Java类加载机制

四种:

1. BootstrapClassLoader根加载器/引导加载器，不继承ClassLoader，负责$JAVA_HOME/jre/lib 核心类的加载.
2. ExtClassLoader扩展类加载器。负责$JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/ext 目录下的class加载
3. AppClassLoader系统类加载器，负责加载开发者实际项目中编写类。
4. 自定义ClassLoader 需要重写findClass() 方法，远程加载（本地/网络下载）类。

类加载机制-双亲委托机制，什么是双亲委托机制，当查找一个类时，首先获取一个AppClassLoader（ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader()）的实例，然后向上级层层请求，如果最上层处理不了，就下放到下级加载。一旦加载就不再往下传。
以下是实例。

1. 首先，定义一个实体类

@Data
public class Order {
    private String orderId;
}

2. 验证AppClassLoader 双亲是ExtClassLoader

@Slf4j
public class LoaderDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            loadClass();
            loadParentClass();
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    private static void loadClass() throws ClassNotFoundException{
        Class clazz = Class.forName("com.valor.practice.learn.loader.Order");
        ClassLoader loader = clazz.getClassLoader();
        log.info("My class loader: {}",loader.getClass().getSimpleName());
    }
    private static void loadParentClass() throws ClassNotFoundException{
        Class clazz = Class.forName("com.valor.practice.learn.loader.Order");
        ClassLoader classLoader = clazz.getClassLoader();
        while(classLoader.getParent()!=null){
            classLoader = classLoader.getParent();
            log.info("Parent Class loader: {}",classLoader.getClass().getSimpleName());
        }
    }

打印结果：

My class loader: AppClassLoader
Parent Class loader: ExtClassLoader

从源码角度理解双亲委托机制
打开 ClassLoader里的 loadClass()方法:

• 检查目标class是否曾经加载过，如果加载过则直接返回
• 如果没加载过，把加载请求传递给 parent 加载器去加载
• 如果 parent 加载器加载成功，则直接返回
• 如果 parent 未加载到，则自身调用 findClass() 方法进行寻找，并把寻找结果返回。

源码如下:

protected Class loadClass(String name, boolean resolve)
        throws ClassNotFoundException
    {
        synchronized (getClassLoadingLock(name)) {
            // First, check if the class has already been loaded
            Class c = findLoadedClass(name);
            if (c == null) {
                long t0 = System.nanoTime();
                try {
                    if (parent != null) {
                        c = parent.loadClass(name, false);
                    } else {
                        c = findBootstrapClassOrNull(name);
                    }
                } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
                    // ClassNotFoundException thrown if class not found
                    // from the non-null parent class loader
                }

                if (c == null) {
                    // If still not found, then invoke findClass in order
                    // to find the class.
                    long t1 = System.nanoTime();
                    c = findClass(name);

                    // this is the defining class loader; record the stats
                    sun.misc.PerfCounter.getParentDelegationTime().addTime(t1 - t0);
                    sun.misc.PerfCounter.getFindClassTime().addElapsedTimeFrom(t1);
                    sun.misc.PerfCounter.getFindClasses().increment();
                }
            }
            if (resolve) {
                resolveClass(c);
            }
            return c;
        }
    }

自定义加载器
代码如下：

import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.URL;

public class SelfDefineClassLoader extends ClassLoader{
    @Override
    protected Class findClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        byte[] classData = downloadClass(name);
        if (classData == null){
            super.findClass(name);
        }else {
            return defineClass(name,classData,0,classData.length);
        }
        return null;
    }

    private byte[] downloadClass(String name) {
        String path = ""+ File.separatorChar;
        try {
            URL url = new URL(path);
            InputStream ins = url.openStream();
            ByteArrayOutputStream byteStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
            int bufferSize = 1024;
            byte[] buffer = new byte[bufferSize];
            int read = 0;
            while ((read = ins.read(buffer)) != -1) {
                byteStream.write(buffer, 0, read);
            }
            return byteStream.toByteArray();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return null;
    }
}