整数类型:int
int(a)可以把变量a的类型转变为整型。str(a)则把a变为字符型。
可执行运算:加(+)、减(-)、乘(*)、除(/)、乘方(**)
除(/)永远返回浮点数类型,如果除法运算要得到整数结果,即忽略小数,就用“//”运算。
%:计算余数。
>>> 17 / 3 # classic division returns a float
5.666666666666667
>>>17 // 3 # floor division discards the fractional part
5
>>>17 % 3 # the % operator returns the remainder of the division
2
>>>5 * 3 + 2 # result * divisor + remainder
17
>>> 5 ** 2 # 5 squared
25
>>> 2 ** 7 # 2 to the power of 7
128
复数:使用后缀 j 或者 J 就可以表示虚数部分(例如 3+5j )。
有小数部分的数。
浮点数类型:float
1.字符串的表达:单引号(‘…’)、双引号(“…”)
2.反斜杠 \ 用来转义,可以表示字符类型的引号、换行等。配合print语句使用,效果奇佳。
>>> 'spam eggs' # single quotes
'spam eggs'
>>> 'doesn\'t' # use \' to escape the single quote...
"doesn't"
>>> "doesn't" # ...or use double quotes instead
"doesn't"
>>> '"Yes," they said.'
'"Yes," they said.'
>>> "\"Yes,\" they said."
'"Yes," they said.'
>>> '"Isn\'t," they said.'
'"Isn\'t," they said.'
>>> '"Isn\'t," they said.'
'"Isn\'t," they said.'
>>> print('"Isn\'t," they said.')
"Isn't," they said.
>>> s = 'First line.\nSecond line.' # \n means newline
>>> s # without print(), \n is included in the output
'First line.\nSecond line.'
>>> print(s) # with print(), \n produces a new line
First line.
Second line.
如果不希望前置的反斜杠 \ 将字符转译成特殊字符,就用原始字符串的方式,在引号前面添加 r:
>>> print('C:\some\name') # here \n means newline!
C:\some
ame
>>> print(r'C:\some\name') # note the r before the quote
C:\some\name
3.字符串可以跨行连续输入,用三重引号:"""…"""或’’’…’’’。字符串中的回车换行会自动包含到字符串中,如果不想包含,在行尾添加一个 \ 即可。
>>>print("""\
Usage: thingy [OPTIONS]
-h Display this usage message
-H hostname Hostname to connect to
""") # 注意:没有包括最开始的换行
Usage: thingy [OPTIONS]
-h Display this usage message
-H hostname Hostname to connect to
4.字符串的连接
(1)字符串可以用 + 进行连接(粘到一起),也可以用 * 进行重复:
>>> # 3 times 'un', followed by 'ium'
>>> 3 * 'un' + 'ium'
'unununium'
(2)相邻的两个或多个字符串字面值 (引号引起来的字符)将会自动连接到一起.
>>> 'Py' 'thon'
'Python'
注意:只能对两个字面值这样操作,变量或表达式不行:
>>> prefix = 'Py'
>>> prefix 'thon' # can't concatenate a variable and a string literal
File "", line 1
prefix 'thon'
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> ('un' * 3) 'ium'
File "", line 1
('un' * 3) 'ium'
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
如果你想连接变量,或者连接变量和字面值,可以用 + 号:
>>> prefix + 'thon'
'Python'
(3)字符串的索引
字符串是可以被 索引 (下标访问)的,第一个字符索引是 0。单个字符并没有特殊的类型,只是一个长度为一的字符串:
>>> word = 'Python'
>>> word[0] # character in position 0
'P'
>>> word[5] # character in position 5
'n'
索引也可以用负数,这种会从右边开始数:
>>> word[-1] # last character
'n'
>>> word[-2] # second-last character
'o'
>>> word[-6]
'P'
注意 -0 和 0 是一样的,所以负数索引从 -1 开始。
(4)字符串的切片
除了索引,字符串还支持 切片。索引可以得到单个字符,而 切片 可以获取子字符串:
>>> word[0:2] # characters from position 0 (included) to 2 (excluded)
'Py'
>>> word[2:5] # characters from position 2 (included) to 5 (excluded)
'tho'
注意切片的开始总是被包括在结果中,而结束不被包括。这使得 s[:i] + s[i:] 总是等于 s
>>> word[:2] + word[2:]
'Python'
>>> word[:4] + word[4:]
'Python'
切片的索引有默认值;省略开始索引时默认为0,省略结束索引时默认为到字符串的结束:
>>> word[:2] # character from the beginning to position 2 (excluded)
'Py'
>>> word[4:] # characters from position 4 (included) to the end
'on'
>>> word[-2:] # characters from the second-last (included) to the end
'on'
可以这么理解切片:将索引视作指向字符 之间 ,第一个字符的左侧标为0,最后一个字符的右侧标为 n ,其中 n 是字符串长度。例如:
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | y | t | h | o | n |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
第一行数标注了字符串 0…6 的索引的位置,第二行标注了对应的负的索引。那么从 i 到 j 的切片就包括了标有 i 和 j 的位置之间的所有字符。
对于使用非负索引的切片,如果索引不越界,那么得到的切片长度就是起止索引之差。例如, word[1:3] 的长度为2。
试图使用过大的索引会产生一个错误,但是切片中的越界索引会被自动处理:
>>> word[4:42]
'on'
>>> word[42:]
''
(5)Python 中的字符串不能被修改,因此向字符串的某个索引位置赋值会产生错误。
如果需要一个不同的字符串,应当新建一个:
>>> 'J' + word[1:]
'Jython'
>>> word[:2] + 'py'
'Pypy'
(6)字符串长度
内建函数 len()
>>> s = 'supercalifragilisticexpialidocious'
>>> len(s)
34
1.概念
Python 中可以通过组合一些值得到多种复合数据类型。其中最常用的列表 ,可以通过方括号括起、逗号分隔的一组值(元素)得到。一个列表可以包含不同类型的元素,但通常使用时各个元素类型相同:
>>> squares = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
>>> squares
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
2.索引和切片
和字符串(以及各种内置的 sequence 类型)一样,列表也支持索引和切片:
>>> squares[0] # indexing returns the item
1
>>> squares[-1]
25
>>> squares[-3:] # slicing returns a new list
[9, 16, 25]
(1)所有的切片操作都返回一个包含所请求元素的新列表:
>>> squares[:]
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
(2)列表同样支持拼接操作:
>>> squares + [36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
(3)列表的内容可以改变
>>> cubes = [1, 8, 27, 65, 125] # something's wrong here
>>> 4 ** 3 # the cube of 4 is 64, not 65!
64
>>> cubes[3] = 64 # replace the wrong value
>>> cubes
[1, 8, 27, 64, 125]
(4)添加新元素:在列表末尾用 append() 方法
>>> cubes.append(216) # add the cube of 6
>>> cubes.append(7 ** 3) # and the cube of 7
>>> cubes
[1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343]
(5)给切片赋值也是可以的,这样甚至可以改变列表大小,或者把列表整个清空:
>>> letters = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g']
>>> letters
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g']
>>> # replace some values
>>> letters[2:5] = ['C', 'D', 'E']
>>> letters
['a', 'b', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'f', 'g']
>>> # now remove them
>>> letters[2:5] = []
>>> letters
['a', 'b', 'f', 'g']
>>> # clear the list by replacing all the elements with an empty list
>>> letters[:] = []
>>> letters
[]
2.列表的长度:
内置函数 len()
>>> letters = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
>>> len(letters)
4
3.嵌套列表:
创建包含其他列表的列表。
>>> a = ['a', 'b', 'c']
>>> n = [1, 2, 3]
>>> x = [a, n]
>>> x
[['a', 'b', 'c'], [1, 2, 3]]
>>> x[0]
['a', 'b', 'c']
>>> x[0][1]
'b'
Python官方文档.