MySQL没有提供直接的增量备份方法
可以通过 MySQL提供的二进制日志( binary logs)间接实现增量备份
MySQL的配置文件的[mysqld]项中加入log-bin=filepath项(filepath是二进制文件的路径),如log-bin=mysql-bin,然后重启mysqld服务。
二进制日志文件的默认路径为/usr/local/mysql/data
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
'//在[mysqld]项中加入配置 log-bin=mysql-bin'
...省略内容
[mysqld]
user = mysql
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir=/usr/local/mysql/data
port = 3306
character_set_server=utf8
pid-file = /usr/local/mysql/mysqld.pid
socket = /usr/local/mysql/mysql.sock
server-id = 1
log-bin=mysql-bin '//添加此句'
...省略内容
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart mysqld '//重启服务'
[root@localhost ~]# ls /usr/local/mysql/data/
...省略内容
mysql-bin.000001 '//发现已经生成了二进制文件,设置成功'
...省略内容
MySQL二进制日志对备份的意义
二进制日志保存了所有更新或者可能更新数据库的操作
二进制日志在启动 MySQL服务器后开始记录,并在文件达到max_binlog_size所设置的大小或者接收到 flush-logs命令后重新创建新的日志文件
语法
mysqladmin -u 用户名 -p [密码] flush-logs
只需定时执行 flush-logs方法重新创建新的日志,生成二进制文件序列,并及时把这些旧的日志保存到安全的地方就完成了一个时间段的增量备份
mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --base64-output=decode-rows -v 日志文件名称 /opt/aaa.txt '//使用64位解码器按行输出日志文件放到/opt/aaa.txt中'
cat /opt/aaa.txt '//查看日志文件的详细信息'
语法
mysqlbinlog [--no-defaults] 增量备份文件 | mysql -u 用户名 -p
基于位置恢复
就是将某个起始时间的二进制日志导入数据库中,从而跳过某个发生错误的时间点实现数据的恢复
恢复数据到指定位置
mysqlbinlog --stop-position='操作id' 二进制日志 |mysql -u 用户名 -p 密码
从指定的位置开始恢复数据
mysqlbinlog --start-position='操作id' 二进制日志 |mysql -u 用户名 -p 密码
基于时间点恢复
使用基于时间点的恢复,可能会出现在一个时间点里既同时存在正确的操作又存在错误的操作,所以我们需要一种更为精确的恢复方式
从日志开头截止到某个时间点的恢复
mysqlbinlog [--no-defaults] --stop-datetime='年-月-日 小时:分钟:秒' 二进制日志 |mysql -u 用户名 -p 密码
从某个时间点到日志结尾的恢复
mysqlbinlog [--no-defaults] --start-datetime='年-月-日 小时:分钟:秒' 二进制日志 |mysql -u 用户名 -p 密码
从某个时间点到某个时间点的恢复
mysqlbinlog [--no-defaults] --start-datetime='年-月-日 小时:分钟:秒' --stop-datetime='年-月-日 小时:分钟:秒' 二进制日志 |mysql -u 用户名 -p 密码
[root@localhost ~]# tar Jcvf /opt/mysql-$(date +%F).tar.xz /usr/local/mysql/data
[root@localhost ~]# ls /opt
mysql-2020-01-08.tar.xz mysql-5.7.17 rh
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start mysqld
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
'//在[mysqld]项中加入配置 log-bin=mysql-bin'
...省略内容
[mysqld]
user = mysql
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir=/usr/local/mysql/data
port = 3306
character_set_server=utf8
pid-file = /usr/local/mysql/mysqld.pid
socket = /usr/local/mysql/mysql.sock
server-id = 1
log-bin=mysql-bin '//添加此句'
...省略内容
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart mysqld '//重启服务'
[root@localhost ~]# ls /usr/local/mysql/data/
...省略内容
mysql-bin.000001 '//发现已经生成了二进制文件,设置成功'
...省略内容
[root@localhost data]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: '//输入密码登陆'
mysql> create database yiku; '//创建库'
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> use yiku; '//使用库'
Database changed
mysql> create table yibiao (id int(4) primary key,name char(10)); '//创建表'
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into yibiao values(1,'zhangsan'),(2,'lisi'); '//插入记录'
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from yibiao;
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 1 | zhangsan |
| 2 | lisi |
+----+----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>exit
[root@localhost data]# mysqldump -uroot -p yiku > /opt/yiku.sql '//进行完全备份'
Enter password:
[root@localhost data]# mysqladmin -uroot -p flush-logs '//进行增量备份'
Enter password:
[root@localhost data]# cd /usr/local/mysql/data/
[root@localhost data]# ls
mysql-bin.000001 mysql-bin.000002 ...省略内容 '//发现已经有了增量备份文件,刚刚备份的操作记录都存放在 mysql-bin.000001中, mysql-bin.000002是准备存放后续操作的'
mysql> insert into yibiao values(3,'wangwu'); '//正常操作'
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> delete from yibiao where name='wangwu'; '//误操作'
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into yibiao values(4,'zhaoliu'); '//正常操作'
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from yibiao;
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 1 | zhangsan |
| 2 | lisi |
| 4 | zhaoliu |
+----+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> exit
Bye
[root@localhost data]# mysqladmin -uroot -p flush-logs; '//再次增量备份'
Enter password:
[root@localhost data]# ls '//发现再次生成新的增量备份文件ysql-bin.000003'
mysql-bin.000001 mysql-bin.000002 mysql-bin.000003 '//刚刚的正常操作和无操作都存放到了mysql-bin.000002中'
[root@localhost data]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --base64-output=decode-rows -v mysql-bin.000002 > /opt/bak.txt
[root@localhost data]# vim /opt/bak.txt '//发现能够查看到刚刚的操作语句'
...省略内容
# at 343 '//正常操作语句段'
#200108 0:29:18 server id 1 end_log_pos 390 CRC32 0x9ada4ac9 Write_rows: table id 219 flags: STMT_END_F
### INSERT INTO `yiku`.`yibiao`
### SET
### @1=3
### @2='wangwu'
# at 390
...省略内容
# at 558 '//误操作语句段,558为误操作语句的开始位置id,200108 0:29:56 为误操作语句的开始位置时间,也是上一语句的结束时间'
#200108 0:29:56 server id 1 end_log_pos 610 CRC32 0xb990c664 Table_map: `yiku`.`yibiao` mapped to number 219
# at 610
#200108 0:29:56 server id 1 end_log_pos 657 CRC32 0x1738ac5d Delete_rows: table id 219 flags: STMT_END_F
### DELETE FROM `yiku`.`yibiao`
### WHERE
### @1=3
### @2='wangwu'
# at 657
...省略内容
# at 825 '//正常操作语句段,825为正常操作语句的开始位置id,200108 0:30:11 为正常操作语句的开始位置时间,也是上一语句的结束时间'
#200108 0:30:11 server id 1 end_log_pos 877 CRC32 0x89f71cba Table_map: `yiku`.`yibiao` mapped to number 219
# at 877
#200108 0:30:11 server id 1 end_log_pos 925 CRC32 0xae064160 Write_rows: table id 219 flags: STMT_END_F
### INSERT INTO `yiku`.`yibiao`
### SET
### @1=4
### @2='zhaoliu'
# at 925
#200108 0:30:11 server id 1 end_log_pos 956 CRC32 0xe6213e68 Xid = 57
...省略内容
[root@localhost data]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
mysql> drop table yibiao; '//删除原有的表'
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> show tables;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> source /opt/yiku.sql; '//恢复库'
mysql> show tables; '//恢复成功'
+----------------+
| Tables_in_yiku |
+----------------+
| yibiao |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from yibiao; '//恢复成功'
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 1 | zhangsan |
| 2 | lisi |
+----+----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
[root@localhost data]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --stop-datetime='2020-01-08 0:29:56' /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000002 | mysql -u root -p '//第一个正常操作的结尾时间是2020-01-08 00:29:56,所以此处用此时间,表示恢复到此时间的操作'
'//时间在4.5查看增量备份文件中有写'
Enter password:
[root@localhost data]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
mysql> use yiku;
mysql> select * from yibiao; '//查看表,发现恢复成功了'
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 1 | zhangsan |
| 2 | lisi |
| 3 | wangwu |
+----+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
[root@localhost data]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --start-datetime='2020-01-08 00:30:11' /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000002 | mysql -u root -p '//第二个十误操作,我们要跳过。第三个正常操作的结尾时间是2020-01-08 00:30:11,所以此处用此时间,表示从此时间恢复到结尾的操作'
'//时间在4.5查看增量备份文件中有写'
Enter password:
[root@localhost data]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
mysql> use yiku;
mysql> select * from yibiao; '//查看表,发现恢复成功了'
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 1 | zhangsan |
| 2 | lisi |
| 3 | wangwu |
| 4 | zhaoliu |
+----+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
'//先删除刚刚恢复的两个表记录'
mysql> delete from yibiao where id=3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> delete from yibiao where id=4;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from yibiao;
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 1 | zhangsan |
| 2 | lisi |
+----+----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> exit
[root@localhost data]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --stop-position='558' /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000002 | mysql -u root -p '//错误操作真正开始的位置是558,而不是610,所以要恢复到558位置结束'
'//位置在4.5查看增量备份文件中有写'
Enter password:
[root@localhost data]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
mysql> use yiku;
mysql> select * from yibiao; '//查看表,发现恢复成功了'
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 1 | zhangsan |
| 2 | lisi |
| 3 | wangwu |
+----+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
[root@localhost data]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --start-position='825' /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000002 | mysql -u root -p '//正常操作真正开始的位置是825,而不是877,所以要恢复到825位置结束'
'//位置在4.5查看增量备份文件中有写'
Enter password:
[root@localhost data]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
mysql> use yiku;
mysql> select * from yibiao; '//查看表,发现恢复成功了'
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 1 | zhangsan |
| 2 | lisi |
| 3 | wangwu |
| 4 | zhaoliu |
+----+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)