Android SDK中的必会工具——ADB是真的香

前面的内容请参见Android应用自动化测试-提纲。 这篇我们将介绍在Android SDK中一个非常关键的工具，ADB。可以说ADB是Android开发、自动化测试的基础。

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ADB即Android Debug Bridge，android调试桥，是开发设备(PC)和android设备之间的连接通道，通过它，开发者可以在PC端实现对设备的连接、控制和一些基本操作。

ADB的组成如图

在PC端：
ADB由Client和Server两部分组成，client即我们运行ADB的命令行程序，用于接收我们的操作指定，并和server端通过5037端口进行通信，server端启动后和5037端口绑定，与client端交互并建立和设备端的adbd通信，一般设备端是5555端口，PC端则使用5554端口。多个不同设备会成对分配（5556：5557…）
在Device端：
则运行了adbd，即adb在设备上的守护进程，随时接收来自PC端的指令。模拟器是默认开启的，真机在我们开启了开发者的调试模式以后，也就是启动了adbd进程。

ADB工具的作用非常多，在命令行中运行adb help可以得到以下输出，列出了adb支持的使用命令清单。

c:>adb help
Android Debug Bridge version 1.0.36
Revision 0e9850346394-android

-a                            - directs adb to listen on all interfaces for a connection
-d                            - directs command to the only connected USB device
                                returns an error if more than one USB device is present.
-e                            - directs command to the only running emulator.
                                returns an error if more than one emulator is running.
-s <specific device>          - directs command to the device or emulator with the given
                                serial number or qualifier. Overrides ANDROID_SERIAL environment variable.
-p <product name or path>     - simple product name like 'sooner', or a relative/absolute path to a product 
                                out directory like 'out/target/product/sooner'.If -p is not specified, the 
                                ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT environment variable is used, which mustbe an absolute path.
-H                              - Name of adb server host (default: localhost)
-P                              - Port of adb server (default: 5037)
devices [-l]                   - list all connected devices
                             ('-l' will also list device qualifiers)
connect <host>[:<port>]       - connect to a device via TCP/IP
                             Port 5555 is used by default if no port number is specified.
 disconnect [<host>[:<port>]]  - disconnect from a TCP/IP device.
                             Port 5555 is used by default if no port number is specified.
                             Using this command with no additional arguments
                             will disconnect from all connected TCP/IP devices.

device commands:

adb push <local>... <remote>  #公众号测试员小何
                           - copy files/dirs to device
adb pull [-a] <remote>... <local>
                           - copy files/dirs from device
                             (-a preserves file timestamp and mode)
adb sync [ <directory> ]     - copy host->device only if changed
                             (-l means list but don't copy)
adb shell [-e escape] [-n] [-Tt] [-x] [command]
                           - run remote shell command (interactive shell if no command given)
                             (-e: choose escape character, or "none"; default '~')
                             (-n: don't read from stdin)
                             (-T: disable PTY allocation)
                             (-t: force PTY allocation)
                             (-x: disable remote exit codes and stdout/stderr separation)
adb emu <command>            - run emulator console command
adb logcat [ <filter-spec> ] - View device log
adb forward --list           - list all forward socket connections.
                             the format is a list of lines with the following format:
                                <serial> " " <local> " " <remote> "\n"
adb forward <local> <remote> - forward socket connections
                             forward specs are one of:
                               tcp:<port>
                               localabstract:<unix domain socket name>
                               localreserved:<unix domain socket name>
                               localfilesystem:<unix domain socket name>
                               dev:<character device name>
                               jdwp:<process pid> (remote only)
  adb forward --no-rebind <local> <remote>
                           - same as 'adb forward <local> <remote>' but fails
                             if <local> is already forwarded
  adb forward --remove <local> - remove a specific forward socket connection
  adb forward --remove-all     - remove all forward socket connections
  adb reverse --list           - list all reverse socket connections from device
  adb reverse <remote> <local> - reverse socket connections
                             reverse specs are one of:
                               tcp:<port>
                               localabstract:<unix domain socket name>
                               localreserved:<unix domain socket name>
                               localfilesystem:<unix domain socket name>
  adb reverse --no-rebind <remote> <local>
                           - same as 'adb reverse <remote> <local>' but fails
                             if <remote> is already reversed.
  adb reverse --remove <remote>
                           - remove a specific reversed socket connection
  adb reverse --remove-all     - remove all reversed socket connections from device
  adb jdwp                     - list PIDs of processes hosting a JDWP transport
adb install [-lrtsdg] <file>
                           - push this package file to the device and install it
                             (-l: forward lock application)
                             (-r: replace existing application)
                             (-t: allow test packages)
                             (-s: install application on sdcard)
                             (-d: allow version code downgrade (debuggable packages only))
                             (-g: grant all runtime permissions)
adb install-multiple [-lrtsdpg] <file...>
                           - push this package file to the device and install it
                             (-l: forward lock application)
                             (-r: replace existing application)
                             (-t: allow test packages)
                             (-s: install application on sdcard)
                             (-d: allow version code downgrade (debuggable packages only))
                             (-p: partial application install)
                             (-g: grant all runtime permissions)
adb uninstall [-k] <package> - remove this app package from the device
                             ('-k' means keep the data and cache directories)
adb bugreport [<path>]       - return all information from the device that should be included in a       zipped bug report.
                             If <path> is a file, the bug report will be saved as that file.
                             If <path> is a directory, the bug report will be saved in that directory with the name provided by the device.
                             If <path> is omitted, the bug report will be saved in the current directory with the name provided by the device.
                             NOTE: if the device does not support zipped bug reports, the bug report will be output on stdout.
adb backup [-f <file>] [-apk|-noapk] [-obb|-noobb] [-shared|-noshared] [-all] [-system|-nosystem] [<packages...>]
                           - write an archive of the device's data to <file>.
                             If no -f option is supplied then the data is written
                             to "backup.ab" in the current directory.
                             (-apk|-noapk enable/disable backup of the .apks themselves
                                in the archive; the default is noapk.)
                             (-obb|-noobb enable/disable backup of any installed apk expansion
                                (aka .obb) files associated with each application; the default
                                is noobb.)
                             (-shared|-noshared enable/disable backup of the device's
                                shared storage / SD card contents; the default is noshared.)
                             (-all means to back up all installed applications)
                             (-system|-nosystem toggles whether -all automatically includes
                                system applications; the default is to include system apps)
                             (<packages...> is the list of applications to be backed up.  If
                                the -all or -shared flags are passed, then the package
                                list is optional.  Applications explicitly given on the
                                command line will be included even if -nosystem would
                                ordinarily cause them to be omitted.)

adb restore <file>           - restore device contents from the <file> backup archive
adb disable-verity           - disable dm-verity checking on USERDEBUG builds
adb enable-verity            - re-enable dm-verity checking on USERDEBUG builds
adb keygen <file>            - generate adb public/private key. The private key is stored in <file>,
                             and the public key is stored in <file>.pub. Any existing files
                             are overwritten.
adb help                     - show this help message
adb version                  - show version num

scripting:

adb wait-for[-<transport>]-<state>
                           - wait for device to be in the given state:
                             device, recovery, sideload, or bootloader
                             Transport is: usb, local or any [default=any]
adb start-server             - ensure that there is a server running
adb kill-server              - kill the server if it is running
adb get-state                - prints: offline | bootloader | device
adb get-serialno             - prints: <serial-number>
adb get-devpath              - prints: <device-path>
adb remount                  - remounts the /system, /vendor (if present) and /oem (if present) partitions on the device read-write
adb reboot [bootloader|recovery]
                           - reboots the device, optionally into the bootloader or recovery program.
adb reboot sideload          - reboots the device into the sideload mode in recovery program (adb root required).
adb reboot sideload-auto-reboot
                           - reboots into the sideload mode, then reboots automatically after the sideload regardless of the result.
adb sideload <file>          - sideloads the given package
adb root                     - restarts the adbd daemon with root permissions
adb unroot                   - restarts the adbd daemon without root permissions
adb usb                      - restarts the adbd daemon listening on USB
adb tcpip <port>             - restarts the adbd daemon listening on TCP on the specified port

networking:

adb ppp <tty> [parameters]   - Run PPP over USB.
Note: you should not automatically start a PPP connection.
<tty> refers to the tty for PPP stream. Eg. dev:/dev/omap_csmi_tty1
[parameters] - Eg. defaultroute debug dump local notty usepeerdns》

adb sync notes: adb sync [  ]
 can be interpreted in several ways:

- If <directory> is not specified, /system, /vendor (if present), /oem (if present) and /data partitions will be updated.
- If it is "system", "vendor", "oem" or "data", only the corresponding partition is updated.  

internal debugging:

adb reconnect                  Kick current connection from host side and make it reconnect.
adb reconnect device           Kick current connection from device side and make it reconnect.

environment variables:

ADB_TRACE                    - Print debug information. A comma separated list of the following values
                             1 or all, adb, sockets, packets, rwx, usb, sync, sysdeps, transport, jdwp
ANDROID_SERIAL               - The serial number to connect to. -s takes priority over this if given.
ANDROID_LOG_TAGS             - When used with the logcat option, only these debug tags are printed.

其中有一些我们经常需要使用的命令，在此重点说明一下：

adb devices

adb devices用于列出当前连接到adb server的所有设备清单。

c:\>adb devices
List of devices attached
emulator-5554   device

其中 emulator-5554是DeviceID，device则是设备状态。
一般有以下状态：

offline — 实例未连接到 adb server或不响应。
device — 实例现在已连接到 adb server。
no device — 未连接模拟器/设备。

当连接了多个设备时，我们可以使用-s参数来指定需要操作的设备，-s所带参数即deviceid。另外如果多个连接的设备中只有一个通过USB连接的真机，可以使用-d参数，如果只有一个模拟器，可以使用-e参数(无需带deviceid)

adb install/uninstall

adb可以方便地向设备上进行应用的安装和卸载操作。

adb install [apkpath]      给定apk文件的路径，执行即可
adb uninstall packagename  uninstall操作需要给出应用的包名

packagename如何获得？ 一般可以通过adb shell pm list packages列出确定。
通过adb shell进入/data/data目录，也可以看到所有的包

adb push/pull

adb push/pull则是文件操作
adb push [pc file path] [device file path]-- 将PC端文件上载到设备端
adb pull [device file path] [pc file path]–将设备端文件下载到PC端

adb forword

adb forward用于端口转发。可以使用 forward 命令设置将对特定主机端口的请求转发到模拟器/设备实例上的其他端口。

adb forward tcp:6100 tcp:7100

表示将PC端的6100端口的通信转发到设备端的7100端口上

adb kill-server/start-server

当adb server进程出现异常时，我们可以会用adb kill-server 命令来停止adb server进程。
adb start-server则用来启动adb server进程。但其实执行任何adb命令，在server没有运行时，都会启动adb server

adb connect/disconnect

当我们的设备在无线wifi环境下时，我们可以通过adb connect命令来连接指定ip的设备。默认设备端口是5555
adb disconnect则用于断开已经建立的连接
比如genymotion模拟器，就是默认模拟的这种连接方式

adb logcat

adb logcat用于将logcat日志信息输出到屏幕。logcat的作用我们在后文再详细说明

adb shell

adb shell则是可以直接进入设备并执行大量的系统指令。进入adb shell后，即可执行很多类linux的系统指令，如:
操作Activity manager的am命令，可以直接从命令行启动一个应用的Activity。

adb shell am start -a android.intent.action.VIEW

利用包管理器pm来卸载应用

adb shell pm uninstall com.example.MyApp

进行屏幕截图

adb shell screencap /sdcard/screen.png

录制操作视频

adb shell screenrecord /sdcard/demo.mp4