当我们用java命令运行某个类的main函数启动程序时,首先需要通过类加载器把主类加载到JVM。
public class Math {
public static final int initData = 666;
public static User user = new User();
public int compute() { //一个方法对应一块栈帧内存区域
int a = 1;
int b = 2;
int c = (a + b) * 10;
return c;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Math math = new Math();
math.compute();
}
}
public class TestDynamicLoader {
static {
System.out.println("*************load TestDynamicLoad************");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new A();
System.out.println("*************load test************");
// B b = null; //B不会加载,除非这里执行 new B()
B b = new B();
}
}
class A {
static {
System.out.println("*************load A************");
}
public A() {
System.out.println("*************initial A************");
}
}
class B {
static {
System.out.println("*************load B************");
}
public B() {
System.out.println("*************initial B************");
}
}
# 运行结果:
*************load TestDynamicLoad************
*************load A************
*************initial A************
*************load test************
*************load B************
*************initial B************
上面的类加载过程主要是通过类加载器来实现的,Java里有如下几种类加载器:
public class TestJDKClassLoader {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(String.class.getClassLoader());
System.out.println(com.sun.crypto.provider.DESKeyFactory.class.getClassLoader().getClass().getName());
System.out.println(TestJDKClassLoader.class.getClassLoader().getClass().getName());
System.out.println();
ClassLoader appClassLoader = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
ClassLoader extClassloader = appClassLoader.getParent();
ClassLoader bootstrapLoader = extClassloader.getParent();
System.out.println("the bootstrapLoader : " + bootstrapLoader);
System.out.println("the extClassloader : " + extClassloader);
System.out.println("the appClassLoader : " + appClassLoader);
System.out.println();
System.out.println("bootstrapLoader加载以下文件:");
URL[] urls = Launcher.getBootstrapClassPath().getURLs();
for (int i = 0; i < urls.length; i++) {
System.out.println(urls[i]);
}
System.out.println();
System.out.println("extClassloader加载以下文件:");
System.out.println(System.getProperty("java.ext.dirs"));
System.out.println();
System.out.println("appClassLoader加载以下文件:");
System.out.println(System.getProperty("java.class.path"));
}
}
#运行结果:
null
sun.misc.Launcher$ExtClassLoader
sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader
the bootstrapLoader : null
the extClassloader : sun.misc.Launcher$ExtClassLoader@2d209079
the appClassLoader : sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader@18b4aac2
bootstrapLoader加载以下文件:
file:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/resources.jar
file:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/rt.jar
file:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/sunrsasign.jar
file:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/jsse.jar
file:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/jce.jar
file:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/charsets.jar
file:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/jfr.jar
file:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/classes
extClassloader加载以下文件:
/Users/fwh/Library/Java/Extensions:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/ext:/Library/Java/Extensions:/Network/Library/Java/Extensions:/System/Library/Java/Extensions:/usr/lib/java
appClassLoader加载以下文件:
/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/charsets.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/deploy.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/ext/cldrdata.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/ext/dnsns.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/ext/jaccess.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/ext/jfxrt.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/ext/localedata.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/ext/nashorn.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/ext/sunec.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/ext/sunjce_provider.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/ext/sunpkcs11.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/ext/zipfs.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/javaws.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/jce.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/jfr.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/jfxswt.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/jsse.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/management-agent.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/plugin.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/resources.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/rt.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/lib/ant-javafx.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/lib/dt.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/lib/javafx-mx.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/lib/jconsole.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/lib/packager.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/lib/sa-jdi.jar:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_152.jdk/Contents/Home/lib/tools.jar:/Users/fwh/A_FWH/GItHub/fwh-JVM/target/classes:/Users/fwh/.m2/repository/org/projectlombok/lombok/1.18.12/lombok-1.18.12.jar:/Applications/IntelliJ IDEA.app/Contents/lib/idea_rt.jar:/Users/fwh/Library/Caches/JetBrains/IntelliJIdea2020.1/captureAgent/debugger-agent.jar
Disconnected from the target VM, address: '127.0.0.1:50876', transport: 'socket'
参见类运行加载全过程图可知其中会创建JVM启动器实例sun.misc.Launcher。
sun.misc.Launcher初始化使用了单例模式设计,保证一个JVM虚拟机内只有一个sun.misc.Launcher实例。 在Launcher构造方法内部,其创建了两个类加载器,分别是sun.misc.Launcher.ExtClassLoader(扩展类加载器)和sun.misc.Launcher.AppClassLoader(应用类加载器)。
JVM默认使用Launcher的getClassLoader()方法返回的类加载器AppClassLoader的实例加载我们的应用程序。
以下来自Java8版本:
//Launcher的构造方法
public Launcher() {
Launcher.ExtClassLoader var1;
try {
//构造扩展类加载器,在构造的过程中将其父加载器设置为null
var1 = Launcher.ExtClassLoader.getExtClassLoader();
} catch (IOException var10) {
throw new InternalError("Could not create extension class loader", var10);
}
try {
//构造应用类加载器,在构造的过程中将其父加载器设置为ExtClassLoader,
//Launcher的loader属性值是AppClassLoader,我们一般都是用这个类加载器来加载我们自己写的应用程序
this.loader = Launcher.AppClassLoader.getAppClassLoader(var1);
} catch (IOException var9) {
throw new InternalError("Could not create application class loader", var9);
}
Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(this.loader);
String var2 = System.getProperty("java.security.manager");
。。。 。。。 //省略一些不需关注代码
这里类加载其实就有一个双亲委派机制,加载某个类时会先委托父加载器寻找目标类,找不到再委托上层父加载器加载,如果所有父加载器在自己的加载类路径下都找不到目标类,则在自己的类加载路径中查找并载入目标类。
比如我们的Math类,最先会找应用程序类加载器加载,应用程序类加载器会先委托扩展类加载器加载,扩展类加载器再委托引导类加载器,顶层引导类加载器在自己的类加载路径里找了半天没找到Math类,则向下退回加载Math类的请求,扩展类加载器收到回复就自己加载,在自己的类加载路径里找了半天也没找到Math类,又向下退回Math类的加载请求给应用程序类加载器,应用程序类加载器于是在自己的类加载路径里找Math类,结果找到了就自己加载了。。
双亲委派机制说简单点就是,先找父亲加载,不行再由儿子自己加载
我们来看下应用程序类加载器AppClassLoader加载类的双亲委派机制源码,AppClassLoader的loadClass方法最终会调用其父类ClassLoader的loadClass方法,该方法的大体逻辑如下:
//ClassLoader的loadClass方法,里面实现了双亲委派机制
protected Class> loadClass(String name, boolean resolve)
throws ClassNotFoundException
{
synchronized (getClassLoadingLock(name)) {
// 检查当前类加载器是否已经加载了该类
Class> c = findLoadedClass(name);
if (c == null) {
long t0 = System.nanoTime();
try {
if (parent != null) { //如果当前加载器父加载器不为空则委托父加载器加载该类
c = parent.loadClass(name, false);
} else { //如果当前加载器父加载器为空则委托引导类加载器加载该类
c = findBootstrapClassOrNull(name);
}
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
// ClassNotFoundException thrown if class not found
// from the non-null parent class loader
}
if (c == null) {
// If still not found, then invoke findClass in order
// to find the class.
long t1 = System.nanoTime();
//都会调用URLClassLoader的findClass方法在加载器的类路径里查找并加载该类
c = findClass(name);
// this is the defining class loader; record the stats
sun.misc.PerfCounter.getParentDelegationTime().addTime(t1 - t0);
sun.misc.PerfCounter.getFindClassTime().addElapsedTimeFrom(t1);
sun.misc.PerfCounter.getFindClasses().increment();
}
}
if (resolve) { //不会执行
resolveClass(c);
}
return c;
}
}
package java.lang;
public class String {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("**************My String Class**************");
}
}
运行结果:
错误: 在类 java.lang.String 中找不到 main 方法, 请将 main 方法定义为:
public static void main(String[] args)
否则 JavaFX 应用程序类必须扩展javafx.application.Application
public class MyClassLoaderTest {
static class MyClassLoader extends ClassLoader {
private String classPath;
public MyClassLoader(String classPath) {
this.classPath = classPath;
}
private byte[] loadByte(String name) throws Exception {
name = name.replaceAll("\\.", "/");
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(classPath + "/" + name
+ ".class");
int len = fis.available();
byte[] data = new byte[len];
fis.read(data);
fis.close();
return data;
}
@Override
protected Class> findClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException {
try {
byte[] data = loadByte(name);
//defineClass将一个字节数组转为Class对象,这个字节数组是class文件读取后最终的字节数组。
return defineClass(name, data, 0, data.length);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
throw new ClassNotFoundException();
}
}
}
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {
//初始化自定义类加载器,会先初始化父类ClassLoader,其中会把自定义类加载器的父加载器设置为应用程序类加载器AppClassLoader
MyClassLoader classLoader = new MyClassLoader("D:/test");
//D盘创建 test/com/tuling/jvm 几级目录,将User类的复制类User1.class丢入该目录
Class clazz = classLoader.loadClass("com.tuling.jvm.User1");
Object obj = clazz.newInstance();
Method method = clazz.getDeclaredMethod("sout", null);
method.invoke(obj, null);
System.out.println(clazz.getClassLoader().getClass().getName());
}
}
运行结果:
=======自己的加载器加载类调用方法=======
com.tuling.jvm.MyClassLoaderTest$MyClassLoader
public class MyClassLoaderTest2 {
static class MyClassLoader extends ClassLoader {
private String classPath;
public MyClassLoader(String classPath) {
this.classPath = classPath;
}
private byte[] loadByte(String name) throws Exception {
name = name.replaceAll("\\.", "/");
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(classPath + "/" + name
+ ".class");
int len = fis.available();
byte[] data = new byte[len];
fis.read(data);
fis.close();
return data;
}
protected Class> findClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException {
try {
byte[] data = loadByte(name);
return defineClass(name, data, 0, data.length);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
throw new ClassNotFoundException();
}
}
/**
* 重写类加载方法,实现自己的加载逻辑,不委派给双亲加载
*
* @param name
* @param resolve
* @return
* @throws ClassNotFoundException
*/
@Override
protected Class> loadClass(String name, boolean resolve)
throws ClassNotFoundException {
synchronized (getClassLoadingLock(name)) {
// First, check if the class has already been loaded
Class> c = findLoadedClass(name);
if (c == null) {
// If still not found, then invoke findClass in order
// to find the class.
long t1 = System.nanoTime();
c = findClass(name);
// this is the defining class loader; record the stats
sun.misc.PerfCounter.getFindClassTime().addElapsedTimeFrom(t1);
sun.misc.PerfCounter.getFindClasses().increment();
}
if (resolve) {
resolveClass(c);
}
return c;
}
}
}
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {
MyClassLoader classLoader = new MyClassLoader("D:/test");
//尝试用自己改写类加载机制去加载自己写的java.lang.String.class
Class clazz = classLoader.loadClass("java.lang.String");
Object obj = clazz.newInstance();
Method method = clazz.getDeclaredMethod("sout", null);
method.invoke(obj, null);
System.out.println(clazz.getClassLoader().getClass().getName());
}
}
运行结果:
java.lang.SecurityException: Prohibited package name: java.lang
at java.lang.ClassLoader.preDefineClass(ClassLoader.java:659)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:758)
以Tomcat类加载为例,Tomcat 如果使用默认的双亲委派类加载机制行不行?
我们思考一下:Tomcat是个web容器, 那么它要解决什么问题:
再看看我们的问题:Tomcat 如果使用默认的双亲委派类加载机制行不行?
答案是不行的。为什么?
tomcat的几个主要类加载器:
从图中的委派关系中可以看出:
tomcat 这种类加载机制违背了java 推荐的双亲委派模型了吗?答案是:违背了。
模拟实现Tomcat的webappClassLoader加载自己war包应用内不同版本类实现相互共存与隔离
public class MyClassLoaderTest3 {
static class MyClassLoader extends ClassLoader {
private String classPath;
public MyClassLoader(String classPath) {
this.classPath = classPath;
}
private byte[] loadByte(String name) throws Exception {
name = name.replaceAll("\\.", "/");
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(classPath + "/" + name
+ ".class");
int len = fis.available();
byte[] data = new byte[len];
fis.read(data);
fis.close();
return data;
}
@Override
protected Class> findClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException {
try {
byte[] data = loadByte(name);
return defineClass(name, data, 0, data.length);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
throw new ClassNotFoundException();
}
}
/**
* 重写类加载方法,实现自己的加载逻辑,不委派给双亲加载
* @param name
* @param resolve
* @return
* @throws ClassNotFoundException
*/
@Override
protected Class> loadClass(String name, boolean resolve)
throws ClassNotFoundException {
synchronized (getClassLoadingLock(name)) {
// First, check if the class has already been loaded
Class> c = findLoadedClass(name);
if (c == null) {
// If still not found, then invoke findClass in order
// to find the class.
long t1 = System.nanoTime();
//非自定义的类还是走双亲委派加载
if (!name.startsWith("com.tuling.jvm")){
c = this.getParent().loadClass(name);
}else{
c = findClass(name);
}
// this is the defining class loader; record the stats
sun.misc.PerfCounter.getFindClassTime().addElapsedTimeFrom(t1);
sun.misc.PerfCounter.getFindClasses().increment();
}
if (resolve) {
resolveClass(c);
}
return c;
}
}
}
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {
MyClassLoader classLoader = new MyClassLoader("D:/test");
Class clazz = classLoader.loadClass("com.tuling.jvm.User1");
Object obj = clazz.newInstance();
Method method= clazz.getDeclaredMethod("sout", null);
method.invoke(obj, null);
System.out.println(clazz.getClassLoader());
System.out.println();
MyClassLoader classLoader1 = new MyClassLoader("D:/test1");
Class clazz1 = classLoader1.loadClass("com.tuling.jvm.User1");
Object obj1 = clazz1.newInstance();
Method method1= clazz1.getDeclaredMethod("sout", null);
method1.invoke(obj1, null);
System.out.println(clazz1.getClassLoader());
}
}
*注意:同一个JVM内,两个相同包名和类名的类对象可以共存,因为他们的类加载器可以不一样,所以看两个类对象是否是同一个,除了看类的包名和类名是否都相同之外,还需要他们的类加载器也是同一个才能认为他们是同一个。 *