mysql的sqlyog学习笔记（代码用命令行显示 ）

语言

DQL(data query language)（数据 查询 语言）
SQL(s=select)（选择 查询 语言）
DML(data manipulation language)(数据 操作 语言）
DDL(data define language)(数据定义语言)
TCL(transaction control language)(事务控制语言)

查询

基础查询

select 查询列表 from 表名;

特点：查询的结果集 是一个虚拟表（打印内容）

select后面跟的查询列表，可以有多个部分组成，中间用逗号隔开：select 字段1,字段2,表达式 from 表;

执行顺序
① from子句
② select子句

查询列表可以是：字段、表达式、常量、函数等
USE myemployees;

一、查询常量
SELECT 100 ;

二、查询表达式
SELECT 100%3;

三、查询单个字段
SELECT last_name FROM employees;

四、查询多个字段
SELECT last_name,email,employee_id FROM employees;

五、查询所有字段
SELECT * FROM employees;

查询函数（调用函数，获取返回值）

SELECT DATABASE();
SELECT VERSION();
SELECT USER();

起别名

方式一：使用as关键字
SELECT USER() AS 用户名;
SELECT USER() AS “用户名”;
SELECT USER() AS ‘用户名’;

SELECT last_name AS “姓 名” FROM employees;

方式二：使用空格
SELECT USER() 用户名;
SELECT USER() “用户名”;
SELECT USER() ‘用户名’;

SELECT last_name “姓 名” FROM employees;

mysql> select last_name as 'xing ming' from employees;
+-------------+
| xing ming   |
+-------------+
| K_ing       |
| Kochhar     |
| De Haan     |
| Hunold      |

+的作用

-需求：查询 first_name 和last_name 拼接成的全名，最终起别名为：姓 名

方案1：使用+ pass×
SELECT first_name+last_name AS “姓 名”
FROM employees;

方案2：使用concat拼接函数
SELECT CONCAT(first_name,last_name) AS “姓 名”
FROM employees;

mysql> select concat(first_name,last_name) as 'xing ming' from employees;
+------------------+
| xing ming        |
+------------------+
| StevenK_ing      |
| NeenaKochhar     |
| LexDe Haan       |
| AlexanderHunold  |
| BruceErnst       |
| DavidAustin      |
| ValliPataballa   |
| DianaLorentz     |
| NancyGreenberg   |

distinct的使用（去重）

mysql> select department_id from employees;  #有重复
+---------------+
| department_id |
+---------------+
|          NULL |
|            10 |
|            20 |
|            20 |
|            30 |
|            30 |
|            30 |
|            30 |
|            30 |
|            30 |

distinct adj. 明显的；独特的；清楚的；有区别的
查询员工涉及到的部门编号有哪些
SELECT DISTINCT department_id FROM employees;

mysql> select distinct department_id from employees; #无重复
+---------------+
| department_id |
+---------------+
|          NULL |
|            10 |
|            20 |
|            30 |
|            40 |
|            50 |
|            60 |
|            70 |
|            80 |
|            90 |
|           100 |
|           110 |
+---------------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

查看表的结构

DESC employees;

列 columns
SHOW COLUMNS FROM employees;

条件查询

select 查询列表
from 表名
where 筛选条件;

执行顺序：
①from子句
②where子句
③select子句

select last_name,first_name from employees where salary>20000;

按关系表达式筛选

关系运算符：> < >= <= = <> (或 != )(不等于)

mysql> select *                          #要查的东西
    -> from employees                    #表名
    -> where department_id <> 100;       #条件
+-------------+-------------+-------------+----------+--------------------+------------+----------+----------------+------------+---------------+---------------------+
| employee_id | first_name  | last_name   | email    | phone_number       | job_id     | salary   | commission_pct | manager_id | department_id | hiredate            |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+----------+--------------------+------------+----------+----------------+------------+---------------+---------------------+
|         100 | Steven      | K_ing       | SKING    | 515.123.4567       | AD_PRES    | 24000.00 |           NULL |       NULL |            90 | 1992-04-03 00:00:00 |
|         101 | Neena       | Kochhar     | NKOCHHAR | 515.123.4568       | AD_VP      | 17000.00 |           NULL |        100 |            90 | 1992-04-03 00:00:00 |
|         102 | Lex         | De Haan     | LDEHAAN  | 515.123.4569       | AD_VP      | 17000.00 |           NULL |        100 |            90 | 1992-04-03 00:00:00 |
|         103 | Alexander   | Hunold      | AHUNOLD  | 590.423.4567       | IT_PROG    |  9000.00 |           NULL |        102 |            60 | 1992-04-03 00:00:00 |
|         104 | Bruce       | Ernst       | BERNST   | 590.423.4568       | IT_PROG    |  6000.00 |           NULL |        103 |            60 | 1992-04-03 00:00:00 |
|         105 | David       | Austin      | DAUSTIN  | 590.423.4569       | IT_PROG    |  4800.00 |           NULL |        103 |            60 | 1998-03-03 00:00:00 |
|         106 | Valli       | Pataballa   | VPATABAL | 590.423.4560       | IT_PROG    |  4800.00 |           NULL |        103 |            60 | 1998-03-03 00:00:00 |
|         107 | Diana       | Lorentz     | DLORENTZ | 590.423.5567       | IT_PROG    |  4200.00 |           NULL |        103 |            60 | 1998-03-03 00:00:00 |
|         114 | Den         | Raphaely    | DRAPHEAL | 515.127.4561       | PU_MAN     | 11000.00 |           NULL |        100 |            30 | 2000-09-09 00:00:00 |
|         115 | Alexander   | Khoo        | AKHOO    | 515.127.4562       | PU_CLERK   |  3100.00 |           NULL |        114 |            30 | 2000-09-09 00:00:00 |
|         116 | Shelli      | Baida       | SBAIDA   | 515.127.4563       | PU_CLERK   |  2900.00 |           NULL |        114 |            30 | 2000-09-09 00:00:00 |
|         117 | Sigal       | Tobias      | STOBIAS  | 515.127.4564       | PU_CLERK   |  2800.00 |           NULL |        114 |            30 | 2000-09-09 00:00:00 |
|         118 | Guy         | Himuro      | GHIMURO  | 515.127.4565       | PU_CLERK   |  2600.00 |           NULL |    

案例2：查询工资<15000的姓名、工资

mysql> select last_name,salary  #要查的东西
    -> from employees           #表名
    -> where salary<15000;      #筛选条件
+-------------+----------+
| last_name   | salary   |
+-------------+----------+
| Hunold      |  9000.00 |
| Ernst       |  6000.00 |
| Austin      |  4800.00 |

按逻辑表达式筛选

逻辑运算符：and or not 也可以使用&& || !

案例：查询奖金率>0.03 或者 员工编号在60-110之间的员工信息

mysql> select *
    -> from employees
    -> where commission_pct >0.03 or(employee_id >=60 and employee_id<=110);
+-------------+-------------+------------+----------+--------------------+------------+----------+----------------+------------+---------------+---------------------+
| employee_id | first_name  | last_name  | email    | phone_number       | job_id     | salary   | commission_pct | manager_id | department_id | hiredate            |
+-------------+-------------+------------+----------+--------------------+------------+----------+----------------+------------+---------------+---------------------+
|         100 | Steven      | K_ing      | SKING    | 515.123.4567       | AD_PRES    | 24000.00 |           NULL |       NULL |            90 | 1992-04-03 00:00:00 |
|         101 | Neena       | Kochhar    | NKOCHHAR | 515.123.4568       | AD_VP      | 17000.00 |           NULL |        100 |            90 | 1992-04-03 00:00:00 |
|         102 | Lex         | De Haan    | LDEHAAN  | 515.123.4569       | AD_VP      | 17000.00 |           NULL |        100 |            90 | 1992-04-03 00:00:00 |
|         103 | Alexander 

模糊查询

like

功能：一般和通配符搭配使用，对字符型数据进行部分匹配查询
常见的通配符：
_ 任意单个字符
% 任意多个字符,支持0-多个
like/not like

案例1：查询姓名中包含字符a的员工信息

mysql> select *
    -> from employees
    -> where last_name like '%a%';
+-------------+-------------+------------+----------+--------------------+------------+----------+----------------+------------+---------------+---------------------+
| employee_id | first_name  | last_name  | email    | phone_number       | job_id     | salary   | commission_pct | manager_id | department_id | hiredate            |
+-------------+-------------+------------+----------+--------------------+------------+----------+----------------+------------+---------------+---------------------+
|         101 | Neena       | Kochhar    | NKOCHHAR | 515.123.4568       | AD_VP      | 17000.00 |           NULL |        100 |            90 | 1992-04-03 00:00:00 |
|         102 | Lex         | De Haan    | LDEHAAN  | 515.123.4569       | AD_VP      | 17000.00 |           NULL |        100 |            90 | 1992-04-03 00:00:00 |
|         105 | David       | Austin     | DAUSTIN  | 590.423.4569       | IT_PROG    |  4800.00 |           NULL |        103 |

案例2：查询姓名中包含第三个字符为x的员工信息

mysql> select *
    -> from employees
    -> where last_name like '__x%';
+-------------+------------+-----------+-------+--------------------+--------+---------+----------------+------------+---------------+---------------------+
| employee_id | first_name | last_name | email | phone_number       | job_id | salary  | commission_pct | manager_id | department_id | hiredate            |
+-------------+------------+-----------+-------+--------------------+--------+---------+----------------+------------+---------------+---------------------+
|         170 | Tayler     | Fox       | TFOX  | 011.44.1343.729268 | SA_REP | 9600.00 |           0.20 |        148 |            80 | 2014-03-05 00:00:00 |
+-------------+------------+-----------+-------+--------------------+--------+---------+----------------+------------+---------------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

案例3：查询姓名中包含第二个字符为_的员工信息

mysql> select *
    -> from employees
    -> where last_name like '_\_%';
+-------------+------------+-----------+-------+--------------------+---------+----------+----------------+------------+---------------+---------------------+
| employee_id | first_name | last_name | email | phone_number       | job_id  | salary   | commission_pct | manager_id | department_id | hiredate            |
+-------------+------------+-----------+-------+--------------------+---------+----------+----------------+------------+---------------+---------------------+
|         100 | Steven     | K_ing     | SKING | 515.123.4567       | AD_PRES | 24000.00 |           NULL |       NULL |            90 | 1992-04-03 00:00:00 |
|         156 | Janette    | K_ing     | JKING | 011.44.1345.429268 | SA_REP  | 10000.00 |           0.35 |        146 |            80 | 2014-03-05 00:00:00 |
+-------------+------------+-----------+-------+--------------------+---------+----------+----------------+------------+---------------+---------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '_$_%' ESCAPE '$'; #将￥定义为转义字符

escape
vt. 逃避，避开，避免；被忘掉；被忽视
vi. 逃脱；避开；溜走；

in

查询某字段的值是否属于指定的列表之内
a in(常量值1,常量值2,常量值3,…)
a not in(常量值1,常量值2,常量值3,…)

in/not in

案例1：查询部门编号是30/50/90的员工名、部门编号

#方式1：
SELECT last_name,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN(30,50,90);

#方式2：

SELECT last_name,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 30
OR department_id = 50
OR department_id = 90;

案例2：查询工种编号不是SH_CLERK或IT_PROG的员工信息

#方式1：
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE job_id NOT IN('SH_CLERK','IT_PROG');

#方式2：
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE NOT(job_id ='SH_CLERK'
OR job_id = 'IT_PROG');

mysql> select *
    -> from employees
    -> where not(job_id ='SH_CLERK'
    -> or job_id ='IT_PROG');
+-------------+-------------+-------------+----------+--------------------+------------+----------+----------------+------------+---------------+---------------------+
| employee_id | first_name  | last_name   | email    | phone_number       | job_id     | salary   | commission_pct | manager_id | department_id | hiredate            |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+----------+--------------------+------------+----------+----------------+------------+---------------+---------------------+
|         100 | Steven      | K_ing       | SKING    | 515.123.4567       | AD_PRES    | 24000.00 |           NULL |       NULL |            90 | 1992-04-03 00:00:00 |
|         101 | Neena       | Kochhar     | NKOCHHAR | 515.123.4568       | AD_VP      | 17000.00 |           NULL |        100 |            90 | 1992-04-03 00:00:00 |
|         10

between and

判断某个字段的值是否介于xx之间
between and/not between and

案例1：查询部门编号是30-90之间的部门编号、员工姓名

#方式1：
SELECT department_id,last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id BETWEEN 30 AND 90;

#方式2：

SELECT department_id,last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id>=30 AND department_id<=90;

案例2：查询年薪不是100000-200000之间的员工姓名、工资、年薪

SELECT last_name,salary,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) 年薪
FROM employees
WHERE salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0))<100000 OR salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0))>200000;



SELECT last_name,salary,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) 年薪
FROM employees
WHERE salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) NOT BETWEEN 100000 AND 200000;

mysql> SELECT last_name,salary,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0))
    -> from employees
    -> WHERE salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) NOT BETWEEN 100000 AND 200000;
+-------------+----------+----------------------------------------+
| last_name   | salary   | salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) |
+-------------+----------+----------------------------------------+
| K_ing       | 24000.00 |                              288000.00 |
| Kochhar     | 17000.00 |                              204000.00 |
| De Haan     | 17000.00 |                              204000.00 |
| Ernst       |  6000.00 |                               72000.00 |
| Austin      |  4800.00 |                               57600.00 |

is null

案例1：查询没有奖金的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NULL;
案例2：查询有奖金的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL;

= 只能判断普通的内容

IS 只能判断NULL值

<=> 安全等于，既能判断普通内容，又能判断NULL值

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary <=> 10000;

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct <=> NULL;