1.模式（Pattern）
- 什么是模式?
- 模式是用于匹配的规则，比如switch的case、捕捉错误的catch、if\guard\while\for语句的条件等
- Swift中的模式有:
1.通配符模式(Wildcard Pattern)
2.标识符模式(Identifier Pattern)
3.值绑定模式(Value-Binding Pattern)
4.元组模式(Tuple Pattern)
5.枚举Case模式(Enumeration Case Pattern)
6.可选模式(Optional Pattern)
7.类型转换模式(Type-Casting Pattern)
8.表达式模式(Expression Pattern)
2. 通配符模式(Wildcard Pattern)
enum Life {
case human(name: String, age: Int?)
case animal(name: String, age: Int?)
}
func check(_ life: Life) {
switch life {
case .human(let name, _):
print("human", name)
case .animal(let name, _?):
print("animal", name)
default:
print("other")
}
}
check(.human(name: "Rose", age: 20)) // human Rose
check(.human(name: "Jack", age: nil)) // human Jack
check(.animal(name: "Dog", age: 5)) // animal Dog
check(.animal(name: "Cat", age: nil)) // other
4.标识符模式(Identifier Pattern)
/// 给对应的变量、常量名赋值
var age = 10
let name = "jack"
5.值绑定模式(Value-Binding Pattern)
let point = (3, 2)
switch point {
case let (x, y):
print("The point is at (\(x), \(y)).")
}
6.元组模式(Tuple Pattern)
let points = [(0, 0), (1, 0), (2, 0)]
for (x, _) in points {
print(x)
}
let name1: String? = "jack"
let age1 = 18
let info: Any = [1, 2]
switch (name1, age1, info) {
case (_?, _ , _ as String):
print("case")
default:
print("default")
} // default
var scores = ["jack" : 98, "rose" : 100, "kate" : 86]
for (name, score) in scores {
print(name, score)
}
7.枚举Case模式(Enumeration Case Pattern)
- if case语句等价于只有1个case的switch语句
let age2 = 2
// 原来的写法
if age2 >= 0 && age <= 9 {
print("[0, 9]")
}
// 枚举Case模式
if case 0...9 = age2 {
print("[0, 9]")
}
func testA() {
guard case 0...9 = age2 else {
return
}
}
testA()
print("[0, 9]")
switch age2 {
case 0...9: print("[0, 9]")
default: break
}
let ages: [Int?] = [2, 3, nil, 5]
for case nil in ages {
print("有nil值")
break
} // 有nil值
let points1 = [(1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 0)]
for case let (x, 0) in points1 {
print(x)
} // 1 3
8.可选模式(Optional Pattern)
let age3: Int? = 42
if case .some(let x) = age3 {
print(x)
}
if case let x? = age3 { print(x) }
func check(_ num: Int?) {
switch num {
case 2?: print("2")
case 4?: print("4")
case 6?: print("6")
case _?: print("other")
case _: print("nil")
}
}
check(4) // 4
check(8) // other
check(nil) // nil
let ages2: [Int?] = [nil, 2, 3, nil, 5]
for case let age? in ages2 {
print(age)
} // 2 3 5
let ages3: [Int?] = [nil, 2, 3, nil, 5]
for item in ages3 {
if let age = item {
print(age)
}
} // 跟上面的for，效果是等价的
9.类型转换模式(Type-Casting Pattern)
let num: Any = 6
switch num {
case is Int:
// 编译器依然认为num是Any类型
print("is Int", num)
//case let n as Int:
// print("as Int", n + 1)
default:
break
}
class Animal { func eat() { print(type(of: self), "eat") } }
class Dog : Animal {
func run() {
print(type(of: self), "run")
}
}
class Cat : Animal {
func jump() {
print(type(of: self), "jump")
}
}
func check(_ animal: Animal) {
switch animal {
case let dog as Dog:
dog.eat()
dog.run()
case is Cat:
animal.eat()
default:
break
}
}
// Dog eat
// Dog run
check(Dog())
// Cat eat
check(Cat())
10.表达式模式(Expression Pattern)
let point2 = (1, 2)
switch point2 {
case (0, 0):
print("(0, 0) is at the origin.")
case (-2...2, -2...2):
print("(\(point2.0), \(point2.1)) is near the origin.")
default:
print("The point is at (\(point2.0), \(point2.1)).")
} // (1, 2) is near the origin.
11. 自定义表达式模式
struct Student {
var score = 0, name = ""
static func ~= (pattern: Int, value: Student) -> Bool {
value.score >= pattern
}
static func ~= (pattern: ClosedRange, value: Student) -> Bool {
pattern.contains(value.score)
}
static func ~= (pattern: Range, value: Student) -> Bool {
pattern.contains(value.score)
}
}
var stu = Student(score: 75, name: "Jack")
switch stu {
case 100: print(">= 100")
case 90: print(">= 90")
case 80..<90: print("[80, 90)")
case 60...79: print("[60, 79]")
case 0: print(">= 0")
default: break
} // [60, 79]
if case 60 = stu {
print(">= 60")
} // >= 60
var info1 = (Student(score: 70, name: "Jack"), "及格")
switch info1 {
case let (60, text):
print(text)
default: break
} // 及格
extension String {
static func ~= (pattern: (String) -> Bool, value: String) -> Bool {
pattern(value)
}
}
func hasPrefix(_ prefix: String) -> ((String) -> Bool) { { $0.hasPrefix(prefix) } }
func hasSuffix(_ suffix: String) -> ((String) -> Bool) { { $0.hasSuffix(suffix) } }
var str = "jack"
switch str {
case hasPrefix("j"), hasSuffix("k"):
print("以j开头，或以k结尾")
default: break
} // 以j开头，以k结尾
func isEven(_ i: Int) -> Bool {
i % 2 == 0
}
func isOdd(_ i: Int) -> Bool {
i % 2 != 0
}
extension Int {
static func ~= (pattern: (Int) -> Bool, value: Int) -> Bool {
pattern(value)
}
}
var age6 = 9
switch age6 {
case isEven:
print("偶数")
case isOdd:
print("奇数")
default:
print("其他")
}
prefix operator ~>
prefix operator ~>=
prefix operator ~<
prefix operator ~<=
prefix func ~> (_ i: Int) -> ((Int) -> Bool) {
{ $0 > i }
}
prefix func ~>= (_ i: Int) -> ((Int) -> Bool) {
{ $0 >= i }
}
prefix func ~< (_ i: Int) -> ((Int) -> Bool) {
{ $0 < i }
}
prefix func ~<= (_ i: Int) -> ((Int) -> Bool) {
{ $0 <= i }
}
var age7 = 9
switch age7 {
case ~>=0:
print("1")
case ~>10:
print("2")
default: break
} // [0, 10]
12.where
var data = (10, "Jack")
switch data {
case let (age, _) where age > 10:
print(data.1, "age>10")
case let (age, _) where age > 0:
print(data.1, "age>0")
default: break
}
protocol Stackable {
associatedtype Element
}
protocol Container {
associatedtype Stack : Stackable where Stack.Element : Equatable
}
var ages4 = [10, 20, 44, 23, 55]
for age in ages4 where age > 30 {
print(age)
} // 44 55
func equal(_ s1: S1, _ s2: S2) -> Bool where S1.Element == S2.Element, S1.Element : Hashable {
return false
}
extension Container where Self.Stack.Element : Hashable { }
