python的真实感图形生成(含源码)

简介

  本文是利用python生成一颗行星以及它周围的环带，它是由线、点构造而成的二维平面图形。

一、运行结果图

  源代码运行结果如下：

  去掉坐标轴结果如下：

二、python源码

  可根据自己的想法更改参数得到不同的结果，可更改颜色、光线方向、阴影等参数，实现以上结果源码如下：

"""
  本代码绘制了小行星以及它周围的环带
"""
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from math import sin, cos, radians, sqrt


def rotx(xc, yc, zc, xp, yp, zp, Rx):
    g[0] = xp + xc
    g[1] = yp * cos(Rx) - zp * sin(Rx) + yc
    g[2] = yp * sin(Rx) + zp * cos(Rx) + zc
    return g

def roty(xc, yc, zc, xp, yp, zp, Ry):
    g[0] = xp * cos(Ry) + zp * sin(Ry) + xc
    g[1] = yp + yc
    g[2] = -xp * sin(Ry) + zp * cos(Ry) + zc
    return g

def rotz(xc, yc, zc, xp, yp, zp, Rz):
    g[0] = xp * cos(Rz) - yp * sin(Rz) + xc
    g[1] = xp * sin(Rz) + yp * cos(Rz) + yc
    g[2] = zp + zc
    return g

plt.axis([0,150,100,0])
plt.axis('off')
plt.grid(False)

print('冲冲冲！！！！！')
#定义参数
g=[0]*3

xc=80 #圆心
yc=50
zc=0

rs=25 #球面半径

lx=-1 #光线单位矢量分量
ly=0
lz=0

IA=0 # 定义曲线
IB=.8
n=2

Rx=radians(-20)
Ry=radians(0)
Rz=radians(30)

# 添加背景色
for x in np.arange(0,150,1):
     for y in np.arange(0,100,1):
          plt.scatter(x,y,color = 'midnightblue')

#绘制球体
## 横向
phi1 = radians(-90)
phi2 = radians(90)
dhpi = radians(2)

alpha1 = radians(0)
alpha2 = radians(360)
dalpha = radians(2)

for alpha in np.arange(alpha1,alpha2+dalpha,dalpha):
    for phi in np.arange(phi1,phi2+dhpi,dhpi):
        xp = rs * cos(phi) * cos(alpha)
        yp = rs * sin(phi)
        zp = -rs * cos(phi) * sin(alpha)

        rotx(xc, yc, zc, xp, yp, zp, Rx)
        xp = g[0] - xc
        yp = g[1] - yc
        zp = g[2] - zc
        roty(xc, yc, zc, xp, yp, zp, Ry)
        xp = g[0] - xc
        yp = g[1] - yc
        zp = g[2] - zc
        rotz(xc, yc, zc, xp, yp, zp, Rz)
        xpg = g[0]
        ypg = g[1]
        zpg = g[2]
        a = xpg - xc
        b = ypg - yc
        c = zpg - zc

        qp = sqrt(a*a+b*b+c*c)
        nx = a/qp
        ny = b/qp
        nz = c/qp
        ndotl = nx * lx + ny * ly + nz * lz
        I = IA + (IB-IA)*((1+ndotl)/2)**n

        if phi == phi1:
            xpglast = xpg
            ypglast = ypg
        if nz < 0:
            plt.plot([xpglast,xpg],[ypglast,ypg],linewidth = 4,
                     color = ((1-I),.8*(1-I),.45*(1-I)))
            xpglast = xpg
            ypglast = ypg
## 纵向
for phi in np.arange(phi1,phi2+dhpi,dhpi):
    r = rs * cos(phi)
    for alpha in np.arange(alpha1, alpha2 + dalpha, dalpha):
        xp = r * cos(alpha)
        yp = rs * sin(phi)
        zp = -rs * cos(phi) * sin(alpha)

        rotx(xc, yc, zc, xp, yp, zp, Rx)
        xp = g[0] - xc
        yp = g[1] - yc
        zp = g[2] - zc
        roty(xc, yc, zc, xp, yp, zp, Ry)
        xp = g[0] - xc
        yp = g[1] - yc
        zp = g[2] - zc
        rotz(xc, yc, zc, xp, yp, zp, Rz)
        xpg = g[0]
        ypg = g[1]
        zpg = g[2]

        a = xpg - xc
        b = ypg - yc
        c = zpg - zc

        qp = sqrt(a*a+b*b+c*c)
        nx = a/qp
        ny = b/qp
        nz = c/qp
        ndotl = nx * lx + ny * ly + nz * lz
        textbfI = IA + (IB-IA)*((1+ndotl)/2)**n

        if alpha == alpha1:
            xpglast = xpg
            ypglast = ypg
        if nz < 0:
            plt.plot([xpglast,xpg],[ypglast,ypg],linewidth = 4,
                     color = ((1-I),.8*(1-I),.45*(1-I)))
            xpglast = xpg
            ypglast = ypg

#绘制外围环形带
alpha1=radians(-10)
alpha2=radians(370)
dalpha=radians(.5)

r1=rs*1.5
r2=rs*2.2
dr=rs*.02
deltar=(r2-r1)/7 #环形带宽

#旋转位于rα的环点p
for r in np.arange(r1,r2,dr):
    for alpha in np.arange(alpha1,alpha2,dalpha):
        xp=r*cos(alpha)
        yp=0
        zp=-r*sin(alpha)
        rotx(xc,yc,zc,xp,yp,zp,Rx)
        xp=g[0]-xc
        yp=g[1]-yc
        zp=g[2]-zc
        roty(xc,yc,zc,xp,yp,zp,Ry)
        xp=g[0]-xc
        yp=g[1]-yc
        zp=g[2]-zc
        rotz(xc,yc,zc,xp,yp,zp,Rz)
        xpg=g[0]
        ypg=g[1]
        zpg=g[2]


#选择环带颜色
        if r1 <= r < r1+1*deltar:
            clr=(.63,.54,.18)
        if r1+1*deltar <= r <= r1+2*deltar:
            clr=(.78,.7,.1)
        if r1+2*deltar <= r <= r1+3*deltar:
            clr=(.95,.85,.1)
        if r1+3*deltar <= r <= r1+4*deltar:
            clr=(.87,.8,.1)
        if r1+5*deltar <= r <= r1+7*deltar:
            clr=(.7,.6,.2)

#阴影
        magu=sqrt(lx*lx+ly*ly+lz*lz)
        ux=-lx/magu
        uy=-ly/magu
        uz=-lz/magu
        vx=xc-xpg
        vy=yc-ypg
        vz=zc-zpg
        Bx=uy*vz-uz*vy
        By=uz*vx-ux*vz
        Bz=ux*vy-uy*vx
        magB=sqrt(Bx*Bx+By*By+Bz*Bz)
        if magB < rs: #在阴影区域
            if vx*lx+vy*ly+vz*lz <= 0:
                clr=(.5,.5,.2)

        if r1+4*deltar <= r <= r1+5*deltar:
            clr='midnightblue'

#绘制线段
        if alpha == alpha1:
            xstart=xpg
            ystart=ypg
        if zpg <= zc:
            plt.plot([xstart,xpg],[ystart,ypg],linewidth=2,color=clr)

        if zpg >= zc:
            a=xpg-xc
            b=ypg-yc
            c=sqrt(a*a+b*b)
            if c > rs*1.075: #仅绘制环的可见部分
                plt.plot([xstart,xpg],[ystart,ypg],linewidth=2,color=clr)
            xstart=xpg
            ystart=ypg

plt.show()

三、实现思路

  本绘制总共分为三部分：首先是定义参数，其次是绘制中心的球体，最后是绘制外围环带。
  定义参数是通过建立数学模型，借了书中的示例，对数学感兴趣可参考《python图形编程2D和3D图像的创建》这本书。
  绘制球体和外围环带有遮挡和阴影，需要消隐之类的操作，这些在实现的过程中有一定难度。
  本图绘制是用线、点构成的，其中背景是用点来构成，而图形是采用线构成，前文效果展示时看不出来，但是将局部放大展示使可以很清楚的看到。这也让我更深刻的理解了“点动成线、线动成面”这句话。很棒！希望本文对学习中的您有帮助。
  局部展示图：点为背景，线为图像。