20年老程序员告诉你:坚持这20条编程原则,让你终身受益!

本文作者是一位有着 20 年编程生涯的骨灰级程序员,从 Basic、C 到 Java、JavaScript,从码农到研究员到 CTO,他一直活跃在编程的第一线。本文是他 20 年职业生涯总结下来的编程原则。

我从 1999 年就开始了编程生涯,到今年已经有 20 多年了。我先是从 Basic 开始,很快转到了 Pascal 和 C 语言,然后又学习了面向对象编程语言 Delphi 和 C++。2006 年,我开始使用 Java,2011 年开始使用 JavaScript。我参与过各个行业的软件开发,从机器人、金融科技、医疗到媒体和通信。我还担任过研究员、CTO、TPM(技术产品经理)、老师、系统架构师和技术负责人,但不管怎样,我一直都在编程。在我参与过的项目当中,有些为数百万人提供服务,有些在发布之前就宣告失败。我做过咨询顾问,还创办过自己的公司。我在开源项目、闭源项目和内部开源项目上花了很多时间,从微控制器到移动应用、桌面应用,再到云服务和无服务器架构。

我把过去 20 年积累的一些最为重要的编程原则总结如下:

1、不要纠结于开发工具——不管是库、编程语言还是平台。尽可能使用原生的构件。不要歪曲技术,也不要歪曲了问题本身。为要解决的问题选择合适的工具,否则你要为你所选择的工具重新安排你的工作。

2、你写的代码不是给机器看的,而是给你的同事和未来的你看的(除非你写的是一次性代码或汇编代码)。写代码的时候要考虑一下初级开发者,他们会把你的代码作为参考。

3、优秀的软件是协作开发的结果。高效沟通,进行开放式的协作。信任他人,并让他人也信任你。尊重他人胜过尊重代码。以身作则,把你的追随者变成领导者。

4、分而治之。为分离的关注点开发单独的低耦合模块。进行单独的模块测试和集成测试。尽可能按照实际情况测试,同时也要测试到各种边界情况。

5、不要把自己与代码捆绑在一起,要想办法让其他人也能修改你的代码或者添加新的功能,这样你才能更容易脱身去参与其他项目,或者去其他公司。不要捆绑自己,否则你很难成长。

6、安全性是分层的,每一层需要进行单独的评估,同时又与整体相关。风险是一个业务决策,与脆弱性和概率有直接的关系。每一个产品或组织都有不同的风险偏好(为了获得更大的收益,他们愿意承担风险)。通常这三个关注点之间存在相互冲突:用户体验、安全性和性能。

7、要意识到每一行代码都有其生命周期,它们最终都会死掉。有时候,一些代码会在发布之前就死掉,所以要学会放手。代码可以分为三种:一种是核心代码,就像汽车的引擎,没有了它,产品就毫无意义;一种是必要的代码,就像是汽车的备胎,平时用得少,但一旦需要,它决定了系统的成败;一种是增值的代码,就像汽车的杯托,如果有那是再好不过,但如果没有也不会影响产品。

8、不要把你的个人标识融入到代码里,人和代码应该是分离的。不要把其他人对代码的评价与你自身联系到一起,在评价他人的代码时也要十分谨慎。

9、技术债务就像快餐一样,偶尔欠下一点技术债务是可接受的,但如果你习惯了这样,它会毁掉你的产品(而且是以让你措手不及的方式)。

10、在寻找解决方案时,请按照这样的优先级进行决策:安全性>可用性(可访问性和用户体验)>可维护性>简单性(开发者体验)>简洁性(代码量)>性能。但不能盲目照搬,而是要根据产品的特点进行取舍。你积累的经验越多,就越是能够在这些因素之间做出权衡。例如,在设计游戏引擎时,性能享有最高的优先级,但在开发银行应用程序时,安全性则最为重要。

11、拷贝粘贴是滋生 bug 的温床。对你所拷贝或导入的东西加以审查,bug 一般会藏身在复杂性中。依赖项复杂没有关系,但不能让它存在于代码中。

12、不要只顾着写正常的代码,处理异常的代码也要好好写。让人们明白为什么会发生异常、如何检测到的以及怎样解决。对所有的系统输入(包括用户输入)进行验证:尽早失败,并尽可能从错误中恢复。我们要假设用户手里握着一把枪:你努力让用户输入一些其他的东西,而不是让他们的子弹射在你的脑门上。

13、不要使用依赖项,除非使用它们的成本比你自己写代码的成本低很多。因为使用依赖项要导入、维护、处理 bug,在必要的时候还要进行重构,这些都是成本。

14、远离“炒作驱动开发”,但你要去了解它们,做一些尝试。

15、走出舒适区,每天都要学习。把学到的东西分享出来。如果你以大师自居,就不是在学习。接触更多的编程语言、技术、文化,保持一颗好奇心。

16、好代码不需要注释,而优秀的代码提供了良好的注释,可以让任何一个原先没有参与代码演进、试错和需求过程的人更容易阅读、修改它。

17、尽量避免使用重载、继承和隐式的智能特性。使用纯函数,它们更容易测试和诊断,否则的话就使用类。实现不同功能的函数要使用不同的名字。

18、在彻底了解问题之前不要急着写代码。花在倾听和了解问题上的时间通常比花在写代码上的时间要多。在写代码之前要先了解问题域。问题就像迷宫一样,你要循序渐进,反复进行“编码 - 测试 - 改进”,直到把问题解决为止。

19、不要尝试去解决不存在的问题。不要进行投机性编程。只有在确定代码确实需要具备扩展性之后才让代码具备可扩展性。通常情况下,当代码被扩展之后,你会发现问题会变得与原先认为的不一样了。

20、大家一起开发软件会更加有趣。建立可持续发展的社区。倾听,激发灵感,学习,分享。

我并不是软件开发方面的权威,但这些都是我一路走来总结出来的原则。我相信,20 年后,这些原则会发生变化,会变得更加成熟。
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