贵州遵义市团溪明代播州土司杨辉墓
贵州省文物考古研究所 遵义县文物管理所
1987年初，位于贵州省遵义县团溪镇白果村堰上组的一座明代古墓连续多次被盗。1988年5月，贵州省博物馆会同遵义地区文物管理委员会、遵义县文物管理所对该墓进行了抢救性清理，当时按遵义地区宋明墓葬统一编号的顺序将其编号为M10，并于1995年刊发了发掘简报。虽然当时只清理出一座单石室墓，也未发现墓志等文字资料，但发掘者依据墓室前方所立三通石墓碑，推定M10为明代播州第25世土司杨辉墓。限于当时的发掘和整理条件，发掘简报只对该墓结构作了简单介绍，没有发表墓葬平、剖面图，出土遗物也未全面报道，因此对M10的性质、墓葬与墓前石碑的关系以及墓主人身份等还存有不少疑问。
2006年底，在M10前方约10米处，另外一座三室并列的大型石室墓被盗掘，文物部门接到报告后赴现场调查，在地面捡拾到一定数量的残陶俑。从墓葬规模和器物形制等方面推断，M10前方新发现的这座大型石室墓应该属于明代播州某一位土司的墓葬。为了配合海龙囤遗址申报世界文化遗产的整体工作、了解M10与其前方大型石室墓的关系，2015年5～8月，经国家文物局批准，贵州省文物考古研究所会同遵义县文物管理所，对新发现的这座三室并列的石室墓进行了勘探和发掘，清理时将这座墓葬依序编号为M11。M11的地理坐标为东经106°59′59.52″、北纬27°28′18.6″，海拔高程为953米。在本次发掘的过程中，为了弄清M10的墓葬结构，我们将该墓在1988年清理后回填的封土部分予以重新揭露，对墓室进行了详细的清理和测绘，并在M10与M11之间开挖探沟进行局部解剖，以了解两墓之间的相对早晚关系。同时，确认墓葬周围存在墓园，并对其垣墙、园门和建筑平台等遗迹进行了全面的勘探和清理，揭露面积约400平方米（图）。
经过发掘，可以确认M11才是真正的播州杨氏第25世土司杨辉及其夫人俞氏、田氏的合葬墓。而此前所认为的杨辉墓（M10）与M11共用一个墓园，两墓相距不远并处在同一中轴线上，关系非常密切。从地层关系初步判断，M10的年代应稍晚于M11，可能为M11的“疑冢”或“风水冢”。
Tomb of Bozhou Tusi Yang Hui of Ming Dynasty at Tuanxi Town in Zunyi City, Guizhou Province
Guizhou Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Cultural Relics Management Institution of Zunyi County, ZHOU Bisu, ZHANG Xinglong, WEI Songheng
At the beginning of 1987, a Ming Dynasty tomb located at the Yanshang Group of Baiguo village of Tuanxi Town in Zunyi County, Guizhou Province, was looted repeatedly for many times. During May 1988, Guizhou Provincial Museum conducted a rescuing clean of the tomb together with Cultural Relics Management Committee of Zunyi Region and Cultural Relics Management Institution of Zunyi County. They numbered it as M10 according to the uniform number system of Song and Ming tombs in Zunyi region and published a brief report of the excavation in 1995. Though there was only one single stone-chamber tomb and no literature material was found, the archaeologists presumed, based on three gravestones standing in front of the chamber, that M10 belongs to Yang Hui, the 25th generation of the Bozhou Tusi of the Ming Dynasty. Limited to the excavating and processing conditions at that time, the brief report provided merely simple introduction of the structure of the tomb without any plan or profile view, and there was no comprehensive report about those unearthed relics. As a result, there were still many mysteries and questions in many aspects including the character of M10, the relationship between the tomb and gravestones and identity of the tomb owner.
At the end of 2006, another large stone-chamber tomb consisting of three chambers built abreast was looted. After receiving the report, the cultural relics department arrived at the site to investigate and collected some pottery figurine fragments on the ground. According to the tomb size and artifact styles, the newly discovered large stone-chamber tomb might belong to one of the Bozhou Tusi of the Ming Dynasty. In order to cooperate with the whole work of the Hailongtun site to declare the world heritage, and to understand the relationship between M10 and the large stone-chamber tomb in front of it, Guizhou Province Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, together with Cultural Relics Management Institution of Zunyi County, explored and excavated the newly discovered three-chamber-paralleling stone tomb from May to August in 2015 after gaining permission from State Administration of Cultural Heritage. The tomb was numbered as M11, whose geographical coordinates are east longitude 106°59′59.52″, north latitude 27°28′18.6″, and the elevation is 953 meters. During this excavation, in order to find out the structure of M10, we re-excavated the grave mound that was backfilled after the excavation in 1988, and then carefully cleaned and mapped the coffin chamber. Moreover, we dug a trial trench between M10 and M11 and conducted a partial anatomy in order to make out their relatively earlier or later date. At the same time, we confirmed that there is a graveyard around the tomb, and carried out an overall survey and cleaning of the remains of the wall, garden gate and building platform, revealing an area of about 400 square meters (see Figure).
The excavation suggests that M11 was literally the joint burial of Yang Hui, the 25th generation of the Bozhou Tusi of the Ming Dynasty, and his two wives (nee Yu and Tian, respectively). The previously so-called Yang Hui’s tomb (M10) shares the same graveyard with M11, and the two tombs are not far apart and on the same axis, owning a close relationship. From the preliminary judgment based on stratigraphic sequence, M10 should be a little later than M11 and may be the decoy tomb or geomantic tomb.
考古翻译-Glossary
抢救性清理 · a rescuing clean 播州 · Bozhou土司 · Tusi杨辉 · Yang Hui封土 · grave mound疑冢 · decoy tomb风水冢 · geomantic tomb
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