Python自动化办公 - 对Excel表格的操作（openpyxl的基本使用）

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1 安装openpyxl

Windows用户打开命令行输入：pip install openpyxl

Mac用户打开终端/Terminal输入：pip3 install openpyxl

2 创建新的表格

2.1 创建一个工作簿

from openpyxl import Workbook # 引入openpyxl模块，可以创建xls或者xlsx文件

from openpyxl import Workbook

workbook = Workbook()
sheet = workbook.active
sheet.title = '表格1'
workbook.save(filename='写入表格.xlsx')

2.2 对表格对象的一些操作

2.2.1 新建工作表

create_sheet()方法返回一个新的表格对象

index和title参数，指定新工作表的索引及名称

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="写入表格.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
# 使用工作簿对象创建一个新的表格，表格名称为表格2
workbook.create_sheet(index=None,title='表格2')
print(workbook.sheetnames)

index：整数类型，设置新工作表索引，默认为None即放在最后，如果设置为0，则表格放置在最前。

title：字符串类型，设置新工作表名称，如果新工作表名称已存在，新工作表名称会自动变为title1。

2.2.2 删除工作表

remove()方法中接收一个表格对象而不是表格名称的字符串。需要具象化表名。

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="写入表格.xlsx")
sheet = workbook['表格2']
workbook.remove(sheet)
# workbook.remove(workbook['表格2'])
print(workbook.sheetnames)
workbook.save(filename='写入表格.xlsx')

2.2.3 复制工作表

workbook.copy_worksheet(sheet)

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="写入表格.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
sheet = workbook['表格1']
workbook.copy_worksheet(sheet)
print(workbook.sheetnames)
workbook.save(filename='写入表格.xlsx')

2.2.4 修改工作表名

sheet.title = ‘工作表名’

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="写入表格.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
sheet = workbook['表格1 Copy']
sheet.title = '表格3'
print(workbook.sheetnames)
workbook.save(filename='写入表格.xlsx')

3 读取表格内容

3.1 获取工作簿对象

openpyxl.load_workbook()方法可以接收多个参数进行读取

from openpyxl import load_workbook

wb = openpyxl.load_workbook(filename='写入表格.xlsx', read_only=False, keep_vba=False, data_only=False, keep_links=True)
print(wb.sheetnames)

filename：字符串类型，读取Excel文件的文件路径，可使用相对路径或是绝对路径。

read_only：布尔类型，选择只读模式或是读写模式，若想写入公式及重新获取结果，需要用将这个模式关闭。默认为False。

keep_vba：布尔类型，保留vba内容(这并不意味着可以使用它)，默认为False。

data_only：布尔类型，如果设置为True则包含公式的单元格，显示最近计算结果或是None，如果设置为False 则单元格显示公式，默认为False。

keep_links：布尔类型，是否保留指向外部工作簿的链接。默认为True。

3.2 获取工作表对象

3.2.1 获取工作薄所有工作表名称

load_workbook(filename=“表格文件路径”) #若是绝对路径直接写文件名。

sheetnames属性可以取得工作簿中所有表名，返回为一个列表。

from openpyxl import load_workbook

fileName = "写入表格.xlsx"
wb = load_workbook(filename = fileName)
print(wb.sheetnames)

3.2.2 选中需要操作的工作表

sheet = wb.active # 获取工作簿中的当前活动表

sheet = wb[‘工作表名称’] # 通过工作表名称选中的工作表

sheet.title # 获取活动表的表名称

# 获取上次关闭表格前激活的表格名称
from openpyxl import load_workbook
fileName = "写入表格.xlsx"
wb = load_workbook(filename = fileName)                                           
sheet = wb.active                                    
print(sheet.title)                                              

# 获取特定表的表名称
from openpyxl import load_workbook
fileName = "写入表格.xlsx"
wb = load_workbook(filename = fileName)
sheet = wb['Sheet2'] 
print(sheet.title)        

3.2.3 获取表格范围

获取表格：workbook[sheet名称]

获取表格的尺寸大小：sheet.dimensions(表格存在数据的大小)

单独获取最大行：sheet.max_row
单独获取最大列：sheet.max_column

from openpyxl import load_workbook   
                                     
workbook = load_workbook(filename="46
sheet = workbook['Booklist 12-26']   
print("表格范围是：",sheet.dimensions)     
print("最大行数是：", sheet.max_row)       
print("最大列数是：", sheet.max_column)    

输出结果：

表格范围是： A1:E4693
最大行数是： 4693
最大列数是： 5

3.3 获取单元格对象

3.3.1 获取单元格的某些属性

.row 行数

.column 列数

.coordinate 坐标

from openpyxl import load_workbook                  
                                                    
workbook = load_workbook(filename="4600本书单名.xlsx")  
sheet = workbook.active                             
cell = sheet['A5']                                  
print("单元格的行号：",cell.row)                           
print("单元格的列号：",cell.column)                        
print("单元格的坐标：",cell.coordinate)

输出结果：

单元格的行号： 5
单元格的列号： A
单元格的坐标： A5

3.3.2 获取表格内的数据

3.3.2.1 获取表格内某一范围的数据

# 取某一单元格
cell = sheet['A1']
# 取一列单元格
cells = sheet['A']
# 取一行单元格
cells = sheet[1]
# 取表格当中的所有列，一列为一组
cells = sheet.columns
# 取表格当中的所有行，一行为一组
cells = sheet.rows
# 已知单元格列范围坐标时
cells = sheet['A:C']
cells = sheet['1:3']
# 已知单元格矩形范围坐标时
cells = sheet['A1:C5']
# 已知单元格起始与终结的行列数时
cells = sheet.iter_cols(min_row=1, max_row=5, min_col=1, max_col=3)
cells = sheet.iter_rows(min_row=1, max_row=5, min_col=1, max_col=3)

workbook.active 打开活跃的/唯一的表格

cell.value 格子的数据

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="4600本书单名.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
cell = sheet['A1']
print(cell.value)

sheet.iter_rows(min_row=最低行数,max_row=最高行数,min_col=最低列数,max_col=最高列数): # 行

sheet.iter_cols(min_row=最低行数,max_row=最高行数,min_col=最低列数,max_col=最高列数): # 列

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="4600本书单名.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
for row in sheet.iter_rows(min_row=2,max_row=3,min_col=1,max_col=2):
    print(row)
# for row in sheet.iter_cols(min_row=2,max_row=3,min_col=1,max_col=2):
#     print(row)

3.3.2.2 迭代所有的行/列

.rows

.columns

# 遍历所有的行
from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="4600本书单名.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
获取所有的行
for row in sheet.rows:
     print(row)

# 遍历所有的列
from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="4600本书单名.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
for col in sheet.columns:
    print(col)

输出结果：

(, , , …

结果一样，输出顺序不一样。

4 对单元格对象的一些操作

4.1 插入行/列

.insert_cols(idx=数字编号，amount=要插入的列数)

.insert_rows(idx=数字编号，amount=要插入的行数)

• 在idx列左边插入一列

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="写入表格.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
sheet.insert_cols(idx=2)
# sheet.insert_rows(idx=2) # 插入一行
workbook.save(filename='写入表格.xlsx')

• 在idx列左边插入多列

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="写入表格.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
sheet.insert_cols(idx=2,amount=3)
# sheet.insert_rows(idx=2,amount=3) # 插入多行
workbook.save(filename='写入表格.xlsx')

4.2 删除行/列

.delete_cols(idx=数字编号，amount=要删除的列数)

.delete_rows(idx=数字编号，amount=要删除的行数)

在idx列这一行/列开始，包括idx这一行/列

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="写入表格.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
sheet.delete_cols(idx=2)
# sheet.delete_rows(idx=2) # 删除一行
workbook.save(filename='写入表格.xlsx')

4.3 插入一行数据

append()方法接收一个可变参数，包括但不限于列表、范围或生成器或字典

如果传入一个列表：从第一列开始顺序添加所有值，列表元素对应每一行

如果传入一个字典：值被分配给键(数字或字母)指示的列

注意：append一次只能添加一行的数据，如果想要多行添加，需要与循环或其他方法相结合实现。

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="写入表格.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
data = [
    [‘张三',1],[‘李四',2],[‘王五',3],[‘赵六',4],
]
for row in data:
    sheet.append(row)
workbook.save(filename='写入表格.xlsx')

4.4 修改单元格数据及定义公式

4.4.1 修改单元格数据

• sheet[‘A1’] = '写入内容’

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="写入表格.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
sheet['A1'] = 'test'
workbook.save(filename='写入表格.xlsx')

输出结果：

表格[A1]：test

• cell.value ='写入内容’

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="写入表格.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
cell = sheet['A1']
cell.value = 'test'
workbook.save(filename='写入表格.xlsx')

输出结果：

表格[A1]：test

• sheet与cell结合

sheet.cell(row=行数,column=列数)

cell.value = ‘内容’ # 为单元格赋值

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="写入表格.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
cell = sheet.cell(row=1,column=1)
cell.value = 'test'

输出结果：

表格[A1]：test

4.4.2 插入公式

直接赋值公式字符串

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="写入表格.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
sheet['B6'] = '=SUM(B2:B5)'
workbook.save(filename='写入表格.xlsx')

查看openpyxl支持的公式

from openpyxl.utils import formulas

print (formulas)

根据这个路径打开相应的formulas.py，显示如下：

FORMULAE = (“CUBEKPIMEMBER”, “CUBEMEMBER”, “CUBEMEMBERPROPERTY”, “CUBERANKEDMEMBER”, “CUBESET”,

…

4.5 移动单元格

.move_range(‘C1:D4’,rows=2,cols=-2)

正整数为向下或者向右，负整数为向左或者向上，类似于剪贴CTRL+X功能。

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="写入表格.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
sheet.move_range("C1:D4", rows=2, cols=-2)
workbook.save(filename='写入表格.xlsx')

4.6 查看Excel表格内容

4.6.1 设置显示或隐藏状态

设置表格为隐藏状态：sheet.sheet_state = 'hidden'

设置表格为显示状态：sheet.sheet_state = 'visible'

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="写入表格.xlsx")
print(workbook.sheetnames)
m = input("是否要隐藏工作表Y/N：")
if m == "Y" or "y":
    sheet = workbook.active
    sheet.sheet_state = 'hidden'
else:
    sheet = workbook.active
    sheet.sheet_state = 'visible'
workbook.save(filename='写入表格.xlsx')

4.6.2 冻结窗格

sheet.freeze_panes = “单元格”

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="4600本书单名.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
sheet.freeze_panes = "B2"
workbook.save(filename='4600本书单名.xlsx')

4.6.3 添加筛选

auto_filter.ref

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="4600本书单名.xlsx")
sheet = workbook['Booklist 12-26']
sheet.auto_filter.ref = sheet.dimensions # 对整张表进行筛选
workbook.save(filename='4600本书单名.xlsx')

5 批量调整字体、样式

5.1 获取字体样式

cell.font.属性

from openpyxl.styles import Font
from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename='写入表格.xlsx')
sheet = workbook.active
cell = sheet['A1']
font = cell.font
print('font.name是:',font.name,'font.size是:',font.size,'是否粗体:',font.bold,'是否斜体:',font.italic)

5.2 修改字体样式

font = Font(name=‘字体名称’,size =字体大小,bold = 是否粗体,italic = 是否斜体,color =‘字体颜色’)

from openpyxl.styles import Font
from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename='写入表格.xlsx')
sheet = workbook.active
cell = sheet['A1']
font = Font(name='宋体',size =12,bold = True,italic = True,color ='FF0000')
cell.font =font
workbook.save(filename='写入表格.xlsx')

5.3 设置单元格格式分类

可以通过设置单元格的风格来设置单元格格式分类

[openpyxl所支持的excel的单元格格式][https://openpyxl.readthedocs.io/en/stable/_modules/openpyxl/styles/numbers.html?highlight=openpyxl.styles.numbers]

from openpyxl.styles import Font
from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename='写入表格.xlsx')
sheet = workbook.active
cell = sheet['A1']

# 设置单元格分类为百分比
cell.style = '百分比'
cell.style = '常规'

# 常规单元格
cell.number_format = 'General'
# 百分比单元格
cell.number_format = '0.00%'
# 科学计数法
cell.number_format = '0.00E+00'
workbook.save(filename='写入表格.xlsx')

5.4 设置对齐样式

Alignment(horizontal=水平对齐模式,vertical=垂直对齐模式,text_rotation=旋转角度,wrap_text=是否自动换行)

from openpyxl.styles import Alignment
from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename='写入表格.xlsx')
sheet = workbook.active
cell = sheet['A1']
alignment = Alignment(horizontal='center',vertical='center',text_rotation=45)
cell.alignment =alignment
workbook.save(filename='写入表格.xlsx')

horizontal：'distributed', 'justify','center','left';'fill', 'centerContinuous','right",'general'
vertical：'bottom', 'distributed','justify','center';'top'
wrap_text：布尔类型，设置是否自动换行
textRotation：整数类型，设置文本旋转角度，最大值180

5.5 设置边框样式

side = Side(style=边线样式,color=边线颜色)
border = Border(left=左边线样式,right=右边线样式,top=上边线样式,bottom=下边线样式)

from openpyxl.styles import Side, Border
from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename='写入表格.xlsx')
sheet = workbook.active
cell = sheet['A1']
side = Side(style='thin',color='FF000000')
border = Border(left=side,right=side,top=side,bottom=side)
cell.border=border
workbook.save(filename='写入表格.xlsx')

side.style：'double','mediumDashDotDot','slantDashDot','dashDotDot','dotted', 'hair', 'mediumDashed', 'dashed' 'dashDot' ,'thin', 'Dash Dot', 'medium', 'thick'

5.6 设置填充颜色

• 纯色填充

PatternFill(fill_type=填充样式,fgColor=填充颜色)

• 渐变颜色填充

GradientFill(stop=(渐变颜色1,渐变颜色2,渐变颜色3…))

from openpyxl.styles import PatternFill, GradientFill
from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename='写入表格.xlsx')
sheet = workbook.active
cell_a1 = sheet['A1']
pattern_fill = PatternFill(fill_type='solid',fgColor='00B0F0')
cell_a1.fill = pattern_fill
cell_b4 = sheet['B4']
gradient_fill = GradientFill(stop=('FFFFFF', '99CCFF', '000000'))
cell_b4.fill = gradient_fill
workbook.save(filename='写入表格.xlsx')

5.7 设置行高和列高

.row_dimensions[行编号].height = 行高

.column_dimensions[列编号].width = 列宽

from openpyxl.styles import PatternFill, GradientFill
from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename='写入表格.xlsx')
sheet = workbook.active
sheet.row_dimensions[1].height = 50
sheet.column_dimensions['B'].width = 20
workbook.save(filename='写入表格.xlsx')

5.8 合并单元格

sheet.merge_cells(‘合并的范围’)

sheet.merge_cells(start_row=起始行号,start_column=起始列号,end_row=结束行号,end_column=结束列号)

from openpyxl.styles import PatternFill, GradientFill
from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename='写入表格.xlsx')
sheet = workbook.active
sheet.merge_cells('C1:C2')
sheet.merge_cells(start_row=7,start_column=1,end_row=8,end_column=4)
workbook.save(filename='写入表格.xlsx')

6 生成图表

6.1 插入图片

openpyxl.drawing.image

sheet.add_image

from openpyxl import load_workbook
from openpyxl.drawing.image import Image


workbook = load_workbook(filename='写入表格.xlsx')
sheet = workbook.active

logo = Image("butterfly.png")
logo.height = 100
logo.width = 100

sheet.add_image(logo, "D1")
workbook.save(filename='写入表格.xlsx')

6.2 生成图表

6.2.1 插入柱状图

表数据【A1：C7】

项目	产值	数量
A	1802	18
B	2098	20
C	2668	26
D	3537	35
E	3650	36
F	1068	15

BarChart() Reference()

from openpyxl import load_workbook
from openpyxl.chart import BarChart, Reference

workbook = load_workbook(filename='图表.xlsx')
sheet = workbook.active

chart = BarChart()
data = Reference(worksheet=sheet, min_row=1, max_row=7, min_col=2, max_col=3)
categories = Reference(sheet,min_col=1,min_row=2,max_row=7)

chart.add_data(data, titles_from_data=True)
chart.set_categories(categories)
sheet.add_chart(chart, "E2")

workbook.save(filename='图表.xlsx')

6.2.2 插入条形图

表数据【A19：M21】

月份	广东	上海	北京	辽宁	天津	重庆	四川	浙江	江苏	安徽	江西	福建
一月	221	279	160	340	276	224	326	174	406	454	46	146
二月	364	136	423	77	467	33	454	46	462	129	371	108

LineChart()

from openpyxl import load_workbook
from openpyxl.chart import LineChart, Reference

workbook = load_workbook(filename='图表.xlsx')
sheet = workbook.active

chart = LineChart()
# data = Reference(worksheet=sheet, min_row=1, max_row=7, min_col=2, max_col=3)
# categories = Reference(sheet,min_col=1,min_row=2,max_row=7)

data = Reference(worksheet=sheet, min_row=20, max_row=21, min_col=1, max_col=13)
categories = Reference(sheet, min_col=2, min_row=19, max_col=13)

chart.add_data(data, from_rows=True, titles_from_data=True)
chart.set_categories(categories)
sheet.add_chart(chart, "E2")

workbook.save(filename='图表.xlsx')