PRISCA大学英语写作课堂共24讲,分24次发布,每次一讲,每堂课提供三大块内容,分别是写作基础讲解,英语写作模拟题目与参考范文(适用于大学英语四六级,英语专四专八,考研,以及雅思作文考试),核心词块速递。
所给作文题目模拟英语四六级考试,英语专业四级和八级考试,考研英语以及雅思考试英语的作文写作,所提供范文中划线的词块部分可以模仿背诵,活学活用在相关话题的作文考试写作中。所提供的写作基础讲解以及参考范文皆为原创,已经正式出版发行,收录于由上海外语教育出版社出版发行的《大学比较英语教程》1-4册中,转载请务必联系作者,版权所有,侵权必究。
PRISCA大学英语写作课堂(16)
限制和非限制性定语从句在写作中的使用
定语从句又分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确。写作中如果要限制和修饰先行词时,选择使用限制性定语从句,其关系代词有that, which, whom, who, whose,关系副词有when, where等,不需要用逗号把从句与主语分开,限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确。
非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,只是对其作一些附加说明,不起限定制约作用。非限制性定语从句用法其实与限制性定语从句极为相似,只是不能用that做关系代词,非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,相当于一种插入语或者对先行词的一种解释,和先行词之间只有比较松散的关系,写作中常常用逗号将其与主句分开。
在写作中使用限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句应注意以下六点:
1.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰的名词时,其后的定语从句通常用非限制性的,例如:Carl Smith, who was my former English teacher, retired last year.
This movie, which I have seen three times, is very touching.
2.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
3. 所有关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性定语从句,大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非限制性定语从句,但 that 不可用于引导非限制性定语从句。
4. 关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替whom,但whom在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who来代替。
5. 关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去,非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省。例如:This is the bag(which/that) he lost yesterday.
The bag, which he lostyesterday, has been found.
6. 在限制性定语从句中,先行词指人时可用 that代替 who/ whom,但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时,不可用that 代替 who/whom。
下面是有使用限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的句子
(请分析并归类例句中的粗体部分):
(1)Calligraphy is an exacting craft, demanding historical knowledge, a highly developed aesthetic sensibility and a dexterous hand—which may be why, despite legions of hobbyists, there are maybe 50 full-time professional scribes working in Britain today.
(2)An organic quill holds ink differently to a metal nib,says Antonio,who believes that, on a suitable surface, “a squared quill is still the most exceptional writing tool we have ever produced”.
(3)Chinese calligraphy distinguishes itself from other calligraphy techniques, as it is painted on a special calligraphic paper known as Xuan paper, which is somewhat absorbent, using a special brush andspecial ink.
(4)Dr. Oliver Sacks, whose work with sleeping-sickness victims led to the book and movie Awakenings, reports that patients suffering neurological disorders who cannot talk or move are often able to sing…
(5)The traits the word childish describes are seen so often in adults…
(6)…because kids are the leaders of tomorrow, the ones who will hopefully bring this world forward.
PRISCA大学英语写作模拟题目与参考范文(16)
PRISCA参考范文划线词块活学活用(16)
要求写一段文字,活用范文中提供的划线词块,文章题材内容不限。