作者:Harvey\
来源:https://www.fordba.com/mysql-...
一、前言
某一天,开发问我,为什么针对一个查询会有两条记录,且其中一条记录并不符合条件select * from tablea where xxno = 170325171202362928;
xxno
为 170325171202362928
和 170325171202362930
的都出现在结果中。
一个等值查询为什么会有另外一个不同值的记录查询出来呢?我们一起来看看究竟!
二、分析
我们查看该表结构,发现xxno
为varchar
类型,但是等号右边是一个数值类型,这种情况下MySQL会如何进行处理呢?
官方文档如下:https://dev.mysql.com/doc/ref...
The following rules describe how conversion occurs for comparison operations:
....
省略一万字
....
In all other cases, the arguments are compared as floating-point (real) numbers.
也就是说,他会将等于号的两边转换成浮点数来做比较。
Comparisons that use floating-point numbers (or values that are converted to floating-point numbers) are approximate because such numbers are inexact. This might lead to results that appear inconsistent:
如果比较使用了浮点型,那么比较会是近似的,将导致结果看起来不一致,也就是可能导致查询结果错误。
我们测试下刚刚生产的例子:
mysql > select '170325171202362928' = 170325171202362930;
+-------------------------------------------+
| '170325171202362928' = 170325171202362930 |
+-------------------------------------------+
| 1 |
+-------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
可以发现,字符串的'170325171202362928'
和 数值的170325171202362930
比较竟然是相等的。
我们再看下字符串'170325171202362928'
和字符串'170325171202362930'
转化为浮点型的结果
mysql > select '170325171202362928'+0.0;
+--------------------------+
| '170325171202362928'+0.0 |
+--------------------------+
| 1.7032517120236294e17 |
+--------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql > select '170325171202362930'+0.0;
+--------------------------+
| '170325171202362930'+0.0 |
+--------------------------+
| 1.7032517120236294e17 |
+--------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
我们发现,将两个不同的字符串转化为浮点数后,结果是一样的,
所以只要是转化为浮点数之后的值是相等的,那么,经过隐式转化后的比较也会相等,我们继续进行测试其他转化为浮点型相等的字符串的结果。
mysql > select '170325171202362931'+0.0;
+--------------------------+
| '170325171202362931'+0.0 |
+--------------------------+
| 1.7032517120236294e17 |
+--------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql > select '170325171202362941'+0.0;
+--------------------------+
| '170325171202362941'+0.0 |
+--------------------------+
| 1.7032517120236294e17 |
+--------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
字符串'170325171202362931'
和'170325171202362941'
转化为浮点型结果一样,我们看下他们和数值的比较结果。
mysql > select '170325171202362931' = 170325171202362930;
+-------------------------------------------+
| '170325171202362931' = 170325171202362930 |
+-------------------------------------------+
| 1 |
+-------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql > select '170325171202362941' = 170325171202362930;
+-------------------------------------------+
| '170325171202362941' = 170325171202362930 |
+-------------------------------------------+
| 1 |
+-------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
结果也是符合预期的。
因此,当MySQL遇到字段类型不匹配的时候,会进行各种隐式转化,一定要小心,有可能导致精度丢失。
For comparisons of a string column with a number, MySQL cannot use an index on the column to look up the value quickly. If str_col is an indexed string column, the index cannot be used when performing the lookup in the following statement:
如果字段是字符型,且上面有索引的话,如果查询条件是用数值来过滤的,那么该SQL将无法利用字段上的索引
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE str_col=1;
The reason for this is that there are many different strings that may convert to the value 1, such as '1', ' 1', or '1a'.
我们进行测试
mysql > create table tbl_name(id int ,str_col varchar(10),c3 varchar(5),primary key(id),key idx_str(str_col));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql > insert into tbl_name(id,str_col) values(1,'a'),(2,'b');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql > insert into tbl_name(id,str_col) values(3,'3c'),(4,'4d');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql > desc select * from tbl_name where str_col='a';
+----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | tbl_name | ref | idx_str | idx_str | 13 | const | 1 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
mysql > desc select * from tbl_name where str_col=3;
+----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | tbl_name | ALL | idx_str | NULL | NULL | NULL | 4 | Using where |
+----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql [localhost] {msandbox} (test) > select * from tbl_name where str_col=3;
+----+---------+------+
| id | str_col | c1 |
+----+---------+------+
| 3 | 3c | NULL |
+----+---------+------+
1 row in set, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)
同时我们可以看到,我们用数值型的3
和str_col
进行比较的时候,他无法利用索引,同时取出来的值也是错误的:
mysql > show warnings;
+---------+------+----------------------------------------+
| Level | Code | Message |
+---------+------+----------------------------------------+
| Warning | 1292 | Truncated incorrect DOUBLE value: '3c' |
| Warning | 1292 | Truncated incorrect DOUBLE value: '4d' |
+---------+------+----------------------------------------+
MySQL针对3c
和 4d
这两个值进行了转化,变成了3
和4
三、小结
在数据库中进行查询的时候,不管是Oracle还是MySQL,一定要注意字段类型,杜绝隐式转化,不仅会导致查询缓慢,还会导致结果错误。
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