Phaedo

以前听说过柏拉图,也知道关于柏拉图原型的哲学理念。大致说的是我们在现实世界中
可以抽象一些绝对的理念。比如说,我们看到一个用圆规画的圆,虽然它并不是完全的(
可能在作图过程中的抖动)圆,但我们的脑海中却可以抽象出一个绝对的圆。由此类似,
我们可以抽象出绝对的正义,绝对的美等概念。

然后来谈谈这本书吧!我是因为在看耶鲁大学的“死亡”公开课,这本书是要求阅读的材料。我看的版本是杨绛先生翻译的中文版,比较推荐大家看这个版本。

这本书记录的是西方历史上著名的死亡时刻,伟大的苏格拉底因为他热爱的真理而被判死刑,在这行刑之前的最后时刻,苏格拉底和几个朋友开始讨论灵魂的永恒性(The immortality of soul), 在这里,灵魂的存在似乎是不言而喻的。

如果把这本书单纯看作是哲学的书籍,只是谈论作者思想是否正确,就显得有些狭隘了。我更愿意把这本书看作是伟大的思想家探讨真理的一种尝试,同时提供了一种辩论的方式和方法。

下面,我将列出书中阐述的一些思想:

  1. (The argument from the nature of the forms)
    The forms aren't physical objects, can't be grasped by something
    physical.
 1. Ideas(Forms) are eternal/non-physical.
 2. Eternal/non-physical can only be grasped by the eternal/non-physical
  1. (The argument from recycling)
    Things come into being by being composed of previous existing parts. And then, when those things cease to have the form the had, the parts get used for other purpose.

  2. (The argument from recollection)
    Those thing reminds us of Plato forms.
    Conclude that the soul was around before we were born.

  3. (The argument from simplicity)
    Anything that's simple can't be destroyed.
    Thing that change have parts. Things with parts can be destroyed(physical, visible).
    Forms can't be destroyed.

  4. (The argument from essential properties)
    Eseential properties: a given object must have.
    Contigent properties: an object may happen to have during its entire existence, but could have existed without.
    Being capable of thought is an essential property of the soul(The soul is essential alive).

以上的结论都可以从上述的公开课中找到,我也十分认可,配合这门课,可以对这本书理解的更加透彻。

下面就谈谈我个人对这本书的理解吧!首先我以前是一个对灵魂的存在是非常确信的,因为我在思考的时候,能够明显的感觉到脑海中有思想的存在,我一直以为这就是灵魂。然而现在,叫它为(mind)应该更加合适。这本书谈论的是灵魂的不灭性,书中柏拉图假设出一个辩论的对手,对他的论证过程进行缜密的分析。我认为这本书启发人进行哲学性的思考,即使最终的结论不正确,但是也足够启迪思考。

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