用 Python 抓取某天下楼盘数据
新房，因为有着比二手房更好的质量和配套，是每一个打工人梦想的港湾。人们买房往往通过置业顾问或实地踩盘了解相关楼盘信息，然而，这个过程费时费力。如果能通过技术手段，将所在城市所有最新楼盘信息获取到，做一个初筛，然后再精准实地踩盘，将是一个不错的思路。
本文通过利用Python技术，手把手教你爬取房天下任意城市新房数据，让你更快洞察房地产市场变化，助你选择最佳的置业或投资的房产标的。
01
网页分析
我们以上海为例，首页URL及网页内容如下：
https://sh.newhouse.fang.com/house/s/b91/
这是上海新盘列表，合计749个房源信息（每页20个），点击下一页，URL变为：
https://sh.newhouse.fang.com/house/s/b92/
很显然，是简单的静态网页，URL由城市参数（此处为sh）和翻页参数（此处为2）拼接而成。点进一个楼盘（如建邦国宸府），查看楼盘详情，此时URL和网页内容变为：
https://sh.newhouse.fang.com/loupan/1210130400/housedetail.htm
而这些内容，才是我们真正要抓取的目标。详情URL由城市参数（此处为sh）和房源id（此处为1210130400）拼接而成，而房源id大概率藏在首页URL网页源代码中。
那么，爬虫思路就很清晰了：遍历首页房源列表获取所有房源id，拼接详情URL，遍历获取所有房源详情信息。
02
爬虫实战
打开Pycharm，新建一个py文件，导入爬虫相关包：
import requests #请求数据
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq #本次采用pyquery和re解析数据
import time
import re
import random
为了提高爬虫安全性，除了最基本的延时，本次爬虫还加了一些请求头和代理ip（网上down的，也可以购买），让程序从中随机抽取并请求网页。
global user_agents
global proxy_list
user_agents = [
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) "
"Chrome/45.0.2454.85 Safari/537.36 115Browser/6.0.3",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10_6_8; en-us) AppleWebKit/534.50 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1 Safari/534.50",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; en-us) AppleWebKit/534.50 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1 Safari/534.50",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0)",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0)",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; rv:2.0.1) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/4.0.1",
"Opera/9.80 (Windows NT 6.1; U; en) Presto/2.8.131 Version/11.11",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_0) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.56 Safari/535.11",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0; SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0)",
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; rv:2.0.1) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/4.0.1",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; AcooBrowser; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0; Acoo Browser; SLCC1; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 5.0; .NET CLR 3.0.04506)",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; AOL 9.5; AOLBuild 4337.35; Windows NT 5.1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 9.0; en-US)",
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; Trident/5.0; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 6.0)",
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0; WOW64; Trident/4.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 1.0.3705; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0b; Windows NT 5.2; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; InfoPath.2; .NET CLR 3.0.04506.30)",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN) AppleWebKit/523.15 (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.3 (Change: 287 c9dfb30)",
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux; en-US) AppleWebKit/527+ (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.6",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.8.1.2pre) Gecko/20070215 K-Ninja/2.1.1",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN; rv:1.9) Gecko/20080705 Firefox/3.0 Kapiko/3.0",
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686; U;) Gecko/20070322 Kazehakase/0.4.5",
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:1.9.0.8) Gecko Fedora/1.9.0.8-1.fc10 Kazehakase/0.5.6",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.56 Safari/535.11",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_3) AppleWebKit/535.20 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1036.7 Safari/535.20",
"Opera/9.80 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6.8; U; fr) Presto/2.9.168 Version/11.52",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.11 TaoBrowser/2.0 Safari/536.11",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.71 Safari/537.1 LBBROWSER",
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; LBBROWSER)",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; LBBROWSER)",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.84 Safari/535.11 LBBROWSER",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)",
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; QQBrowser/7.0.3698.400)",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; 360SE)",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.89 Safari/537.1",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.89 Safari/537.1",
"Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; U; CPU OS 4_2_1 like Mac OS X; zh-cn) AppleWebKit/533.17.9 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.0.2 Mobile/8C148 Safari/6533.18.5",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; rv:2.0b13pre) Gecko/20110307 Firefox/4.0b13pre",
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:16.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/16.0",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/23.0.1271.64 Safari/537.11",
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux x86_64; zh-CN; rv:1.9.2.10) Gecko/20100922 Ubuntu/10.10 (maverick) Firefox/3.6.10",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.36",
]
proxy_list = ["218.91.13.2:46332",
"121.31.176.85:8123",
"218.71.161.56:80",
"49.85.1.230:28643",
"115.221.121.165:41674",
"123.55.177.237:808"
]
定义一个get_id函数，遍历获取所有房源id，将其存放在列表idlist中：
def get_id(city):
url = 'https://' + city + '.newhouse.fang.com/house/s/b91'
user_agent = random.choice(user_agents)
header = {'User-Agent': user_agent}
proxy = {'Proxies': random.choice(proxy_list)}
r = requests.get(url, headers=header, proxies=proxy)
time.sleep(2)
r.encoding = 'GBK'
pattern1 = re.compile('(?<=现有新楼盘)\d+')
total = int(re.findall(pattern1, r.text)[0]) // 20 + 1
idlist = []
for i in range(1, total + 1):
url = 'https://' + city + '.newhouse.fang.com/house/s/b9' + str(i)
user_agent = random.choice(user_agents)
header = {'User-Agent': user_agent}
proxy = {'Proxies': random.choice(proxy_list)}
r = requests.get(url, headers=header, proxies=proxy)
time.sleep(2)
r.encoding = 'gb2312'
pattern = re.compile('(?<=loupan/)\d+')
id = re.findall(pattern, r.text)
for j in id:
idlist.append(j)
# print(idlist)
return idlist
定义一个get_data函数，将房源id传入详情页URL中，遍历获取所有房源详情信息：
def get_data(city, id):
url = 'https://' + city + '.newhouse.fang.com/loupan/' + id + '/housedetail.htm'
user_agent = random.choice(user_agents)
header = {'User-Agent': user_agent}
proxy = {'Proxies': random.choice(proxy_list)}
r = requests.get(url, headers=header, proxies=proxy)
time.sleep(1)
r.encoding = 'utf8'
doc = pq(r.text)
# print(doc)
data1 = doc('.ts_linear').items()
for i in data1:
print(i.text())
data1 = doc('.list').items()
for i in data1:
print(i.text())
最后，调用这两个函数：
id = get_id('sh')
for i in range(len(id)):
get_data('sh', id[i])
03
效果演示
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