Spring Boot JPA

本文介绍 Spring Boot 2 使用 JPA 操作数据库的方法。


目录

  • JPA 简介
  • 开发环境
  • 基础示例

JPA 简介

JPA(Java Persistence API)是一种将对象映射到关系数据库的标准技术。Spring Boot 官方的 spring-boot-starter-data-jpa 提供了一下几个关键依赖项。

  • Hibernate:一种流行的 JPA 实现。
  • Spring Data JPA:方便实现基于 JPA 的存储库。
  • Spring ORMs:Spring 框架提供的核心 ORM 支持。

开发环境

  • JDK 8
  • MySQL 8

基础示例

  1. 创建存储学生信息的数据表。
CREATE SCHEMA `test` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin;

USE `test`;

CREATE TABLE `student` (
  `id`     BIGINT     UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '主键',
  `number` CHAR(10)            NOT NULL                COMMENT '学号',
  `name`   VARCHAR(30)         NOT NULL                COMMENT '姓名',
  `gender` TINYINT    UNSIGNED NOT NULL                COMMENT '性别',
  `birth`  DATETIME            NOT NULL                COMMENT '出生日期',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE INDEX `id_UNIQUE` (`id` ASC) VISIBLE,
  UNIQUE INDEX `number_UNIQUE` (`number` ASC) VISIBLE)
COMMENT = '学生表';
  1. 创建 Spring Boot 工程,参考:[IntelliJ IDEA 创建 Spring Boot 工程]。(https://www.jianshu.com/p/8e4092dd96fa)。

  2. 在生成的 pom 文件中添加以下依赖:

  • spring-boot-starter-data-jpa:JPA 依赖
  • mariadb-java-client:MySQL 数据库驱动

完整 pom 文件内容如下:



    4.0.0
    
        org.springframework.boot
        spring-boot-starter-parent
        2.3.1.RELEASE
        
    
    tutorial.spring.boot
    spring-boot-jpa
    1.0.0
    spring-boot-jpa
    Demo project for Spring Boot JPA

    
        1.8
    

    
        
            org.springframework.boot
            spring-boot-starter
        
        
            org.springframework.boot
            spring-boot-starter-data-jpa
        
        
            org.mariadb.jdbc
            mariadb-java-client
            2.6.1
        
        
            org.springframework.boot
            spring-boot-starter-test
            test
            
                
                    org.junit.vintage
                    junit-vintage-engine
                
            
        
        
        
            org.apache.commons
            commons-lang3
            3.10
            test
        
    

    
        
            
                org.springframework.boot
                spring-boot-maven-plugin
            
        
    


  1. application.yml 中添加数据源配置,使用了 HikariCP 数据库连接池。
spring:
  datasource:
    url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test?serverTimezone=GMT%2B8&useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf-8&useSSL=false&allowMultiQueries=true
    username: root
    password: 123456
    driver-class-name: org.mariadb.jdbc.Driver
    type: com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource
    hikari:
      pool-name: demo-jdbc-pool
      minimum-idle: 10
      maximum-pool-size: 30
      connection-timeout: 60000
      idle-timeout: 60000
      validation-timeout: 3000
      max-lifetime: 600000
  1. 创建 PO(Persistence Object) 对象
package tutorial.spring.boot.domain;

import javax.persistence.*;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;

@Entity
@Table(name = "student")
public class StudentPO {

    /**
     * 自增主键
     */
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    private Long id;

    /**
     * 学号
     */
    private String number;

    /**
     * 姓名
     */
    private String name;

    /**
     * 性别,true-男性,false-女性
     */
    private Boolean gender;

    /**
     * 出生日期
     */
    private LocalDateTime birth;

    // Getter、Setter、toString 方法略
}
  1. 创建一个继承 JpaRepository 的 Repository 接口类。
package tutorial.spring.boot.dao;

import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
import tutorial.spring.boot.domain.StudentPO;

@Repository
public interface StudentRepository extends JpaRepository {
}
  1. 至此便可直接使用 StudentRepository 完成 student 表的数据操作,以下是一个简单测试 JPA 功能的单元测试用例,执行结果略。
package tutorial.spring.boot.dao;

import org.apache.commons.lang3.RandomStringUtils;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.RandomUtils;
import org.assertj.core.api.Assertions;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.RepeatedTest;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import tutorial.spring.boot.domain.StudentPO;

import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.util.Optional;

@SpringBootTest
class StudentRepositoryTest {

    @Autowired
    private StudentRepository studentRepository;

    @RepeatedTest(10)
    void test() {
        Assertions.assertThat(studentRepository).isNotNull();
        Assertions.assertThat(studentRepository.count()).isEqualTo(0);
        StudentPO student = new StudentPO();
        student.setNumber(RandomStringUtils.randomAlphanumeric(10));
        student.setName(RandomStringUtils.randomAlphanumeric(2, 20));
        student.setGender(RandomUtils.nextBoolean());
        student.setBirth(LocalDateTime.of(RandomUtils.nextInt(2000, 2010),
                RandomUtils.nextInt(1, 13),
                RandomUtils.nextInt(1, 28),
                RandomUtils.nextInt(0, 24),
                RandomUtils.nextInt(0, 60),
                RandomUtils.nextInt(0, 60)));
        StudentPO saveResult = studentRepository.save(student);
        Assertions.assertThat(saveResult.getId()).isNotNull();
        Assertions.assertThat(studentRepository.count()).isEqualTo(1);
        Optional findResult = studentRepository.findById(saveResult.getId());
        Assertions.assertThat(findResult).isPresent();
        Assertions.assertThat(findResult.get().getNumber()).isEqualTo(student.getNumber());
        Assertions.assertThat(findResult.get().getName()).isEqualTo(student.getName());
        Assertions.assertThat(findResult.get().getGender()).isEqualTo(student.getGender());
        Assertions.assertThat(findResult.get().getBirth()).isEqualTo(student.getBirth());
        studentRepository.delete(student);
        Assertions.assertThat(studentRepository.count()).isEqualTo(0);
    }
}

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