
INFO [01-19|17:38:16] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/neo/ethereum/data/geth/chaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [01-19|17:38:17] Writing custom genesis block
INFO [01-19|17:38:17] Successfully wrote genesis state database=chaindata hash=611596…424d04
INFO [01-19|17:38:17] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/neo/ethereum/data/geth/lightchaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [01-19|17:38:17] Writing custom genesis block
INFO [01-19|17:38:17] Successfully wrote genesis state database=lightchaindata hash=611596…424d04
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % find data
data
data/keystore
data/geth
data/geth/chaindata
data/geth/chaindata/LOCK
data/geth/chaindata/LOG
data/geth/chaindata/MANIFEST-000000
data/geth/chaindata/CURRENT
data/geth/chaindata/000001.log
data/geth/lightchaindata
data/geth/lightchaindata/LOCK
data/geth/lightchaindata/LOG
data/geth/lightchaindata/MANIFEST-000000
data/geth/lightchaindata/CURRENT
data/geth/lightchaindata/000001.log
目录结构
data
├── geth
│ ├── chaindata
│ │ ├── 000001.log
│ │ ├── CURRENT
│ │ ├── LOCK
│ │ ├── LOG
│ │ └── MANIFEST-000000
│ └── lightchaindata
│ ├── 000001.log
│ ├── CURRENT
│ ├── LOCK
│ ├── LOG
│ └── MANIFEST-000000
└── keystore
3.2. 启动节点
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --networkid 123456 --rpc --rpccorsdomain “*” --nodiscover console
WARN [01-19|17:47:06] No etherbase set and no accounts found as default
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Starting peer-to-peer node instance=Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/chaindata cache=128 handles=1024
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Initialised chain configuration config="{ChainID: 15 Homestead: 0 DAO: DAOSupport: false EIP150: EIP155: 0 EIP158: 0 Byzantium: Engine: unknown}"
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Disk storage enabled for ethash caches dir=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/ethash count=3
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs dir=/home/neo/.ethash count=2
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Initialising Ethereum protocol versions="[63 62]" network=123456
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Loaded most recent local header number=0 hash=611596…424d04 td=131072
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Loaded most recent local full block number=0 hash=611596…424d04 td=131072
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Loaded most recent local fast block number=0 hash=611596…424d04 td=131072
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Loaded local transaction journal transactions=0 dropped=0
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Regenerated local transaction journal transactions=0 accounts=0
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Starting P2P networking
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] RLPx listener up self=“enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@[::]:30303?discport=0”
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] IPC endpoint opened: /home/neo/.ethereum/geth.ipc
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] HTTP endpoint opened: http://127.0.0.1:8545
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!
instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0
INFO [01-19|17:47:09] Mapped network port proto=tcp extport=30303 intport=30303 interface=“UPNP IGDv1-IP1”
identity: 区块链的标示，随便填写，用于标示目前网络的名字
init: 指定创世块文件的位置，并创建初始块
datadir: 设置当前区块链网络数据存放的位置
port: 网络监听端口
rpc: 启动rpc通信，可以进行智能合约的部署和调试
rpcapi: 设置允许连接的rpc的客户端，一般为db,eth,net,web3
networkid: 设置当前区块链的网络ID，用于区分不同的网络，是一个数字
console: 启动命令行模式，可以在Geth中执行命令
3.2.1. rpcaddr
默认是 127.0.0.1
HTTP endpoint closed: http://127.0.0.1:8545
通过 --rpcaddr=“0.0.0.0” 指定监听地址
HTTP endpoint opened: http://0.0.0.0:8545
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --networkid 123456 --rpc --rpcaddr=“0.0.0.0” --rpccorsdomain “*” --nodiscover console
INFO [01-20|01:41:33] Starting peer-to-peer node instance=Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
INFO [01-20|01:41:33] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/chaindata cache=128 handles=1024
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Initialised chain configuration config="{ChainID: 15 Homestead: 0 DAO: DAOSupport: false EIP150: EIP155: 0 EIP158: 0 Byzantium: Engine: unknown}"
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Disk storage enabled for ethash caches dir=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/ethash count=3
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs dir=/home/neo/.ethash count=2
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Initialising Ethereum protocol versions="[63 62]" network=123456
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Loaded most recent local header number=531 hash=1a2707…3a27bc td=79083846
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Loaded most recent local full block number=531 hash=1a2707…3a27bc td=79083846
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Loaded most recent local fast block number=531 hash=1a2707…3a27bc td=79083846
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Loaded local transaction journal transactions=0 dropped=0
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Regenerated local transaction journal transactions=0 accounts=0
WARN [01-20|01:41:34] Blockchain not empty, fast sync disabled
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Starting P2P networking
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] RLPx listener up self=“enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@[::]:30303?discport=0”
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] IPC endpoint opened: /home/neo/.ethereum/geth.ipc
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] HTTP endpoint opened: http://0.0.0.0:8545
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!
instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
coinbase: 0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6
at block: 531 (Tue, 14 Nov 2017 17:36:05 HST)
datadir: /home/neo/.ethereum
modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0
INFO [01-20|01:41:40] Mapped network port proto=tcp extport=30303 intport=30303 interface=“UPNP IGDv1-IP1”
3.3. 使用节点进行挖矿
3.3.1. 启动矿工开始挖矿
miner.start(1)
这里的1表示只使用一个线程运行,第一次运行时将开始创建DAG文件，只需等待进度条到100，则将开始挖矿。 实际你看到的挖矿速度很快，这是因为我们已经在初始化创世区块时配置为:“nonce”: “0x0000000000000042”。 “0x42”难度能让你在私有测试网链上快速挖以太币。
提示
挖矿时必然有矿工账户，而系统默认使用创建的第一个账号。
miner.start(1)
INFO [01-19|21:06:43] Updated mining threads threads=1
INFO [01-19|21:06:43] Transaction pool price threshold updated price=18000000000
INFO [01-19|21:06:43] Starting mining operation
null
INFO [01-19|21:06:43] Commit new mining work number=1 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=717.552µs
INFO [01-19|21:06:46] Generating ethash verification cache epoch=0 percentage=91 elapsed=3.000s
INFO [01-19|21:06:46] Generated ethash verification cache epoch=0 elapsed=3.273s
INFO [01-19|21:06:51] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=0 elapsed=5.056s
INFO [01-19|21:06:56] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=1 elapsed=10.140s
INFO [01-19|21:07:01] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=2 elapsed=15.119s
INFO [01-19|21:07:06] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=3 elapsed=19.924s
INFO [01-19|21:07:11] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=4 elapsed=24.739s
INFO [01-19|21:07:16] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=5 elapsed=29.473s
INFO [01-19|21:07:22] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=6 elapsed=35.641s
INFO [01-19|21:07:26] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=7 elapsed=40.374s
INFO [01-19|21:07:31] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=8 elapsed=45.134s
INFO [01-19|21:07:36] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=9 elapsed=49.908s
INFO [01-19|21:07:41] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=10 elapsed=54.633s
…
…
…
INFO [01-19|21:22:43] Generated ethash verification cache epoch=0 elapsed=15m57.328s
INFO [01-19|21:22:47] Generating ethash verification cache epoch=1 percentage=17 elapsed=3.031s
INFO [01-19|21:22:50] Generating ethash verification cache epoch=1 percentage=34 elapsed=6.056s
INFO [01-19|21:22:53] Generating ethash verification cache epoch=1 percentage=49 elapsed=9.562s
INFO [01-19|21:22:57] Generating ethash verification cache epoch=1 percentage=70 elapsed=13.115s
INFO [01-19|21:23:00] Generating ethash verification cache epoch=1 percentage=90 elapsed=16.123s
INFO [01-19|21:23:01] Generated ethash verification cache epoch=1 elapsed=17.576s
INFO [01-19|21:23:19] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=0 elapsed=18.198s
INFO [01-19|21:23:32] Successfully sealed new block number=1 hash=e2b5b9…9b1bfe
INFO [01-19|21:23:32] ? mined potential block number=1 hash=e2b5b9…9b1bfe
INFO [01-19|21:23:32] Commit new mining work number=2 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=1.188ms
INFO [01-19|21:23:37] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=1 elapsed=35.913s
INFO [01-19|21:23:41] Successfully sealed new block number=2 hash=62db3f…e27b50
INFO [01-19|21:23:41] ? mined potential block number=2 hash=62db3f…e27b50
INFO [01-19|21:23:41] Commit new mining work number=3 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=772.239µs
INFO [01-19|21:23:43] Successfully sealed new block number=3 hash=34384b…c387f2
INFO [01-19|21:23:43] ? mined potential block number=3 hash=34384b…c387f2
INFO [01-19|21:23:43] Commit new mining work number=4 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=1.002ms
INFO [01-19|21:23:55] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=2 elapsed=53.757s
INFO [01-19|21:24:13] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=3 elapsed=1m11.561s
INFO [01-19|21:24:30] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=4 elapsed=1m28.986s
INFO [01-19|21:24:30] Successfully sealed new block number=4 hash=681970…462135
INFO [01-19|21:24:30] ? mined potential block number=4 hash=681970…462135
INFO [01-19|21:24:30] Commit new mining work number=5 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=833.629µs
INFO [01-19|21:24:36] Successfully sealed new block number=5 hash=7b058b…d2f07a
INFO [01-19|21:24:36] ? mined potential block number=5 hash=7b058b…d2f07a
INFO [01-19|21:24:36] Commit new mining work number=6 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=897.815µs
INFO [01-19|21:24:43] Successfully sealed new block number=6 hash=a5fc3d…b1221e
INFO [01-19|21:24:43] ? block reached canonical chain number=1 hash=e2b5b9…9b1bfe
INFO [01-19|21:24:43] ? mined potential block number=6 hash=a5fc3d…b1221e
INFO [01-19|21:24:43] Commit new mining work number=7 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=758.061µs
INFO [01-19|21:24:47] Successfully sealed new block number=7 hash=003b02…e886fd
INFO [01-19|21:24:47] ? block reached canonical chain number=2 hash=62db3f…e27b50
INFO [01-19|21:24:47] ? mined potential block number=7 hash=003b02…e886fd
INFO [01-19|21:24:47] Commit new mining work number=8 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=920.862µs
INFO [01-19|21:24:48] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=5 elapsed=1m46.827s
INFO [01-19|21:25:06] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=6 elapsed=2m4.338s
INFO [01-19|21:25:23] Successfully sealed new block number=8 hash=fd23c9…361c65
INFO [01-19|21:25:23] ? block reached canonical chain number=3 hash=34384b…c387f2
INFO [01-19|21:25:23] ? mined potential block number=8 hash=fd23c9…361c65
INFO [01-19|21:25:23] Commit new mining work number=9 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=825.737µs
INFO [01-19|21:25:23] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=7 elapsed=2m22.061s
3.3.2. 停止挖矿
miner.stop()
true
3.3.3. 查看所挖金额
eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0])
70000000000000000000
- 管理
4.1. 控制台
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --networkid 123456 console
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Starting peer-to-peer node instance=Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/chaindata cache=128 handles=1024
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Initialised chain configuration config="{ChainID: 15 Homestead: 0 DAO: DAOSupport: false EIP150: EIP155: 0 EIP158: 0 Byzantium: Engine: unknown}"
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Disk storage enabled for ethash caches dir=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/ethash count=3
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs dir=/home/neo/.ethash count=2
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Initialising Ethereum protocol versions="[63 62]" network=123456
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Loaded most recent local header number=14 hash=70d7f1…45850a td=1966848
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Loaded most recent local full block number=14 hash=70d7f1…45850a td=1966848
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Loaded most recent local fast block number=14 hash=70d7f1…45850a td=1966848
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Loaded local transaction journal transactions=0 dropped=0
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Regenerated local transaction journal transactions=0 accounts=0
WARN [01-19|22:14:52] Blockchain not empty, fast sync disabled
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Starting P2P networking
INFO [01-19|22:14:56] UDP listener up self=enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@101.232.64.12:30303
INFO [01-19|22:14:56] RLPx listener up self=enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@101.232.64.12:30303
INFO [01-19|22:14:56] IPC endpoint opened: /home/neo/.ethereum/geth.ipc
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!
instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
coinbase: 0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6
at block: 14 (Fri, 19 Jan 2018 21:27:16 HST)
datadir: /home/neo/.ethereum
modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0
INFO [01-19|22:14:56] Mapped network port proto=udp extport=30303 intport=30303 interface=“UPNP IGDv1-IP1”
4.2. 连接控制台
一般测试启动我们使用 console，如果是正式启动无需使用 console。同事我们使用&符号使其进入后台运行。
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --networkid 123456 --rpc --rpcaddr=“0.0.0.0” --rpccorsdomain “*” --nodiscover &
进入控制台
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth attach
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!
instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
coinbase: 0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6
at block: 531 (Tue, 14 Nov 2017 17:36:05 HST)
datadir: /home/neo/.ethereum
modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0
退出控制台
exit
连接远程控制台
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --exec ‘eth.coinbase’ attach http://172.16.0.10:8545
“0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6”
4.3. 账号管理
4.3.1. 新建账号
查看账号
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth account list
Account #0: {83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6} keystore:///home/neo/.ethereum/keystore/UTC–2018-01-20T04-04-06.786586541Z–83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6
创建账号
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth account new
Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password.
Passphrase:
Repeat passphrase:
Address: {e8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607}
指定密码
echo “abc123” > passwd
geth -password passwd account new
4.3.2. 查看账号
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth account list
Account #0: {83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6} keystore:///home/neo/.ethereum/keystore/UTC–2018-01-20T04-04-06.786586541Z–83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6
Account #1: {e8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607} keystore:///home/neo/.ethereum/keystore/UTC–2018-01-20T06-11-23.608902164Z–e8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607
4.4. 运行JS
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --exec “eth.blockNumber” attach
531
$ geth --exec ‘loadScript("/tmp/checkbalances.js")’ attach http://123.123.123.123:8545
$ geth --jspath “/tmp” --exec ‘loadScript(“checkbalances.js”)’ attach http://123.123.123.123:8545
5. JavaScript Console
5.1. personal 管理
5.1.1. 创建账号
personal.newAccount()
Passphrase:
Repeat passphrase:
“0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6”
5.1.2. 显示账号
列出所有账号
personal.listAccounts
[“0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6”, “0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607”]
列出指定账号
personal.listAccounts[1]
“0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607”
personal.listAccounts[0]
“0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6”
5.2. eth 管理
5.2.1. 矿工账号
查看默认旷工账号，系统中的第一个账号。
eth.coinbase
“0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6”
查看账号列表
eth.accounts
[“0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6”, “0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607”]
eth.accounts[0]
“0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6”
5.2.2. 余额
eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0])
70000000000000000000
5.2.2.1. 单位转换
eth.getBalance()返回的余额是以太币的最小面额wei，将wei转换为以太币ether。
primary = eth.accounts[0]
balance = web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(primary), “ether”);
演示
primary = eth.accounts[0]
“0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6”
balance = web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(primary), “ether”);
70
5.2.3. 转账
personal.unlockAccount(“0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6”, “”, 300)
eth.sendTransaction({from: ‘0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6’, to: ‘0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607’, value: web3.toWei(1, “ether”)})
默认矿工账号
eth.coinbase
“0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6”
查看系统中的账号，如果没有请参考上面章节创建
eth.accounts
[“0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6”, “0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607”]
转出账号中又 285 个以太币
web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0]))
285
转入账号目前是 0
web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[1]))
0
解锁传出账号，否则不能转出。personal.unlockAccount(账号, 密码, 300)
personal.unlockAccount(“0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6”, “”, 300)
true
转账操作
eth.sendTransaction({from: ‘0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6’, to: ‘0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607’, value: web3.toWei(10, “ether”)})
“0xb0674a7fee52555d8712f3a1f0f30fbbbf67ff7b5b4b53ab5d131262613215c6”
如果你现在查看转入账号，你会发现余额仍然是 0 ，交易还未成功写进区块，写进区块的方式是挖矿，所以你必须执行挖矿
miner.start(1)
null
稍后几分钟，再次查看转入账号，将会看到有10个以太币入账。传出账号会减少10个以太币，同时仍然继续挖矿中。
web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[1]))
10
5.3. admin 管理
5.3.1. 显示节点
显示当前节点信息
admin.nodeInfo
{
enode: “enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@[::]:30303?discport=0”,
id: “9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527”,
ip: “::”,
listenAddr: “[::]:30303”,
name: “Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1”,
ports: {
discovery: 0,
listener: 30303
},
protocols: {
eth: {
difficulty: 131072,
genesis: “0x611596e7979cd4e7ca1531260fa706093a5492ecbdf58f20a39545397e424d04”,
head: “0x611596e7979cd4e7ca1531260fa706093a5492ecbdf58f20a39545397e424d04”,
network: 123456
}
}
}
节点地址
enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@[::]:30303?discport=0
[::] 是 ipv6 地址，可以改为 ipv4 地址。
5.3.2. 查看池
admin.peers
[]
5.3.3. 添加节点
admin.addPeer(‘enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@172.16.0.1:30303’)
5.4. miner 挖矿管理
5.4.1. 开始挖矿
miner.start(2)
null
过几分钟后运行
web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(eth.coinbase), “ether”)
30
这时我们已经看到已经产生了30个以太币。
5.4.2. 停止挖矿
miner.stop()
true
- 总结
- FAQ
7.1. Error: authentication needed: password or unlock
eth.sendTransaction({from: ‘0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6’, to: ‘0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607’, value: web3.toWei(1, “ether”)})
Error: authentication needed: password or unlock
at web3.js:3143:20
at web3.js:6347:15
at web3.js:5081:36
at :1:1
解锁转出账号
personal.unlockAccount(“0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6”, “your_password”, 300)
true
eth.sendTransaction({from: ‘0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6’, to: ‘0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607’, value: web3.toWei(1, “ether”)})
“0xd9e8c8fdc71e24ee8052048de4ff0acd7157b872393f37344c8ec2083f3fe48f”