程序员思维学英语语法---代词详解

程序员思维学英语语法


单词-代词详解

1. 代词的定义

2. 代词的分类

2.1 连接代词(ConjunctivePronoun)

2.2 指示代词(DemonstrativePronoun)

2.3 不定代词(IndefinitePronoun)

2.4 疑问代词(InterrogativePronoun)

2.5 人称代词(PersonalPronoun)

2.6 物主代词(PropertyPronoun)

2.7 相互代词(ReciprocalPronoun)

2.8 反身代词(ReflexivePronoun)

2.9 关系代词(RelativePronoun)

2.10 替代词(SubstitutePronoun)


单词-代词详解

本章主要目的:了解代词定义及分类

1. 代词的定义

代词:代替名词或一句话的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。

2. 代词的分类

2.1 连接代词(ConjunctivePronoun)

  • 连接代词定义

疑问代词在引起名词性从句时,被称为连接代词

It hasn't been announced who won the prizes.(还没宣布谁获奖),who指代那个获奖的人

  • 连接代词分类
疑问代词 指人 指物 指人或指物
主格 who/whoever what/whatever which/whichever
宾格 whom/whomever
所有格 whose    
  • 连接代词所做成分
  1. 主语
  2. 宾语
  3. 表语
  4. 定语

It hasn't been announced who won the prizes.,who做从句的主语

I don't care what they think.(我不管他们怎么想),what做从句的宾语

The question is who(m) we should trust.(问题是我们该相信谁),who做从句的表语

whatever you do, I will be right here waiting for you.(无论你做什么,我都会在这里等你),whatever做从句的状语

Please make sure whose book it is.(麻烦确认下这本书是谁的),whose做从句的定语

  • 连接代词代码
/**
 * @Author: Wen-Xueliang
 * @Date: Created in 2019/7/14 14:23
 * @Description: 连接代词:疑问代词在引起名词性从句时,被称为连接代词。
 */
public class ConjunctivePronoun {

    public static String WHO = "who";
    public static String WHOSE = "whose";
    public static String WHOM = "whom";
    public static String WHAT = "what";
    public static String WHICH = "which";

    public static String WHOEVER = "whoever";
    public static String WHOMEVER = "whomever";
    public static String WHICHEVER = "whichever";
    public static String WHATEVER = "whatever";
}

2.2 指示代词(DemonstrativePronoun)

  • 指示代词定义

表示指示概念的词,即用来指示或标识人或事物的代词:这个,那个,这些,那些,这样的,同样的。

例子:She likes painting,but I don't like that.(她喜欢画画,而我不喜欢),that指代画画

  • 指示代词分类
    • this(这个)
    • that(那个)
    • these(这些)
    • those(那些)
    • such(这样的)
    • same(同样的)
  • 指示代词所做成分
  1. 做主语
  2. 做宾语
  3. 做定语
  4. 做表语

This is a good idea.(这是一个好主意),其中This做主语。

She likes painting,but I don't like that.,其中that做动词宾语。

Don't tell her about that.(不要告诉他这件事),其中that做介词宾语。

Put these bags in the corner.(把这些包放在角落),其中these为名词词组的限定词做定语。

What i want is that.(我想要的是那个),其中that做表语。

  • 指示代词代码
/**
 * @Author: Wen-Xueliang
 * @Date: Created in 2019/7/14 14:17
 * @Description: 指示代词:表示指示概念的词,即用来指示或标识人或事物的代词
 */
public class DemonstrativePronoun {

    /**
    @see eng.lab.englishgrammer.partofspeech.determiner.DemonstrativeDeterminer
    指示代词和指示代词做限定词的区别:
    指示代词可以代替名词做主语/宾语
    I'm going to buy the house. That will cost me a lot of money.

    指示限定词相当于形容词,只起修饰限定作用
    These language options are open to our students: Spanish, French and German.
    */

    public static String THIS = "this";
    public static String THESE = "these";
    public static String THAT = "that";
    public static String THOSE = "those";
    public static String SUCH = "such";
    public static String SAME = "same";

}

2.3 不定代词(IndefinitePronoun)

  • 不定代词定义

不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词:一些,某些,所有,每个等

例子:Everyone knows it.(所有人都知道它),everyone指代的所有人。

  • 不定代词分类
    • 由some,any,no与body,one,thing排列组合构成的合成代词,如somebody,anyone等
    • 表一些(some,any)
    • 表任意一个(either,any)
    • 表全部(all,both)
    • 表每个(each,every)
    • 表其他(other,another)
    • 表都不(none,neither)
    • 表许多(many,much)
    • 表少量(few,little)
  • 不定代词所做成份
  1. 主语
  2. 宾语
  3. 表语
  4. 定语
  5. 状语
  6. 同位语

Everyone knows it.,everyone做主语

I know nothing about this person.(我对这个人一无所知),nothing做宾语

This book is much too difficult for a child.(这本书对一个小孩来说太难了),much作表语

There is a little water in the glass.(玻璃杯里有一些水),a little作定语

I can't find my book anywhere.(我在任何地方都没找到我的书),anywhere作状语

We have all read it.(我们都读过它),all作状语

  • 不定代词代码
/**
 * @Author: Wen-Xueliang
 * @Date: Created in 2019/7/14 14:24
 * @Description: 不定代词:不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词:一些,某些,所有,每个等
 */
public class IndefinitePronoun {

    //由some,any,no与body,one,thing排列组合构成的合成代词
    public static String SOMEBODY = "somebody";
    public static String ANYBODY = "anybody";
    public static String EVERYBODY = "everybody";
    public static String NOBODY = "nobody";
    public static String SOMEONE = "someone";
    public static String ANYONE = "anyone";
    public static String EVERYONE = "everyone";
    public static String NO_ONE = "no one";
    public static String SOMETHING = "something";
    public static String ANYTHING = "anything";
    public static String EVERYTHING = "everything";
    public static String NOTHING = "nothing";

    //作代词的限定词
    //一些
    public static String SOME = "some";//肯定句
    public static String ANY = "any";//否定句,也有三者任一之意

    //两者任一
    public static String EITHER = "either";

    //全部
    public static String ALL = "all";//大于两个
    public static String BOTH = "both";//两个

    //每个
    public static String EACH = "each";//大于两个
    public static String EVERY = "every";//大于三个

    //其他的
    public static String OTHER = "other";
    public static String ANOTHER = "another";

    //都不
    public static String NONE = "none";//大于两个
    public static String NEITHER = "neither";//两个

    //许多
    public static String MANY = "many";//后接复数名词
    public static String MUCH = "much";//后接不可数名词

    //少量
    public static String FEW = "few";//后接复数名词
    public static String LITTLE = "little";//后接不可数名词

}

2.4 疑问代词(InterrogativePronoun)

  • 疑问代词定义

代替一个不确定的、等待对方来确认的人、物、事。主要用于构成特殊疑问句。

例子:Who can answer this question?(谁能回答这个问题),who用于替代这个能回答问题的人

  • 疑问代词分类
疑问代词 指人 指物 指人或指物
主格 who/whoever what/whatever which/whichever
宾格 whom/whomever
所有格 whose    
  • 疑问代词所做成分
  1. 主语
  2. 宾语
  3. 表语
  4. 定语

Who can answer this question?,who作主语

What did you have for supper?(你晚饭吃什么),what作宾语

What is this?(这是什么),what作表语

Whose dictionary is this?(这是谁的字典),whose作定语

  • 疑问代词代码
/**
 * @Author: Wen-Xueliang
 * @Date: Created in 2019/7/14 14:21
 * @Description: 疑问代词:代替一个不确定的、等待对方来确认的人、物、事
 */
public class InterrogativePronoun {
    public static String WHO = "who";
    public static String WHOSE = "whose";
    public static String WHOM = "whom";
    public static String WHAT = "what";
    public static String WHICH = "which";

    public static String WHOEVER = "whoever";
    public static String WHOMEVER = "whomever";
    public static String WHICHEVER = "whichever";
    public static String WHATEVER = "whatever";
}

2.5 人称代词(PersonalPronoun)

  • 人称代词定义

人称代词是为了替代人或事物的词:你、我、他等等。

例子:John loves Mary.(John喜欢Mary)

如果你跟别人描述这件事时,你指着John说He loves Mary(他喜欢Mary),此时别人就知道he指代John.

如果此时指着Mary说John loves her(John喜欢她),此时别人就知道her指代Mary.

  • 人称代词分类

下表为人称代词份分类,其中主格表示在句中做主语成分,宾格表示在句中做宾语成分。

代词 单数 复数
人称代词 类别 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
主格 I you he she it we you they
宾格 me him her us them
  • 人称代词所做成分
  1. 做主语
  2. 做宾语
  3. 做表语

其中主格可做主语和表语,宾格可做宾语和表语。

例子:I love her(我爱她),其中I做主语,her做宾语。

It's I/me(是我),其中I做表语。

  • 人称代词代码
/**
 * @Author: Wen-Xueliang
 * @Date: Created in 2019/7/9 22:02
 * @Description: 人称代词:为了替代人或事物的词
 */
public class PersonalPronoun extends Pronoun {

    //第一人称
    public static String I = "i";
    public static String I_Oc = "me";
    //复数
    public static String WE = "we";
    public static String WE_Oc = "us";

    //第二人称
    public static String YOU = "you";
    public static String YOU_Oc = "you";
    //复数
    public static String YOU_Plural = "you";
    public static String YOU_Plural_Oc = "you";

    //第三人称
    public static String HE = "he";
    public static String HE_Oc = "him";
    public static String SHE = "she";
    public static String SHE_Oc = "her";
    public static String IT = "it";
    public static String IT_Oc = "it";
    //复数
    public static String THEY = "they";
    public static String THEY_Oc = "them";

}

2.6 物主代词(PropertyPronoun)

  • 物主代词定义

表示所有关系的代词:你的、我的、他的等等。也叫人称代词的所有格。

例子:John loves Mary's bag.(John喜欢Mary的包),此时用的名词所有格

如果你跟别人描述这件事时,你指着Mary说John loves her bag(John喜欢她的包),此时别人就知道her指代Mary的.

如果前文已知所指,则可以说,I love John's bag and John loves hers.(我喜欢John的包,John喜欢她的包),此时别人就知道hers指代Mary的包

  • 物主代词分类

下表为物主代词份分类,其中形容词性表示具有形容词性,名词性表示具有名词性。

代词 单数 复数
物主代词 形容词性 my(我的) your(你的) his her its our(我们的) your(你们的) their
名词性 mine yours hers ours yours theirs
  • 物主代词所做成分
  1. 做主语
  2. 做宾语
  3. 做表语
  4. 作定语

其中形容词性可做定语,名词性可做主语,宾语和表语。

例子:John loves her bag,her做定语

This isn't my bag,mine is blue(这不是我的包,我的是蓝色的),mine做主语

I love John's bag and John loves hers,hers做宾语

This isn't your bag,it's mine(这不是你的包,这是我的),mine做表语

  • 物主代词代码
/**
 * @Author: Wen-Xueliang
 * @Date: Created in 2019/7/9 22:04
 * @Description: 物主代词:表示所有关系的代词,也叫人称代词的所有格
 */
public class PropertyPronoun {

    //第一人称
    public static String MY = "my";
    public static String MINE = "mine";
    //复数
    public static String OUR = "our";
    public static String OURS = "ours";

    //第二人称
    public static String YOUR = "your";
    public static String YOURS = "yours";
    //复数
    public static String YOUR_Plural = "your";
    public static String YOURS_Plural = "yours";

    //第三人称
    public static String HIS = "his";
    public static String HIS_Oc = "his";
    public static String HER = "her";
    public static String HERS = "hers";
    public static String ITS = "its";
    public static String ITS_Plural = "its";
    //复数
    public static String THEIR = "their";
    public static String THEIRS = "theirs";
}

2.7 相互代词(ReciprocalPronoun)

  • 相互代词定义

表示相互关系的代词

例子:We help each other in our English learning.(我们在英语学习上互相帮助),each other说明我们是互相帮助的

  • 相互代词分类
    • each other
    • one another
    • each other's
    • one another's
  • 相互代词所做成份
  1. 做宾语
  2. 做定语

each other和one another做宾语,且主语都为复数。

We help each other in our English learning.

each other's和one another's作为限定词做定语。

We share each other's notes.(我们分享彼此的笔记)

  • 相互代词代码
/**
 * @Author: Wen-Xueliang
 * @Date: Created in 2019/7/14 14:21
 * @Description: 相互代词:表示相互关系的代词
 */
public class ReciprocalPronoun {

    public static String EACH_OTHER = "each other";
    public static String ONE_ANOTHER = "one another";
    public static String EACH_OHTHER_S = "each other's";
    public static String ONE_ANOHTHER_S = "one another's";
}

2.8 反身代词(ReflexivePronoun)

  • 反身代词定义

替代动作发出者本身的代词:你自己,我自己,他自己等等。

例子:Don't play with the knife, you might cut your hand.(不要玩刀子,那会割伤你的手)

这里可以用yourself替代your hand.

Don't play with the knife, you might cut yourself.(不要玩刀子,那会割伤你的)

  • 反身代词分类
代词 单数 复数
反身代词 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves
  • 反身代词所做成分
  1. 做宾语
  2. 做同位语
  3. 做表语

Don't play with the knife, you might cut yourself,yourself做动词宾语

She is talking to herself.(她在自言自语),herself做介词宾语

The story itself is good.(故事本身是好的),itself做同位语,表强调

I am feeling myself again.(我感觉自己健康如初),myself做表语,表身体或精神状态

  • 反身代词代码
/**
 * @Author: Wen-Xueliang
 * @Date: Created in 2019/7/14 14:19
 * @Description: 反身代词:替代动作发出者本身的代词
 */
public class ReflexivePronoun {

    //第一人称
    public static String MYSELF = "myself";
    //复数
    public static String OURSELVES = "ourselves";

    //第二人称
    public static String YOURSELF = "yourself";
    //复数
    public static String YOURSELVES = "yourselves";

    //第三人称
    public static String HIMSELF = "himself";
    public static String HERSELF = "herself";
    public static String ITSELF = "itself";
    //复数
    public static String THEMSELVES = "themselves";
}

2.9 关系代词(RelativePronoun)

  • 关系代词定义

用于引导定语从句的先行词,用于替代定语从句的某个成分。

例子:The girl whom I spoke to is my cousin.(跟我讲话的女孩是我表妹),whom指的是那个跟我讲话的女孩

  • 关系代词分类
关系代词 限定性指人 非限定性指物 限定性指物 特殊代词
主格 who/that which which/that but,as,than
宾格 whom/that which which/that
所有格 whose of which/whose of which/whose
  • 关系代词所做成份
  1. 主语
  2. 宾语
  3. 表语
  4. 定语

This is an old computer which works much slower.(这是一台速度很慢的老电脑),which作从句的主语

The girl whom I spoke to is my cousin.,whom作从句的介词宾语

This is the pencil whose point is broken.(这是那只折了尖的笔),whose作从句的定语

He's not the man (that) he was.(他已经不是以前的他了),that作从句的表语

  • 关系代词代码
/**
 * @Author: Wen-Xueliang
 * @Date: Created in 2019/7/14 14:22
 * @Description: 关系代词:用于引导定语从句的先行词,用于替代定语从句的某个成分。
 */
public class RelativePronoun {

    //限定性 指人
    public static String WHO = "who";//主格
    public static String THAT_Nc_Lp = "that";//主格
    public static String WHOM = "whom";//宾格
    public static String WHOSE_Pc_Lp = "whose";//属格

    //非限定性 指物
    public static String WHICH = "which";//主格
    public static String WHICH_Oc = "which";//宾格
    public static String OF_WHICH_Lo = "of which";//属格
    public static String WHOSE_Pc_Lo = "whose";//属格

    //限定性 指人或指物
    public static String THAT_Nc_Nl = "that";//主格
    public static String THAT_Oc_Nl = "that";//宾格
    public static String OF_WHICH_Nl = "of which";//属格
    public static String WHOSE_Pc_Nl = "whose";//属格

    //特殊代词
    public static String AS = "as";
    public static String BUT = "but";
    public static String THAN = "than";
}

2.10 替代词(SubstitutePronoun)

  • 替代词定义

用于替代同类事物的词

例子:A bridge built of stone is stronger than one built of wood. (石桥比木桥更结实),这里one替代了A bridge

  • 替代词分类
替代词 单数 复数
泛指 one ones
特指 that those
前指 it
  • 替代词所做成分
  1. 主语
  2. 宾语

It is important for us to learn English well.(英语学好对我们很重要),it做主语

I find it difficult to do the job well.(我发现把工作做好很难),it做宾语

  • 替代词代码
/**
 * @Author: Wen-Xueliang
 * @Date: Created in 2019/7/14 14:25
 * @Description: 替代词:用于替代前面出现的同类事物的词
 */
public class SubstitutePronoun {
    public static String ONE = "one";
    public static String ONES = "ones";
    public static String THAT = "that";
    public static String THOSE = "those";
    public static String IT = "it";
}

 

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