聊聊Election Algorithms

本文主要研究一下Election Algorithms

Election Algorithms

Election Algorithms大致有两类,一类是Garcia-Molina提出的Bully Election,一类是Chang & Roberts's Token Ring Election algorithm;对于大多数的election algorithms通常有如下几个假定:

  • 完整的topology,信息可以在topology的nodes之间传递
  • 每个node有唯一的id,而且对整个topology其他node可见
  • 所有的通信网络是可靠的,只允许node fail,要求消息不丢失,不重复,不损坏
  • 要求已经有fail detector机制来处理node fail的情况

Bully Election

  • 当有node检测到leader fail之后,就发送election request给其他node,election request中带上自己的id
  • 当node接收到election request时判断如果自己的id大于request中的id,则可以"bully"覆盖request中的id,如果小于则不改动,然后发送election request给其他node;当有node接收到election request的id是自己的node id时,则表明自己是leader,于是给其他node发送leader request
  • 当node接收到leader request时设置本地leader id,同时判断如果leader id不是自己的node id时则转发该leader request给其他node

Token Ring Election

  • 当有node检测到leader fail之后,就发送election request给其他node,election request中带上自己的id
  • 当node接收到election request时,则判断自己的node id是否在里面,不在的话则追加自己的node id到election request中;如果自己的node id已经在该election request中时则提取这些node id,取出id最大的作为leader,然后给其他node发送leader request
  • 当node接收到leader request时设置本地leader id,同时判断如果leader id不是自己的node id时则转发该leader request给其他node

实例

这里采用 distributedLeaderElection的实现

Bully Election

    public void onMessage(String message) {
        
        String messageHeader = message.split(":")[0];
        String messageBody = message.split(":")[1];
        
        if (messageHeader.equals("Election")){
            if (Integer.parseInt(messageBody.trim()) < Node.getMyID() // If we are a better candidate
                    && !participant){
                System.out.println("I " + Node.getMyID() + " am a better candidate than "+messageBody);
                Node.sendMsgToNextNode("Election" + ":" + Node.getMyID()); // Suggest us for election
            }
            else if (Integer.parseInt(messageBody.trim()) == Node.getMyID())  { // If this is our ID
                System.out.println("I " + Node.getMyID() + " received my own pebble, so I am the new leader");
                Node.sendMsgToNextNode("Leader" + ":" + Node.getMyID()); // Announce us as the new leader
            }
            else { // The current candidate is better
                System.out.println("I " + Node.getMyID() + " am a worse candidate than "+messageBody);
                Node.sendMsgToNextNode(message); // Forward his candidancy
            }
            participant = true;
        }
        
        else if (messageHeader.equals("Leader")){
            System.out.println(messageBody + " is the new leader");
            leaderID = messageBody;
            if (Integer.parseInt(messageBody.trim()) != Node.getMyID()) Node.sendMsgToNextNode(message);
        }
    }
  • 可以看到bully算法在看到election request中node id小于自己node id时,直接bully覆盖该node id;当走了一圈发现请求中node id是自己的node id时,则选举自己为leader

Token Ring Election

    public void onMessage(String message) {

        String messageHeader = message.split(":")[0];
        List messageBody = Arrays.asList(message.replace(messageHeader+":", "").split(":"));
        
        if (messageHeader.equals("Election")){
            if (!messageBody.contains(Node.getMyID()+"")){ // If we are not contained in the list
                System.out.println("I " + Node.getMyID() + " am not contained in this message "+message);
                Node.sendMsgToNextNode(message + ":" + Node.getMyID()); // Suggest us for election
            }
            else { // If we are in the list
                System.out.println("I " + Node.getMyID() + " am contained in this message");
                String newLeader = findLeaderInBody(messageBody);
                Node.sendMsgToNextNode("Leader" + ":" + newLeader); // Announce the new leader
            }
        }
        
        else if (messageHeader.equals("Leader")){
            String leaderBody = message.split(":")[1];
            System.out.println(leaderBody + " is the new leader");
            leaderID = leaderBody;
            if (Integer.parseInt(leaderBody.trim()) != Node.getMyID()) Node.sendMsgToNextNode(message);
        }
    }

    private String findLeaderInBody(List messageBody) {
        int maxID = 0;
        if (messageBody.size() > 0){
            for (String leaderCandidate : messageBody){
                if (Integer.parseInt(leaderCandidate.trim()) > maxID) {
                    maxID = Integer.parseInt(leaderCandidate.trim());
                }
            }
        }
        return maxID+"";
    }
  • 可以看到ring算法是在请求中追加自己的node id;当走了一圈发现自己的node id已经在其中时,通过findLeaderInBody从这些node id中取出最大的那个,选举该node为leader

小结

  • Election Algorithms大致有两类,一类是Garcia-Molina提出的Bully Election,一类是Chang & Roberts's Token Ring Election algorithm
  • 对于大多数的election algorithms通常有如下几个假定:

    • 完整的topology,信息可以在topology的nodes之间传递
    • 每个node有唯一的id,而且对整个topology其他node可见
    • 所有的通信网络是可靠的,只允许node fail,要求消息不丢失,不重复,不损坏
    • 要求已经有fail detector机制来处理node fail的情况
  • bully算法与ring算法的共同点是对比node id,在具体的实例中我们可以看到,bully算法顾名思义就是如果自己的node id比较大,则可以覆盖request中的node,最后node id最大的为leader;而ring算法则是采取追加node id方式,最后在从中选取node id最大的为leader

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