【英语学习】英语语法术语表 English Grammar Terminology

跟英语外教讨论语法现象时，好多语法术语都不会；整理个语法术语表在这里。

Basic Terminology 基础词汇

英文	中文	备注
Morphology	词法
Syntax	句法
Notional Words	实意词
Form Words	虚词
Parts of Speech	词类
Noun	名词
Pronoun	代词
Numeral	数词
Adjective	形容词
Verb	动词
Adverb	副词
Article	冠词
Preposition	介词
Conjunction	连词
Interjection	感叹词
Determiner	限定词
Particle	小品词
Word Building	构词法
Conversion	转化
Derivation (Affixaton)	派生(词缀法)
Compounding (Composition)	合成
Prefix(es)	前缀
Suffix(es)	后缀
Compound Words	合成词

Nouns 名词

英文	中文	备注
Classification of Nouns	名词的分类
Common Nouns	普通名词
Proper Nouns	专有名词
Individual Nouns	个体名词
Collective Nouns	集体名词
Material Nouns	物质名词
Abstract Nouns	抽象名词
Countable Nouns	可数名词
Uncountable Nouns	不可数名词
The Singular Form	单数形势
The Plural Form	复数形式
The Common Case	普通格
The Possessive Case	所有格
Gender	性
The Definite Article	定冠词
The Indefinite Article	不定冠词

Pronoun 代词

英文	中文	备注
Person Pronouns	人称代词
Possessive Pronouns	物主代词
Self Pronouns	自身代词
Demonstrative Pronouns	指示代词
Interrogative Pronouns	疑问代词
Conjunctive Pronouns	连接代词
Relative Pronouns	关系代词
Reciprocal Pronouns	相互代词
Indefinite Pronouns	不定代词
The Absolute Forms of Possessive Pronouns	物主代词的绝对形式
The Subjective Case	主格
The Objective Case	宾格
Cardinal Numbers	基数词
Ordinal Numbers	序数词
Fractional Numbers	分数词
Degree of Comparison	比较的级别
The Comparative Degree	比较级
The Superlative Degree	最高级

Verb 动词

英文	中文	备注
Notional Verbs	实义动词
Link-verbs	系动词
Auxiliary Verbs (Helping verbs)	助动词
Modal Verbs	情态动词
Transitive Verbs	及物动词
Intransitive Verbs	不及物动词
Regular Verbs	规则动词
Irregular Verbs	不规则动词
Phrasal Verbs	成语动词
Delexical Verbs	虚意动词	Explanation of Delexical verbs
Ditransitive Verbs	双宾动词
Defective Verbs	无变化动词	人家动词都会变，这种 “有缺陷的” 动词不会变化，例如 ought to, must 等
Stative Verbs	静态动词
Instantaneous Verbs	短暂(瞬时)动词
Ergative Verbs	作格词 (兼做及物与不及物动词的动词)	1950s: from Greek ergatēs ‘worker’ (from ergon ‘work’) + -ive. 看到词源也猜不出这个术语的意思 ?
The Finite Form of the Verb	动词的限定形式
Person	人称
Number	数
Tense	时态
Mood	语气
The Non-finite Forms of the Verb	动词的非限定形式
The Principal Forms of the Verb	动词的主要形式
The Present Forms	现在式
The Past Forms	过去式
The Participle	分词
The Present Participle	现在分词
The Past Participle	过去分词
The Infinitive	不定式
Bare Infinitive	光秃不定式	即：不带to的动词不定式
The Gerund	动名词
The Verbal Noun	名词化的动名词
Contraction	动词的紧缩形式

Tense 时态

	Present	Past	Future	Past Future
Indefinite (Simple)	The Present indefinite	The Past Indefinite	The Future Indefinite	The Past Future Indefinite
Continuous (Progress)	The Present Continuous	The Pass Continuous	The Future Continuous	The Past Future Continuous
Perfect	The Present Perfect	The Past Perfect	The Future Perfect	The Past Future Perfect
Perfect Continuous	The Present Perfect Continuous	The Past Perfect Continuous	The Future Perfect Continuous	The Past Future Perfect Continuous

英文	中文	备注
The Present Indefinite	一般现在时
The Past Indefinite	一般过去时
The Future Indefinite	一般将来时
The Past Future Indefinite	一般过去将来时
The Present Continuous	现在进行时
The Past Continuous	过去进行时
The Future Continuous	将来进行时
The Past Future Continuous	过去将来进行时
The Present Perfect	现在完成时
The Past Perfect	过去完成时
The Future Perfect	将来完成时
The Past Future Perfect	过去将来完成时
The Present Perfect Continuous	现在完成进行时
The Past Perfect Continuous	过去完成进行时
The Future Perfect Continuous	将来完成进行时
The Past Future Perfect Continuous	过去将来完成进行时
The Sequence of Tenses	时态的呼应

Voice & Mood 语态&语气

英文	中文	备注
The Passive Voice	被动语态
The Active Voice	主动语态
The Indicative Mood	陈述语气
The Imperative Mood	祈使语气
The Subjunctive Mood	虚拟语气	注：觉得译成 “主观语气” 更贴切, 陈述语气 即是 “客观语气”
Sentences of Real Condition	真实条件句
Sentences of Unreal Condition	虚拟条件句
Conditional Sentence of Mixed Time	错综时间条件句
Sentences of Implied Condition	含蓄条件句

Adverb & Conjunction 副词&连词

英文	中文	备注
Adverbs of Time	时间副词
Adverbs of Place	地点副词
Adverbs of Manner	方式副词
Adverbs of Degree	程度副词
Adverbs of Frequency	频度副词
Relative Adverbs	关系副词	注：还有一个Relative Pronoun（关系代词）
Conjunctive Adverbs	连接副词
Interrogative Adverbs	疑问副词
Coordinating Conjunctions	并列连词
Subordinating Conjunctions	从属连词

Sentence 句子

英文	中文	备注
Members of the Sentence	句子的成分
The Subject	主语
Preparatory Subject	先行主语
The Predicate	谓语
The Predicative	表语
The Object	宾语
Retained Object	保留宾语
The Attribute	定语
The Adverbial (Modifier)	状语
The Appositive	同位语
Independent Elements	独立成分
Declarative Sentences	陈述句
Imperative Sentences	祈使句
Exclamatory Sentences	感叹句
Interrogative Sentences	疑问句
General Questions	一般疑问句
Special Questions	特殊疑问句
Alternative Questions	选择疑问句
Disjunctive Questions	反意疑问句
Simple Sentences	简单句
Compound Sentences	并列句
Complex Sentences	复合句
Compound Complex Sentences	并列复合句
One-member Sentences	单部句
Two-member Sentences	双部句
Elliptical Sentences	省略句
Cleft Sentence	分列句

Predicate & Object etc. 谓语&宾语等

英文	中文	备注
The Simple Predicate	简单谓语
The Compound Predicate	复合谓语
The Compound Verbal Predicate	表行为的复合谓语
The Compound Nominal Predicate	表性状的复合谓语
The Direct Object	直接宾语
The Indirect Object	间接宾语
The Complex Object	复合宾语
The cognate Object	同源宾语	cognate: early 17th century: from Latin cognatus, from co- ‘together with’ + natus ‘born’.
Direct Address	呼语
Parenthesis	插入语
Direct Speech	直接引语
Indirect Speech	间接引语
Absolute Constructions	独立结构

Phrases 短语

英文	中文	备注
Participial Phrase	分词短语
Prepositional Phrase	介词短语
Infinitive Phrases	不定式短语
Verb Phrases	动词短语
Phrasal Verbs	成语动词

Clauses 从句

英文	中文	备注
Main Clauses	主句
Subordinate Clauses	从句
Subject Clauses	主语从句
Object Clauses	宾语从句
Predicative Clauses	标语从句
Attributive Clauses	定语从句
Appositive Clauses	同位语从句
Adverbial Clauses	状语从句
Adverbial Clauses of Time	时间状语从句
Adverbial Clauses of Place	地点状语从句
Adverbial Clauses of Cause	原因状语从句
Adverbial Clauses of Condition	条件状语从句
Adverbial Clauses of Degree (Result)	程度(结果)状语从句
Adverbial Clauses of Concession	让步状语从句
Adverbial Clauses of Purpose	目的状语从句
Adverbial Clauses of Comparison	比较状语从句
Adverbial Clauses of Manner	方式状语从句
Defining Attributive Clauses	限定性定语从句
Non-defining Attributive Clauses	非限定性定语从句
Limiting Attributes	限定性定语
Descriptive Attributes	描绘性定语

Word-Order 语序

英文	中文	备注
Natural Word-order	自然语序
Inverted Word-order	倒装语序
Inversion	倒桩
Full Inversion	完全倒桩
Partial Inversion	部分倒桩
Ellipsis	省略
Substitution	替代
Transformation of Sentences	句型转换
Analysis of Sentences	句子分析

Punctuation 标点符号

英文	中文	备注
Period (Full Stop)	句号
Question Mark	问号
Exclamation Mark	感叹号
Comma	逗号
Colon	冒号
Dash	破折号
Hyphen	连字符
Brackets	括号
Quotation Marks	引号
Apostrophe	撇号