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我们经常需要在容器启动的时候做一些钩子动作,比如注册消息消费者,监听配置等,今天就总结下SpringBoot
留给开发者的7个启动扩展点。
ApplicationListener
熟悉Spring
的同学一定知道,容器刷新成功意味着所有的Bean
初始化已经完成,当容器刷新之后Spring
将会调用容器内所有实现了ApplicationListener
的Bean
的onApplicationEvent
方法,应用程序可以以此达到监听容器初始化完成事件的目的。
@Component
public class StartupApplicationListenerExample implements
ApplicationListener<ContextRefreshedEvent> {
private static final Logger LOG
= Logger.getLogger(StartupApplicationListenerExample.class);
public static int counter;
@Override public void onApplicationEvent(ContextRefreshedEvent event) {
LOG.info("Increment counter");
counter++;
}
}
这个扩展点用在web
容器中的时候需要额外注意,在web 项目中(例如spring mvc
),系统会存在两个容器,一个是root application context
,另一个就是我们自己的context
(作为root application context
的子容器)。如果按照上面这种写法,就会造成onApplicationEvent
方法被执行两次。解决此问题的方法如下:
@Component
public class StartupApplicationListenerExample implements
ApplicationListener<ContextRefreshedEvent> {
private static final Logger LOG
= Logger.getLogger(StartupApplicationListenerExample.class);
public static int counter;
@Override public void onApplicationEvent(ContextRefreshedEvent event) {
if (event.getApplicationContext().getParent() == null) {
// root application context 没有parent
LOG.info("Increment counter");
counter++;
}
}
}
当然这个扩展还可以有更高阶的玩法:自定义事件,可以借助Spring
以最小成本实现一个观察者模式:
public class NotifyEvent extends ApplicationEvent {
private String email;
private String content;
public NotifyEvent(Object source) {
super(source);
}
public NotifyEvent(Object source, String email, String content) {
super(source);
this.email = email;
this.content = content;
}
// 省略getter/setter方法
}
@Component
public class NotifyListener implements ApplicationListener<NotifyEvent> {
@Override
public void onApplicationEvent(NotifyEvent event) {
System.out.println("邮件地址:" + event.getEmail());
System.out.println("邮件内容:" + event.getContent());
}
}
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
public class ListenerTest {
@Autowired
private WebApplicationContext webApplicationContext;
@Test
public void testListener() {
NotifyEvent event = new NotifyEvent("object", "[email protected]", "This is the content");
webApplicationContext.publishEvent(event);
}
}
SpringBoot
的CommandLineRunner
接口当容器上下文初始化完成之后,SpringBoot
也会调用所有实现了CommandLineRunner
接口的run
方法,下面这段代码可起到和上文同样的作用:
@Component
public class CommandLineAppStartupRunner implements CommandLineRunner {
private static final Logger LOG =
LoggerFactory.getLogger(CommandLineAppStartupRunner.class);
public static int counter;
@Override
public void run(String...args) throws Exception {
LOG.info("Increment counter");
counter++;
}
}
对于这个扩展点的使用有额外两点需要注意:
CommandLineRunner
的Bean
的执行顺序可以根据Bean
上的@Order
注解调整run
方法可以接受从控制台输入的参数,跟ApplicationListener
这种扩展相比,更加灵活// 从控制台输入参数示例
java -jar CommandLineAppStartupRunner.jar abc abcd
SpringBoot
的ApplicationRunner
接口这个扩展和SpringBoot
的CommandLineRunner
接口的扩展类似,只不过接受的参数是一个ApplicationArguments
类,对控制台输入的参数提供了更好的封装,以--
开头的被视为带选项的参数,否则是普通的参数
@Component
public class AppStartupRunner implements ApplicationRunner {
private static final Logger LOG =
LoggerFactory.getLogger(AppStartupRunner.class);
public static int counter;
@Override
public void run(ApplicationArguments args) throws Exception {
LOG.info("Application started with option names : {}",
args.getOptionNames());
LOG.info("Increment counter");
counter++;
}
}
比如:
java -jar CommandLineAppStartupRunner.jar abc abcd --autho=mark verbose
Bean
初始化完成扩展点前面的内容总结了针对容器初始化的扩展点,在有些场景,比如监听消息的时候,我们希望Bean
初始化完成之后立刻注册监听器,而不是等到整个容器刷新完成,Spring
针对这种场景同样留足了扩展点:
@PostConstruct
注解@PostConstruct
注解一帮放在Bean
的方法上,被@PostConstruct
修饰的方法会在Bean
初始化后马上调用:
@Component
public class PostConstructExampleBean {
private static final Logger LOG
= Logger.getLogger(PostConstructExampleBean.class);
@Autowired
private Environment environment;
@PostConstruct
public void init() {
LOG.info(Arrays.asList(environment.getDefaultProfiles()));
}
}
InitializingBean
接口InitializingBean
的用法基本上与@PostConstruct
一致,只不过相应的Bean
需要实现afterPropertiesSet
方法
@Component
public class InitializingBeanExampleBean implements InitializingBean {
private static final Logger LOG
= Logger.getLogger(InitializingBeanExampleBean.class);
@Autowired
private Environment environment;
@Override
public void afterPropertiesSet() throws Exception {
LOG.info(Arrays.asList(environment.getDefaultProfiles()));
}
}
@Bean
注解的初始化方法通过@Bean
注入Bean
的时候可以指定初始化方法:
Bean
的定义
public class InitMethodExampleBean {
private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(InitMethodExampleBean.class);
@Autowired
private Environment environment;
public void init() {
LOG.info(Arrays.asList(environment.getDefaultProfiles()));
}
}
Bean
注入
@Bean(initMethod="init")
public InitMethodExampleBean initMethodExampleBean() {
return new InitMethodExampleBean();
}
Spring
也支持通过构造函数注入,我们可以把搞事情的代码写在构造函数中,同样能达到目的
@Component
public class LogicInConstructorExampleBean {
private static final Logger LOG
= Logger.getLogger(LogicInConstructorExampleBean.class);
private final Environment environment;
@Autowired
public LogicInConstructorExampleBean(Environment environment) {
this.environment = environment;
LOG.info(Arrays.asList(environment.getDefaultProfiles()));
}
}
Bean
初始化完成扩展点执行顺序?可以用一个简单的测试:
@Component
@Scope(value = "prototype")
public class AllStrategiesExampleBean implements InitializingBean {
private static final Logger LOG
= Logger.getLogger(AllStrategiesExampleBean.class);
public AllStrategiesExampleBean() {
LOG.info("Constructor");
}
@Override
public void afterPropertiesSet() throws Exception {
LOG.info("InitializingBean");
}
@PostConstruct
public void postConstruct() {
LOG.info("PostConstruct");
}
public void init() {
LOG.info("init-method");
}
}
实例化这个Bean
后输出:
[main] INFO o.b.startup.AllStrategiesExampleBean - Constructor
[main] INFO o.b.startup.AllStrategiesExampleBean - PostConstruct
[main] INFO o.b.startup.AllStrategiesExampleBean - InitializingBean
[main] INFO o.b.startup.AllStrategiesExampleBean - init-method