The Graph是用于索引和查询区块链数据的去中心化协议。建立subgraphs用标准 GraphQL API 查询这些索引解决了去中心化数据遍历的痛苦。
海量的去中心化数据难以统计计算，现通过一个为区块链数据提供索引的主机服务解决了这个问题。 使用标准 GraphQL API 查询这些索引（“subgraphs”）。 未来，主机服务将演变为具有相同功能的完全去中心化的协议。 两者都由 Graph Node 的开源实现提供支持，它提供了一种用于查询以太坊和IPFS网络数据的公开透明的解决方案，任何人都可以基于其提供的开放API创建并发布索引数据，即subgraph。
本篇入门文档通过一个简单交易量统计例子，带你领略一番如传统数据库信息汇聚之旅（收集与抓取），当具有THe Graph知识储备后，我们就开始吧。
主要研究路线（一路私服到底）
- 智能合约被truffer cmd 发布到truffle/ganache 容器（私链）
- 合约adress&abis与thegraph节点（私node）
- markdemo1工程（the graph）监听，收集数据，处理数据，包装通用查询
- the graph输出查询接口到Dapp2（8000->3000）/query page（8001）
- Dapp2 调用合约交易触发the graph输出变化
辅助输出：
- the graph subgraphs官网浏览https://thegraph.com/explorer 个人subgraphs中心https://thegraph.com/explorer/dashboard
- truffle/ganache 对智能合约管理（部署、调试）
- Rimax 浏览器版对合约操作
- Dapp2对智能合约的操作
- Dapp1对智能合约的监听
- truffle/ganache 、ganache cl、the graph私节点 部署和使用
- 各种网络、本机环境、脚本替换踩过的坑（坑就是是为后来者节约时间）
- 发布一个线上subgraph到https://thegraph.com/explorer
线上体验subgraph
在 https://thegraph.com/explorer 上有很多subgraph，让我们来看看uniswap-v2
| Github | https://github.com/Uniswap | 发布地址 |
|---|---|---|
| ID | QmWTrJJ9W8h3JE19FhCzzPYsJ2tgXZCdUqnbyuo64ToTBN | subgraph |
| Queries (HTTP) | https://api.thegraph.com/subg... | 大量可体验数据查询 |
uniswap-v2
打开浏览器体验一下先
2输入查询功能、参数和条件【点击紫色按钮】—>到节点数据中心3里->4.查询出期望结果；当让2这个通用API也可以通过编程方式来调用，传入不同参数，体验下GraphQL API 查询
| { pairs{id}} | { pairs(where:{id:"0x00004ee988665cdda9a1080d5792cecd16dc1220"}){id}} | { pairs(orderBy:id){id}} |
The graph 用subgraph跟踪智能合约
数据抓取/事件监控数据汇聚及查询
获取存储展示线上智能合约的subgraph简单例子markdemo1
1. 抓当前时间到上次update时间内的记录
2. 存交易大于2的记录
3. 取某客户所以交易记录的条数和汇总金额
4. 以上仅在想象中（真实the graph 就是踩好坑）
按 the graph 思路来
1) 系统初始化把链上最近的区块拉下了，定时取最近区块
2)subgraph的监听事件（原理就是event监听通通拉下数据，所以1，2，3就无意义）是拉下所有数据
3)让我们来看看我踩过的那些坑
- mac机器环境遗留问题brew upgrade 时文件找不到，临时解决找到一个同目录相似文件替换（一直睡不着觉，后找到方案见附录brew upgrade安装报错问题解决替换homebrew-bottles）代理端口8001和the graph 系统端口冲突，改代理
- yarn，git的代理和镜像要不停切换来应对众所周知的网络现状
- docker 里the graph访问外面truffle/ganache系统配置，脚本生成一个访问不可达ip172.18.2.0，修改为本机IP 192.168.0.136（不能使用127.0.0.1补脑docker访问localhost回到哪里？）
- sel 命令第二次替换合同号要用第一次的合同号：例子程序中有2合同，可能都会再修改一次
- truffle/ganache每次启动会生成不同的账号序列，所以不同时间导入合同的owner不同的，不要记第一个账号，会坑死人（可以用合同的历史交易记录查看owner，见markdemo2）
4) 写subgraph 需要注意或已经完成的脚手架 - id: ID! 要求每个实体都有一个非空的不重复主键ID
- dataSources数据源配置初始读取块跳过合同发布之前的那些块：startBlock: 6627917
发布subgraph例子markdemo1
先要部署容器发布一个智能合约（可参见Hardhat + VS code，本篇使用Ganache部署）
Step 1: Ganache and Required Parameters
$ ganache-cli -h 0.0.0.0
例如：ganache-cli -h 0.0.0.0 -v /db -b 6 -a 8 -e 1000 -d expect chair toe trade spider wedding say item scare fog shrimp garlic
打开存在库，设置自动挖矿时间6，设置8个1000gas账号，导入现有私钥，（-d ，可以是外面，也可用-m产生）启动说明（常用-account –db –blockTime）
相信原文，理解更符合你的口味，技术文档每个人理解的角度不一样关注的重点不一样，用心点也不一样
–db 打开（记得这个目录和文件要有读写权限，才能操作后面的账户导入什么的）
–account： 指定账户私钥和账户余额来创建初始测试账户。可多次设置
请注意，私钥长度为64个字符，并且必须以0x前缀的十六进制字符串形式输入。余额可以输入为一个整数或0x前缀的十六进制值，指定该帐户中wei的数量。
使用--account时，不会为您创建HD钱包。
-u or --unlock: 指定 - unlock...多次传递地址或帐户索引以解锁特定帐户。当与 -- secure一起使用时，--unlock将覆盖指定帐户的锁定状态。
$ ganache-cli --secure --unlock "0x1234..." --unlock "0xabcd..."
-b 或r –blockTime： 指定自动挖矿的blockTime，以秒为单位。默认值为0，表示不进行自动挖矿？？一交易一块（ganache will instantly mine a new block for every transaction）。
- -a 或 –accounts： 指定启动时要创建的测试账户数量。
- -e 或 –defaultBalanceEther： 分配给每个测试账户的ether数量，默认值为100。
- -b 或r –blockTime： 指定自动挖矿的blockTime，以秒为单位。默认值为0，表示不进行自动挖矿。
- -d 或 –deterministic： 基于预定的助记词（mnemonic）生成固定的测试账户地址。
- -n 或 –secure： 默认锁定所有测试账户，有利于进行第三方交易签名。
- -m 或 –mnemonic： 用于生成测试账户地址的助记词。
- -p 或 –port： 设置监听端口，默认值为8545。
- -h 或 –hostname： 设置监听主机，默认值同NodeJS的server.listen()。
- -s 或 –seed： 设置生成助记词的种子。
- -g 或 –gasPrice： 设定Gas价格，默认值为20000000000。
- -l 或 –gasLimit： 设定Gas上限，默认值为90000。
- -f 或 –fork： 从一个运行中的以太坊节点客户端软件的指定区块分叉。输入值应当是该节点旳HTTP地址和端口，例如http://localhost:8545。 可选使用@标记来指定具体区块，例如：http://localhost:8545@1599200。
- -i 或 –networkId：指定网络id。默认值为当前时间，或使用所分叉链的网络id。
- –db： 设置保存链数据的目录。如果该路径中已经有链数据，ganache-cli将用它初始化链而不是重新创建。
- –debug：输出VM操作码，用于调试。
- –mem：输出ganache-cli内存使用统计信息，这将替代标准的输出信息。
- –noVMErrorsOnRPCResponse：不把失败的交易作为RCP错误发送。开启这个标志使错误报告方式兼容其他的节点客户端，例如geth和Parity。
-a or --accounts: Specify the number of accounts to generate at startup.
-e or --defaultBalanceEther: Amount of ether to assign each test account. Default is 100.
-b or --blockTime: Specify blockTime in seconds for automatic mining. If you don't specify this flag, ganache will instantly mine a new block for every transaction. Using the --blockTime flag is discouraged unless you have tests which require a specific mining interval.
-d or --deterministic: Generate deterministic addresses based on a pre-defined mnemonic.
-n or --secure: Lock available accounts by default (good for third party transaction signing)
-m or --mnemonic: Use a bip39 mnemonic phrase for generating a PRNG seed, which is in turn used for hierarchical deterministic (HD) account generation.
-p or --port: Port number to listen on. Defaults to 8545.
-h or --host or --hostname: Hostname to listen on. Defaults to 127.0.0.1 (defaults to 0.0.0.0 for Docker instances of ganache-cli).
-s or --seed: Use arbitrary data to generate the HD wallet mnemonic to be used.
-g or --gasPrice: The price of gas in wei (defaults to 20000000000)
-l or --gasLimit: The block gas limit (defaults to 0x6691b7)
--callGasLimit: Sets the transaction gas limit for eth_call and eth_estimateGas calls. Must be specified as a hex string. Defaults to "0x1fffffffffffff" (Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER)
-k or --hardfork: Allows users to specify which hardfork should be used. Supported hardforks are byzantium, constantinople, petersburg, istanbul, and muirGlacier (default).
-f or --fork: Fork from another currently running Ethereum client at a given block. Input should be the HTTP location and port of the other client, e.g. http://localhost:8545. You can optionally specify the block to fork from using an @ sign: http://localhost:8545@1599200.
forkCacheSize: number - The maximum size, in bytes, of the in-memory cache for queries on a chain fork. Defaults to 1_073_741_824 bytes (1 gigabyte). You can set this to 0 to disable caching (not recommended), or to -1 for unlimited (will be limited by your node process).
-i or --networkId: Specify the network id ganache-cli will use to identify itself (defaults to the current time or the network id of the forked blockchain if configured)
--chainId: Specify the Chain ID ganache-cli will use for eth_chainId RPC and the CHAINID opcode. For legacy reasons, the default is currently 1337 for eth_chainId RPC and 1 for the CHAINID opcode. Setting this flag will align the chainId values. This will be fixed in the next major version of ganache-cli and ganache-core!
--db: Specify a path to a directory to save the chain database. If a database already exists, ganache-cli will initialize that chain instead of creating a new one.
--debug: Output VM opcodes for debugging
--mem: Output ganache-cli memory usage statistics. This replaces normal output.
-q or --quiet: Run ganache-cli without any logs.
-v or --verbose: Log all requests and responses to stdout
-? or --help: Display help information
--version: Display the version of ganache-cli
--account_keys_path or --acctKeys: Specifies a file to save accounts and private keys to, for testing.
--noVMErrorsOnRPCResponse: Do not transmit transaction failures as RPC errors. Enable this flag for error reporting behaviour which is compatible with other clients such as geth and Parity.
--allowUnlimitedContractSize: Allows unlimited contract sizes while debugging. By enabling this flag, the check within the EVM for contract size limit of 24KB (see EIP-170) is bypassed. Enabling this flag will cause ganache-cli to behave differently than production environments.
--keepAliveTimeout: Sets the HTTP server's keepAliveTimeout in milliseconds. See the NodeJS HTTP docs for details. 5000 by default.
-t or --time: Date (ISO 8601) that the first block should start. Use this feature, along with the evm_increaseTime method to test time-dependent code.
Step 2: Running a local Graph node
在～graph-node/docker目录下
$ docker-compose up;
或
#!/bin/bash
docker-compose down -v;
if [ -d "data" ]
then
echo "Found old data for the graph node - deleting it";
# we need to sudo this to remove system locked files
sudo rm -rf data/;
fi
docker-compose up;
graph-node_1 | Jun 24 01:34:13.558 WARN Trying again after net_version RPC call failed (attempt #18) with result Err(Transport error: Error(Connect, Os { code: 111, kind: ConnectionRefused, message: "Connection refused" })), provider: mainnet-rpc-0
graph-node_1 | Jun 24 01:34:14.517 ERRO Connection to provider failed. Not using this provider, error: deadline has elapsed, provider: mainnet-rpc-0
该报错会引起第三步（Step 3）报错：
Failed to deploy to Graph node http://127.0.0.1:8020/: Ethereum network not supported by registrar: mainnet.
解决：ConnectionRefused一般是对方服务器不能到达
找到docker/docker-compose.yml-e 的ethereum: ’mainnet:http://host.docker.internal:8545'
修改为本地：ethereum: 'mainnet:http://192.168.0.136:8545'
Step 3-0: 发布markdemo1合同
$ truffle compile
$ truffle migrateMigrations：0x83Ad4160F00259D6D329c09A1436386a706e3818
GravatarRegistr：0xE54bA45F29b4247D75e86fD7A83a1E44160610D2
$ sed -i -e 's/0x2E645469f354BB4F5c8a05B3b30A929361cf77eC/0x83Ad4160F00259D6D329c09A1436386a706e3818/g' subgraph.yamlStep 3: Deploying to your local Graph Node
$ yarn create-local
$ yarn build && yarn deploy-local
最后例子输出效果如下：（http://127.0.0.1:8000/subgraphs/name/moluoping/markg）
Step 4: Dapp 调用
$ git clone https://github.com/graphprotocol/ethdenver-dapp/
$ echo 'REACT_APP_GRAPHQL_ENDPOINT=http://localhost:8000/subgraphs/name/moluoping/markdemo1' > .env
$ yarn && yarn start
监听智能合约交易事件subgraph例子markdemo2
上一章节简单说明了一个子graph发布过程，下面将在Dapp工程中添加下面代码，演示整个智能合约事件监听过程
var Web3 = require("web3")
var web3;
if (typeof web3 !== 'undefined') {
web3 = new Web3(web3.currentProvider);
} else {
web3 = new Web3(new Web3.providers.WebsocketProvider("ws://127.0.0.1:8545"));
}
web3.eth.defaultAccount = '0x4386997160134D4a67FD6A14DE7f924315D6F0A4';
console.log('defaultAccount:' + web3.eth.defaultAccount)
var contractAbi = [{"constant":false,"inputs":[{"name":"_imageUrl","type":"string"}],"name":"updateGravatarImage","outputs":[],"payable":false,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":[],"name":"setMythicalGravatar","outputs":[],"payable":false,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[{"name":"owner","type":"address"}],"name":"getGravatar","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"string"},{"name":"","type":"string"}],"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"name":"gravatarToOwner","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"address"}],"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[{"name":"","type":"address"}],"name":"ownerToGravatar","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":[{"name":"_displayName","type":"string"}],"name":"updateGravatarName","outputs":[],"payable":false,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":[{"name":"_displayName","type":"string"},{"name":"_imageUrl","type":"string"}],"name":"createGravatar","outputs":[],"payable":false,"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"name":"gravatars","outputs":[{"name":"owner","type":"address"},{"name":"displayName","type":"string"},{"name":"imageUrl","type":"string"}],"payable":false,"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"anonymous":false,"inputs":[{"indexed":false,"name":"id","type":"uint256"},{"indexed":false,"name":"owner","type":"address"},{"indexed":false,"name":"displayName","type":"string"},{"indexed":false,"name":"imageUrl","type":"string"}],"name":"NewGravatar","type":"event"},{"anonymous":false,"inputs":[{"indexed":false,"name":"id","type":"uint256"},{"indexed":false,"name":"owner","type":"address"},{"indexed":false,"name":"displayName","type":"string"},{"indexed":false,"name":"imageUrl","type":"string"}],"name":"UpdatedGravatar","type":"event"}]
//Abi data from
// truffle/ganache：markdemo1/abis/Gravity.json
// Remix：web https://remix.ethereum.org/ tab 'SOLIDITY COMPILER'->bottom 'abi'
var contractAbiTruffle=contractAbi
var contractAbiRemix=contractAbi
var contractaAddressRemix ='0x4ef9BEb56eB0Ab92CDeD01Eff9A60554aE594d45'
// Remix：web https://remix.ethereum.org/ tab 'DEPLOY & RUN TRANSACTIONS'->bottom 'Deployed Contracts' list
var contractaAddressTruffle ='0x38FcB3d9c3C8958373D61B702049D695A6725AFE'
//$ truffle migrate
{
var MyContract = new web3.eth.Contract(contractAbiRemix, contractaAddressRemix);
MyContract.methods.updateGravatarName('aaaa').send({from: "0x4386997160134D4a67FD6A14DE7f924315D6F0A4"})
.then(console.log);
//from data: this app project http://localhost:3000/F12 history event data returnValues->"owner"
MyContract.methods.getGravatar('0x38FcB3d9c3C8958373D61B702049D695A6725AFE').call()
.then(console.log);
}
// {
// var MyContract = new web3.eth.Contract(contractAbiTruffle, contractaAddressTruffle);
// MyContract.methods.updateGravatarName('bbbb').send({from: '0xC187EB4620dCEF0FFe5C45566969BdF2be3Ea7B7'})
// .then(console.log);
// //from data: this app project http://localhost:3000/F12 history event data returnValues->"owner"
// MyContract.methods.getGravatar('0x38FcB3d9c3C8958373D61B702049D695A6725AFE').call()
// .then(console.log);
// }
var myEventNew = MyContract.events.NewGravatar({
filter:{},
fromBlock: 0
}, function(error, event){})
.on('data', function(event){
console.log('NewGravatar');
console.log(event); // same results as the optional callback above
})
.on('changed', function(event){
// remove event from local database
})
.on('error', console.error);
var myEventUpdate = MyContract.events.UpdatedGravatar({
filter:{},
fromBlock: 0
}, function(error, event){})
.on('data', function(event){
console.log('UpdatedGravatar');
console.log(event); // same results as the optional callback above
})
.on('changed', function(event){
// remove event from local database
})
.on('error', console.error);- 上个例子中truffle/ganache环境中在$truffle migrate 可见智能合约地址，Abi数据可以在markdemo1工程markdemo1/abis/Gravity.json获取，但是初学者先用Remix体验。
- 看上面代码
然后就出来了，数据终于跑起来了.......
markdemo3(一个销量统计subgraph)
subgraph 在the graph市场上线
1. github网站注册账号
上github网站登录（无账号注册新账号）
2. 获取thegraph网站令牌
在 https://thegraph.com/explorer/dashboard/ 关联登录后，获取tocken
3. 创建subgraphgraph
graph init --from-example moluo..../markdemo3graph init --from-contract
moluo.... github账号名/markdemo3 subgraph名字 创建工程并编译和产生相关资源
✔Subgraph name·moluo..../markdemo3
✔Directory to create the subgraph in·markdemo3
———
✔ Cloning example subgraph
✔ Update subgraph name and commands in package.json
✔ Initialize subgraph repository
✔ Install dependencies with yarn
✔ Generate ABI and schema types with yarn codegen
可以从以上脚本运行看编译过程
4. 发布到线上
a. 用令牌登thegraph开发中心
$ graph auth https://api.thegraph.com/deploy/880d70986bfc4172902641d870d96f37graph auth https://api.thegraph.com/deploy/
#如果报The original error was: Cannot find module 'keytar'
$ npm i -g keytarb. 创建subgraph名字
https://thegraph.com/explorer/dashboard/
subgraph首字母大写，其他随意。
c. 将你的subgraph发布到thegraph.com
$ cd markdemo3
$ yarn deploy如果没有做b步骤，将报错
You may need to create subgraph at https://thegraph.com/explorer...
error Command failed with exit code 1.
c.如果一起顺利，你可以看到：https://api.thegraph.com/subgraphs/name/moluoping/markdemo3
例子解析（聚焦subgraph的markdemo4）
该例子直接从容器中合同向导生成subgraph工程：
$ graph init --from-contract 0x1e1215caD01aD7192832e0DACfA930Caf0132b43 --network mainnet --abi markdemo4.json moluoping/markdemo4智能合约是从Remix中部署的，在Remix页面的编译页面可以copy到contract adress，部署页面可以copy到abi并保存成文件，graph init会生成功能必要的脚手架文件，并把合同的第一个事件监听函数作为查询实体自动代码生成（其他智能合约函数被注释）
这个工程就简洁很多，因为没有智能合约及智能合约部署相关文件，下面简单介绍下:
1) subgraph.yaml 本例address，abi来源于命令行根据未来设置，startBlock定义监控链上开始区块
source:
address: '0xc0a47dFe034B400B47bDaD5FecDa2621de6c4d95'
abi: Contract
startBlock: 88888
2) schema.graphql定义可查询的实体
现在好像都是可被GraphGl查询的实体，不可查询的实体好像还没开放
ID必须string字段
GraphGl是图数据库标准，所以多看看多对多关系。
3) mapping.ts 事件处理实现
配置在subgraph.yaml
eventHandlers:
- event: Transfer(indexed address,indexed address,uint256)
handler: handleTransfer - event: Burn(indexed address,uint256)
handler: handleBurn
file: ./src/mapping.ts
event 变量包含了合约相关（事件，合约函数）
ExampleEntity "../generated/schema" 包含对the subgraph本地持久化相关
4) generated里向导产生的class
本地读写类schema.ts
智能合约函数类Contract.ts
5) 其他
package.json包含了subgraph从编译到本地部署、the graph部署的命令行
其他文件都是copy生成的
THe Graph基础知识
- theGraph社区
1) 官方
https://www.thegraph.com/
https://thegraph.com/docs/define-a-subgraph
2) 社区入门：以太坊数据索引平台The Graph使用教程 https://developer.aliyun.com/article/776668 - 知识体系
1) 深入了解The Graph（上
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/196773044
2) 深入了解The Graph（下
https://thegraph.com/blog/the-graph-network-in-depth-part-2
3) 以太坊开发（一）——Truffle和Ganache
https://blog.csdn.net/TurkeyCock/article/details/79165602
4) 以太坊测试网络Rinkeby使用教程（没钱买币但又想玩以太坊怎么办？用以太坊测试网络吧~~~~）
https://blog.csdn.net/wuhuimin521/article/details/85135610 - 应用
1) 使用 TheGraph 完善Web3 事件数据检索
https://learnblockchain.cn/article/1589
原文链接：https://soliditydeveloper.com/thegraph
作者：MarkusWaas
2) 以太坊truffle+ganache合约部署调试及web3.js事件监听过程记录
https://www.e-learn.cn/topic/3716459
原文链接:https://my.oschina.net/u/4277087/blog/4325668
不羁岁月 提交于 2020-08-06 04:50:03
3) 全部教程web3.js 1.0中文手册
http://cw.hubwiz.com/card/c/web3.js-1.0/1/4/8/
https://github.com/bluketalk/sweb3
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