约束指定了模板实参需要满足的要求,而 concept 则是约束的命名集合.
1. concept
template
concept concept-name = constraint-expression;
此后 concept-name
可以取代 typename
来声明模板形参以添加约束.
也可以将 concept-name
作为约束表达式的一部分.
2. 约束
约束可以是一个原子约束,或两个约束的逻辑与运算(&&
),或两个约束的逻辑或运算(||
).
原子约束只包含一个表达式,且该表达式的值的类型需要为 bool
(不能经过类型转换). 如果表达式的值为 true
,则满足约束,否则不满足约束.
template
requires std::is_arithmetic::value
T add(T x, T y)
{
return x + y;
}
int main()
{
int i = add(1, 2);
double d = add(1.2, 3.4);
// error
// std::string s(add(std::string("111"), std::string("222")));
}
此处使用 requires
从句(区别于 requires
表达式)来要求 T
必须满足 std::is_arithmetic
为 true
. 等价于,
template
concept Arithmetic = std::is_arithmetic::value;
template
T add(T x, T y)
{
return x + y;
}
约束的逻辑运算:
template
concept Integral = std::is_integral::value;
template
concept SignedIntegral = Integral && std::is_signed::value;
template
concept Integral = std::is_integral::value;
template
concept FloatPoint = std::is_floating_point::value;
template
concept Arithmetic = Integral || FloatPoint;
3. requires 表达式
requires { requirement-seq }
requires ( parameter-list(optional) ) { requirement-seq }
requirements-seq
可以是:简单要求、类型要求、复合要求、嵌套要求.
3.1 简单要求
它可以是任意不以 requires
关键字开头的表达式,它断言该表达式是有效的. 只在语言层面上检查该表达式是否有效(编译通过即可),而不会对该表达式进行求值.
template
concept Addable = requires (T a, T b)
{
a + b; // "the expression a+b is a valid expression that will compile"
};
template
T add(T x, T y)
{
return x + y;
}
int main()
{
std::cout << add(1, 2) << '\n';
std::cout << add(std::string("111"), std::string("222")) << '\n';
}
3.2 类型要求
具有如下形式:
typename Type
它要求指定的类型 Type
是有效的(存在该类型).
template concept C =
requires {
typename T::inner; // required nested member name
typename S; // required class template specialization
};
3.3 复合要求
具有如下形式:
{ expression } noexcept(optional) return-type-requirement(optional) ;
return-type-requirement: -> type-constraint
它要求 expression
是有效的, 而且 decltype((expression))
必须满足 type-constraint
.
template concept C2 =
requires(T x) {
{*x} -> std::convertible_to; // the expression *x must be valid
// AND the type T::inner must be valid
// AND the result of *x must be convertible to T::inner
{x + 1} -> std::same_as; // the expression x + 1 must be valid
// AND std::same_as must be satisfied
};
3.4 嵌套要求
具有如下形式:
requires constraint-expression ;
它要求必须满足 constraint-expression
.
template
concept Semiregular = DefaultConstructible &&
CopyConstructible && Destructible && CopyAssignable &&
requires(T a, size_t n) {
requires Same; // nested: "Same<...> evaluates to true"
{ a.~T() } noexcept; // compound: "a.~T()" is a valid expression that doesn't throw
requires Same; // nested: "Same<...> evaluates to true"
requires Same; // nested
{ delete new T }; // compound
{ delete new T[n] }; // compound
};