整理Python常用方法以及技巧

1.交换变量

x = 6

y = 5

x, y = y, x

print  x >>> 5

print  y >>> 6

2.if 语句在行内

print "Hello" if True else "World" >>> Hello

3.连接两个不同类型的对象

nfc = ["Packers", "49ers"]

afc = ["Ravens", "Patriots"]

print nfc + afc >>> ['Packers', '49ers', 'Ravens', 'Patriots']

print str(1) + " world" >>> 1 world

print `1` + "world" >>> 1 world

print 1, "world" >>> 1 world

print nfc, 1 >>> ['Packers', '49ers'] 1

4.计算技巧

# 向下取整 print 5.0//2  >>> 2

# 2的5次方 print 2**5  >>> 32

# 注意浮点数的除法

print .3/.1 >>> 3.0

print .3//.1 >>>  2.0

5.数值比较

x = 2 if 3 > x > 1: print x >>> 2

x = 2  if 1 < x > 0: print x >>> 2

6.两个列表同时迭代

nfc = ["Packers", "49ers"]

afc = ["Ravens", "Patriots"]

for teama, teamb in zip(nfc, afc):

print teama + " vs. " + teamb

输出结果:

>>> Packers vs. Ravens

>>> 49ers vs. Patriots

7.带索引的列表迭代

teams = ["Packers", "49ers", "Ravens", "Patriots"]

for index, team in enumerate(teams):

print index, team

输出结果:

>>> 0 Packers

>>> 1 49ers

>>> 2 Ravens

>>> 3 Patriots

8.列表推导

已知一个列表,筛选出偶数列表方法:

numbers = [1,2,3,4,5,6]

even = []

for number in numbers: if number%2 == 0:

even.append(number)

用下面的代替

numbers = [1,2,3,4,5,6]

even = [number for number in numbers if number%2 == 0]

9.字典推导

teams = ["Packers", "49ers", "Ravens", "Patriots"]

print {key: value for value, key in enumerate(teams)}

>>> {'49ers': 1, 'Ravens': 2, 'Patriots': 3, 'Packers': 0}

10.初始化列表的值

items = [0]*3

print items >>> [0,0,0]

11.将列表转换成字符串

teams = ["Packers", "49ers", "Ravens", "Patriots"]

print ", ".join(teams) >>> 'Packers, 49ers, Ravens, Patriots'

12.从字典中获取元素

# 不要用下列的方式:

data = {'user': 1, 'name': 'Max', 'three': 4}

try:

is_admin = data['admin']

except KeyError:

is_admin = False

# 替换为:

data = {'user': 1, 'name': 'Max', 'three': 4}

is_admin = data.get('admin', False)

13.获取子列表

x = [1,2,3,4,5,6]

# 前3个 print x[:3] >>> [1,2,3]

# 中间4个 print x[1:5] >>> [2,3,4,5]

# 最后3个 print x[-3:] >>> [4,5,6]

# 奇数项 print x[::2] >>> [1,3,5]

# 偶数项 print x[1::2] >>> [2,4,6]

14.好用的工具类

# 集合(Counter库)

from collections import Counter

print Counter("hello") >>> Counter({'l': 2, 'h': 1, 'e': 1, 'o': 1})

# 迭代工具(collections库和itertools库)

from itertools import combinations teams = ["Packers", "49ers", "Ravens", "Patriots"]

for game in combinations(teams, 2):

print game

输出结果:

>>> ('Packers', '49ers')

>>> ('Packers', 'Ravens')

>>> ('Packers', 'Patriots')

>>> ('49ers', 'Ravens')

>>> ('49ers', 'Patriots')

>>> ('Ravens', 'Patriots')

补充:

装饰器(decorator):在代码运行期间动态增加功能的方式

1.不仅会运行now()函数本身,还会在每次运行now()函数前打印日志

# 定义一个能打印日志的decorator,作为一个decorator,它接受一个函数作为参数,并返回一个函数

def log(func):

def wrapper(*args, **kw):

print('call %s():' % func.__name__)

return func(*args, **kw)

return wrapper

#借助Python的@语法,把decorator置于函数的定义处。@log=》print_now = log(print_now)

@log

def print_now():

print('2017-10-27')

#输出结果

>>> print_now()

call print_now():

2017-10-27

由于log()是一个decorator,返回一个函数,所以,原来的print_now()函数仍然存在,只是现在同名的print_now变量指向了新的函数,于是调用print_now()将执行新函数,即在log()函数中返回的wrapper()函数。

2.根据第一点的要求再加个要求:自定义log的文本

def log(text):

def decorator(func):

def wrapper(*args, **kw):

print('%s %s():' % (text, func.__name__))

return func(*args, **kw)

return wrapper

return decorator

# decorator用法如下:@log('execute') =》print_now = log('execute')(print_now)

@log('execute')

def print_now():

print('2017-10-27')

# 执行结果:

>>> print_now()

execute print_now():

2017-10-27

但是,还有改善的地方:当我们在print_now()函数打印函数的名字时,返回的函数名字就是'wrapper',所以,需要把原始函数的__name__等属性复制到wrapper()函数中,否则,有些依赖函数签名的代码执行就会出错。这样我们只需要在定义wrapper()的前面加上@functools.wraps(func)即可。

一个完整的decorator的写法如下:

整理Python常用方法以及技巧_第1张图片

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