程序员思维学英语语法
单词-代词详解
1. 代词的定义
2. 代词的分类
2.1 连接代词(ConjunctivePronoun)
2.2 指示代词(DemonstrativePronoun)
2.3 不定代词(IndefinitePronoun)
2.4 疑问代词(InterrogativePronoun)
2.5 人称代词(PersonalPronoun)
2.6 物主代词(PropertyPronoun)
2.7 相互代词(ReciprocalPronoun)
2.8 反身代词(ReflexivePronoun)
2.9 关系代词(RelativePronoun)
2.10 替代词(SubstitutePronoun)
本章主要目的:了解代词定义及分类
代词:代替名词或一句话的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。
疑问代词在引起名词性从句时,被称为连接代词
It hasn't been announced who won the prizes.(还没宣布谁获奖),who指代那个获奖的人
疑问代词 | 指人 | 指物 | 指人或指物 |
主格 | who/whoever | what/whatever | which/whichever |
宾格 | whom/whomever | ||
所有格 | whose |
It hasn't been announced who won the prizes.,who做从句的主语
I don't care what they think.(我不管他们怎么想),what做从句的宾语
The question is who(m) we should trust.(问题是我们该相信谁),who做从句的表语
whatever you do, I will be right here waiting for you.(无论你做什么,我都会在这里等你),whatever做从句的状语
Please make sure whose book it is.(麻烦确认下这本书是谁的),whose做从句的定语
/**
* @Author: Wen-Xueliang
* @Date: Created in 2019/7/14 14:23
* @Description: 连接代词:疑问代词在引起名词性从句时,被称为连接代词。
*/
public class ConjunctivePronoun {
public static String WHO = "who";
public static String WHOSE = "whose";
public static String WHOM = "whom";
public static String WHAT = "what";
public static String WHICH = "which";
public static String WHOEVER = "whoever";
public static String WHOMEVER = "whomever";
public static String WHICHEVER = "whichever";
public static String WHATEVER = "whatever";
}
表示指示概念的词,即用来指示或标识人或事物的代词:这个,那个,这些,那些,这样的,同样的。
例子:She likes painting,but I don't like that.(她喜欢画画,而我不喜欢),that指代画画
This is a good idea.(这是一个好主意),其中This做主语。
She likes painting,but I don't like that.,其中that做动词宾语。
Don't tell her about that.(不要告诉他这件事),其中that做介词宾语。
Put these bags in the corner.(把这些包放在角落),其中these为名词词组的限定词做定语。
What i want is that.(我想要的是那个),其中that做表语。
/**
* @Author: Wen-Xueliang
* @Date: Created in 2019/7/14 14:17
* @Description: 指示代词:表示指示概念的词,即用来指示或标识人或事物的代词
*/
public class DemonstrativePronoun {
/**
@see eng.lab.englishgrammer.partofspeech.determiner.DemonstrativeDeterminer
指示代词和指示代词做限定词的区别:
指示代词可以代替名词做主语/宾语
I'm going to buy the house. That will cost me a lot of money.
指示限定词相当于形容词,只起修饰限定作用
These language options are open to our students: Spanish, French and German.
*/
public static String THIS = "this";
public static String THESE = "these";
public static String THAT = "that";
public static String THOSE = "those";
public static String SUCH = "such";
public static String SAME = "same";
}
不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词:一些,某些,所有,每个等
例子:Everyone knows it.(所有人都知道它),everyone指代的所有人。
Everyone knows it.,everyone做主语
I know nothing about this person.(我对这个人一无所知),nothing做宾语
This book is much too difficult for a child.(这本书对一个小孩来说太难了),much作表语
There is a little water in the glass.(玻璃杯里有一些水),a little作定语
I can't find my book anywhere.(我在任何地方都没找到我的书),anywhere作状语
We have all read it.(我们都读过它),all作状语
/**
* @Author: Wen-Xueliang
* @Date: Created in 2019/7/14 14:24
* @Description: 不定代词:不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词:一些,某些,所有,每个等
*/
public class IndefinitePronoun {
//由some,any,no与body,one,thing排列组合构成的合成代词
public static String SOMEBODY = "somebody";
public static String ANYBODY = "anybody";
public static String EVERYBODY = "everybody";
public static String NOBODY = "nobody";
public static String SOMEONE = "someone";
public static String ANYONE = "anyone";
public static String EVERYONE = "everyone";
public static String NO_ONE = "no one";
public static String SOMETHING = "something";
public static String ANYTHING = "anything";
public static String EVERYTHING = "everything";
public static String NOTHING = "nothing";
//作代词的限定词
//一些
public static String SOME = "some";//肯定句
public static String ANY = "any";//否定句,也有三者任一之意
//两者任一
public static String EITHER = "either";
//全部
public static String ALL = "all";//大于两个
public static String BOTH = "both";//两个
//每个
public static String EACH = "each";//大于两个
public static String EVERY = "every";//大于三个
//其他的
public static String OTHER = "other";
public static String ANOTHER = "another";
//都不
public static String NONE = "none";//大于两个
public static String NEITHER = "neither";//两个
//许多
public static String MANY = "many";//后接复数名词
public static String MUCH = "much";//后接不可数名词
//少量
public static String FEW = "few";//后接复数名词
public static String LITTLE = "little";//后接不可数名词
}
代替一个不确定的、等待对方来确认的人、物、事。主要用于构成特殊疑问句。
例子:Who can answer this question?(谁能回答这个问题),who用于替代这个能回答问题的人
疑问代词 | 指人 | 指物 | 指人或指物 |
主格 | who/whoever | what/whatever | which/whichever |
宾格 | whom/whomever | ||
所有格 | whose |
Who can answer this question?,who作主语
What did you have for supper?(你晚饭吃什么),what作宾语
What is this?(这是什么),what作表语
Whose dictionary is this?(这是谁的字典),whose作定语
/**
* @Author: Wen-Xueliang
* @Date: Created in 2019/7/14 14:21
* @Description: 疑问代词:代替一个不确定的、等待对方来确认的人、物、事
*/
public class InterrogativePronoun {
public static String WHO = "who";
public static String WHOSE = "whose";
public static String WHOM = "whom";
public static String WHAT = "what";
public static String WHICH = "which";
public static String WHOEVER = "whoever";
public static String WHOMEVER = "whomever";
public static String WHICHEVER = "whichever";
public static String WHATEVER = "whatever";
}
人称代词是为了替代人或事物的词:你、我、他等等。
例子:John loves Mary.(John喜欢Mary)
如果你跟别人描述这件事时,你指着John说He loves Mary(他喜欢Mary),此时别人就知道he指代John.
如果此时指着Mary说John loves her(John喜欢她),此时别人就知道her指代Mary.
下表为人称代词份分类,其中主格表示在句中做主语成分,宾格表示在句中做宾语成分。
代词 | 单数 | 复数 | |||||||||
人称代词 | 类别 | 第一人称 | 第二人称 | 第三人称 | 第一人称 | 第二人称 | 第三人称 | ||||
主格 | I | you | he | she | it | we | you | they | |||
宾格 | me | him | her | us | them |
其中主格可做主语和表语,宾格可做宾语和表语。
例子:I love her(我爱她),其中I做主语,her做宾语。
It's I/me(是我),其中I做表语。
/**
* @Author: Wen-Xueliang
* @Date: Created in 2019/7/9 22:02
* @Description: 人称代词:为了替代人或事物的词
*/
public class PersonalPronoun extends Pronoun {
//第一人称
public static String I = "i";
public static String I_Oc = "me";
//复数
public static String WE = "we";
public static String WE_Oc = "us";
//第二人称
public static String YOU = "you";
public static String YOU_Oc = "you";
//复数
public static String YOU_Plural = "you";
public static String YOU_Plural_Oc = "you";
//第三人称
public static String HE = "he";
public static String HE_Oc = "him";
public static String SHE = "she";
public static String SHE_Oc = "her";
public static String IT = "it";
public static String IT_Oc = "it";
//复数
public static String THEY = "they";
public static String THEY_Oc = "them";
}
表示所有关系的代词:你的、我的、他的等等。也叫人称代词的所有格。
例子:John loves Mary's bag.(John喜欢Mary的包),此时用的名词所有格
如果你跟别人描述这件事时,你指着Mary说John loves her bag(John喜欢她的包),此时别人就知道her指代Mary的.
如果前文已知所指,则可以说,I love John's bag and John loves hers.(我喜欢John的包,John喜欢她的包),此时别人就知道hers指代Mary的包
下表为物主代词份分类,其中形容词性表示具有形容词性,名词性表示具有名词性。
代词 | 单数 | 复数 | |||||||||
物主代词 | 形容词性 | my(我的) | your(你的) | his | her | its | our(我们的) | your(你们的) | their | ||
名词性 | mine | yours | hers | ours | yours | theirs |
其中形容词性可做定语,名词性可做主语,宾语和表语。
例子:John loves her bag,her做定语
This isn't my bag,mine is blue(这不是我的包,我的是蓝色的),mine做主语
I love John's bag and John loves hers,hers做宾语
This isn't your bag,it's mine(这不是你的包,这是我的),mine做表语
/**
* @Author: Wen-Xueliang
* @Date: Created in 2019/7/9 22:04
* @Description: 物主代词:表示所有关系的代词,也叫人称代词的所有格
*/
public class PropertyPronoun {
//第一人称
public static String MY = "my";
public static String MINE = "mine";
//复数
public static String OUR = "our";
public static String OURS = "ours";
//第二人称
public static String YOUR = "your";
public static String YOURS = "yours";
//复数
public static String YOUR_Plural = "your";
public static String YOURS_Plural = "yours";
//第三人称
public static String HIS = "his";
public static String HIS_Oc = "his";
public static String HER = "her";
public static String HERS = "hers";
public static String ITS = "its";
public static String ITS_Plural = "its";
//复数
public static String THEIR = "their";
public static String THEIRS = "theirs";
}
表示相互关系的代词
例子:We help each other in our English learning.(我们在英语学习上互相帮助),each other说明我们是互相帮助的
each other和one another做宾语,且主语都为复数。
We help each other in our English learning.
each other's和one another's作为限定词做定语。
We share each other's notes.(我们分享彼此的笔记)
/**
* @Author: Wen-Xueliang
* @Date: Created in 2019/7/14 14:21
* @Description: 相互代词:表示相互关系的代词
*/
public class ReciprocalPronoun {
public static String EACH_OTHER = "each other";
public static String ONE_ANOTHER = "one another";
public static String EACH_OHTHER_S = "each other's";
public static String ONE_ANOHTHER_S = "one another's";
}
替代动作发出者本身的代词:你自己,我自己,他自己等等。
例子:Don't play with the knife, you might cut your hand.(不要玩刀子,那会割伤你的手)
这里可以用yourself替代your hand.
Don't play with the knife, you might cut yourself.(不要玩刀子,那会割伤你的)
代词 | 单数 | 复数 | |||||||||
反身代词 | myself | yourself | himself | herself | itself | ourselves | yourselves | themselves |
Don't play with the knife, you might cut yourself,yourself做动词宾语
She is talking to herself.(她在自言自语),herself做介词宾语
The story itself is good.(故事本身是好的),itself做同位语,表强调
I am feeling myself again.(我感觉自己健康如初),myself做表语,表身体或精神状态
/**
* @Author: Wen-Xueliang
* @Date: Created in 2019/7/14 14:19
* @Description: 反身代词:替代动作发出者本身的代词
*/
public class ReflexivePronoun {
//第一人称
public static String MYSELF = "myself";
//复数
public static String OURSELVES = "ourselves";
//第二人称
public static String YOURSELF = "yourself";
//复数
public static String YOURSELVES = "yourselves";
//第三人称
public static String HIMSELF = "himself";
public static String HERSELF = "herself";
public static String ITSELF = "itself";
//复数
public static String THEMSELVES = "themselves";
}
用于引导定语从句的先行词,用于替代定语从句的某个成分。
例子:The girl whom I spoke to is my cousin.(跟我讲话的女孩是我表妹),whom指的是那个跟我讲话的女孩
关系代词 | 限定性指人 | 非限定性指物 | 限定性指物 | 特殊代词 |
主格 | who/that | which | which/that | but,as,than |
宾格 | whom/that | which | which/that | |
所有格 | whose | of which/whose | of which/whose |
This is an old computer which works much slower.(这是一台速度很慢的老电脑),which作从句的主语
The girl whom I spoke to is my cousin.,whom作从句的介词宾语
This is the pencil whose point is broken.(这是那只折了尖的笔),whose作从句的定语
He's not the man (that) he was.(他已经不是以前的他了),that作从句的表语
/**
* @Author: Wen-Xueliang
* @Date: Created in 2019/7/14 14:22
* @Description: 关系代词:用于引导定语从句的先行词,用于替代定语从句的某个成分。
*/
public class RelativePronoun {
//限定性 指人
public static String WHO = "who";//主格
public static String THAT_Nc_Lp = "that";//主格
public static String WHOM = "whom";//宾格
public static String WHOSE_Pc_Lp = "whose";//属格
//非限定性 指物
public static String WHICH = "which";//主格
public static String WHICH_Oc = "which";//宾格
public static String OF_WHICH_Lo = "of which";//属格
public static String WHOSE_Pc_Lo = "whose";//属格
//限定性 指人或指物
public static String THAT_Nc_Nl = "that";//主格
public static String THAT_Oc_Nl = "that";//宾格
public static String OF_WHICH_Nl = "of which";//属格
public static String WHOSE_Pc_Nl = "whose";//属格
//特殊代词
public static String AS = "as";
public static String BUT = "but";
public static String THAN = "than";
}
用于替代同类事物的词
例子:A bridge built of stone is stronger than one built of wood. (石桥比木桥更结实),这里one替代了A bridge
替代词 | 单数 | 复数 |
泛指 | one | ones |
特指 | that | those |
前指 | it |
It is important for us to learn English well.(英语学好对我们很重要),it做主语
I find it difficult to do the job well.(我发现把工作做好很难),it做宾语
/**
* @Author: Wen-Xueliang
* @Date: Created in 2019/7/14 14:25
* @Description: 替代词:用于替代前面出现的同类事物的词
*/
public class SubstitutePronoun {
public static String ONE = "one";
public static String ONES = "ones";
public static String THAT = "that";
public static String THOSE = "those";
public static String IT = "it";
}