「Scrapy 爬虫框架」选择器(Selectors)详解

文章目录

  • 内容介绍
  • 如何使用选择器
  • CSS选择器扩展
  • 嵌套选择器
  • 选择元素属性
  • 带有正则表达式的选择器
  • extract() and extract_first()

内容介绍

开发环境为 Python3.6,Scrapy 版本 2.4.x ,爬虫项目全部内容索引目录

看懂Python爬虫框架,所见即所得一切皆有可能

本章带你学习基于 Python3Scrapy 爬虫框架 中数据爬取过程中从HTML源中如何提取数据。

提取数据的方式有很多种根据自己的习惯就好。

  • BeautifulSoup 是 Python程序员中一个非常流行的Web抓取库,基于HTML代码的结构构造Python对象,并相当好地处理不好的标记,但它缺点是速度慢。
  • lxml 是一个XML解析库(解析HTML),并非Python标准库。它使用基于 ElementTree
  • Scrapy 有自己的提取数据的机制被称为Selectors。

代码内容基于「Scrapy 爬虫框架」源码版本 2.4.0 ,更新内容会进行标记说明对应版本。

如何使用选择器

  • 1.构建选择器
# 在处理response对象可以直接使用selector定位属性获取数据
>>> response.selector.xpath('//span/text()').get()
'good'
  • 2.使用XPath和CSS查询方式
# response.xpath()方式
>>> response.xpath('//span/text()').get()
'good'

# response.css()方式
>>> response.css('span::text').get()
'good'

# 文本构造方式
>>> from scrapy.selector import Selector
>>> body = 'good'
>>> Selector(text=body).xpath('//span/text()').get()
'good'

# 基于TextResponse类的HtmlResponse处理response
>>> from scrapy.selector import Selector
>>> from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse
>>> response = HtmlResponse(url='http://example.com', body=body)
>>> Selector(response=response).xpath('//span/text()').get()
'good'
  • 3.使用选择器
    「Scrapy 爬虫框架」选择器(Selectors)详解_第1张图片
# 构造一个XPath,用于选择title标记中的文本
>>> response.xpath('//title/text()')
[<Selector xpath='//title/text()' data='Example website'>]

# 提取文本数据调用选择器 .get() 或 .getall()
>>> response.xpath('//title/text()').getall()
['Example website']
>>> response.xpath('//title/text()').get()
'Example website'
>>> response.css('title::text').get()
'Example website'
# .xpath()和.css()方法返回SelectorList实例列表
>>> response.css('img').xpath('@src').getall()
['image1_thumb.jpg',
 'image2_thumb.jpg',
 'image3_thumb.jpg',
 'image4_thumb.jpg',
 'image5_thumb.jpg']
# 提取第一个匹配的元素,使用 .get() 或者 .extract_first()
>>> response.xpath('//div[@id="images"]/a/text()').get()
'Name: My image 1 '
# 未抓取到对应数据元素
>>> response.xpath('//div[@id="not-exists"]/text()').get() is None
True

>>> response.xpath('//div[@id="not-exists"]/text()').get(default='not-found')
'not-found'
# 选择对应属性内容
>>> [img.attrib['src'] for img in response.css('img')]
['image1_thumb.jpg',
 'image2_thumb.jpg',
 'image3_thumb.jpg',
 'image4_thumb.jpg',
 'image5_thumb.jpg']
 
>>> response.css('img').attrib['src']
'image1_thumb.jpg'
# 对应选择的结果是唯一时
>>> response.css('base').attrib['href']
'http://example.com/'
# 构建图像url的几种方式
>>> response.xpath('//base/@href').get()
'http://example.com/'

>>> response.css('base::attr(href)').get()
'http://example.com/'

>>> response.css('base').attrib['href']
'http://example.com/'

>>> response.xpath('//a[contains(@href, "image")]/@href').getall()
['image1.html',
 'image2.html',
 'image3.html',
 'image4.html',
 'image5.html']

>>> response.css('a[href*=image]::attr(href)').getall()
['image1.html',
 'image2.html',
 'image3.html',
 'image4.html',
 'image5.html']

>>> response.xpath('//a[contains(@href, "image")]/img/@src').getall()
['image1_thumb.jpg',
 'image2_thumb.jpg',
 'image3_thumb.jpg',
 'image4_thumb.jpg',
 'image5_thumb.jpg']

>>> response.css('a[href*=image] img::attr(src)').getall()
['image1_thumb.jpg',
 'image2_thumb.jpg',
 'image3_thumb.jpg',
 'image4_thumb.jpg',
 'image5_thumb.jpg']

CSS选择器扩展

按照W3C标准,CSS选择器不支持选择文本节点或属性值。但在web抓取上下文中选择这些内容是非常重要的,因此scrapy(Parsel)实现非标准伪元素:

  1. 若要选择文本节点,使用 ::text
  2. 若要选择属性值,使用 ::attr(name) 属性的名称
# title::text 选择后代的子文本节点</span>
<span class="token operator">>></span><span class="token operator">></span> response<span class="token punctuation">.</span>css<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'title::text'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>get<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token string">'Example website'</span>
</code></pre> 
  <pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># *::text 选择当前选择器上下文的所有子代文本节点</span>
<span class="token operator">>></span><span class="token operator">></span> response<span class="token punctuation">.</span>css<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'#images *::text'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>getall<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'\n   '</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
 <span class="token string">'Name: My image 1 '</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
 <span class="token string">'\n   '</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
 <span class="token string">'Name: My image 2 '</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
 <span class="token string">'\n   '</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
 <span class="token string">'Name: My image 3 '</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
 <span class="token string">'\n   '</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
 <span class="token string">'Name: My image 4 '</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
 <span class="token string">'\n   '</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
 <span class="token string">'Name: My image 5 '</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
 <span class="token string">'\n  '</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> 
  <pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># foo::text 如果foo元素,但不包含文本(即文本为空)</span>
<span class="token operator">>></span><span class="token operator">></span> response<span class="token punctuation">.</span>css<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'img::text'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>getall<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>

<span class="token operator">>></span><span class="token operator">></span> response<span class="token punctuation">.</span>css<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'img::text'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>get<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token operator">>></span><span class="token operator">></span> response<span class="token punctuation">.</span>css<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'img::text'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>get<span class="token punctuation">(</span>default<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'none'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token string">'none'</span>
</code></pre> 
  <pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># a::attr(href) 选择href子代链接的属性</span>
<span class="token operator">>></span><span class="token operator">></span> response<span class="token punctuation">.</span>css<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'a::attr(href)'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>getall<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'image1.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
 <span class="token string">'image2.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
 <span class="token string">'image3.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
 <span class="token string">'image4.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
 <span class="token string">'image5.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> 
  <h1>嵌套选择器</h1> 
  <pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># 使用 (.xpath()或.css()) 返回相同类型的选择器列表</span>
<span class="token operator">>></span><span class="token operator">></span> links <span class="token operator">=</span> response<span class="token punctuation">.</span>xpath<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'//a[contains(@href, "image")]'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token operator">>></span><span class="token operator">></span> links<span class="token punctuation">.</span>getall<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'<a href="image1.html">Name: My image 1 <br><img src="image1_thumb.jpg"></a>'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
 <span class="token string">'<a href="image2.html">Name: My image 2 <br><img src="image2_thumb.jpg"></a>'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
 <span class="token string">'<a href="image3.html">Name: My image 3 <br><img src="image3_thumb.jpg"></a>'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
 <span class="token string">'<a href="image4.html">Name: My image 4 <br><img src="image4_thumb.jpg"></a>'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
 <span class="token string">'<a href="image5.html">Name: My image 5 <br><img src="image5_thumb.jpg"></a>'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> 
  <pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token operator">>></span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token keyword">for</span> index<span class="token punctuation">,</span> link <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token builtin">enumerate</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>links<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>     href_xpath <span class="token operator">=</span> link<span class="token punctuation">.</span>xpath<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'@href'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>get<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>     img_xpath <span class="token operator">=</span> link<span class="token punctuation">.</span>xpath<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'img/@src'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>get<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>     <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string-interpolation"><span class="token string">f'Link number </span><span class="token interpolation"><span class="token punctuation">{
       </span>index<span class="token punctuation">}</span></span><span class="token string"> points to url </span><span class="token interpolation"><span class="token punctuation">{
       </span>href_xpath<span class="token conversion-option punctuation">!r</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span></span><span class="token string"> and image </span><span class="token interpolation"><span class="token punctuation">{
       </span>img_xpath<span class="token conversion-option punctuation">!r</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span></span><span class="token string">'</span></span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

Link number <span class="token number">0</span> points to url <span class="token string">'image1.html'</span> <span class="token keyword">and</span> image <span class="token string">'image1_thumb.jpg'</span>
Link number <span class="token number">1</span> points to url <span class="token string">'image2.html'</span> <span class="token keyword">and</span> image <span class="token string">'image2_thumb.jpg'</span>
Link number <span class="token number">2</span> points to url <span class="token string">'image3.html'</span> <span class="token keyword">and</span> image <span class="token string">'image3_thumb.jpg'</span>
Link number <span class="token number">3</span> points to url <span class="token string">'image4.html'</span> <span class="token keyword">and</span> image <span class="token string">'image4_thumb.jpg'</span>
Link number <span class="token number">4</span> points to url <span class="token string">'image5.html'</span> <span class="token keyword">and</span> image <span class="token string">'image5_thumb.jpg'</span>
</code></pre> 
  <h1>选择元素属性</h1> 
  <pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># XPath语法</span>
<span class="token operator">>></span><span class="token operator">></span> response<span class="token punctuation">.</span>xpath<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"//a/@href"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>getall<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'image1.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'image2.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'image3.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'image4.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'image5.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> 
  <pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># CSS选择器的扩展 (::attr(...)) 语法</span>
<span class="token operator">>></span><span class="token operator">></span> response<span class="token punctuation">.</span>css<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'a::attr(href)'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>getall<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'image1.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'image2.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'image3.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'image4.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'image5.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> 
  <pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># .attrib 语法</span>
<span class="token operator">>></span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>a<span class="token punctuation">.</span>attrib<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'href'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token keyword">for</span> a <span class="token keyword">in</span> response<span class="token punctuation">.</span>css<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'a'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'image1.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'image2.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'image3.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'image4.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'image5.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>

<span class="token comment"># 字典方式</span>
<span class="token operator">>></span><span class="token operator">></span> response<span class="token punctuation">.</span>css<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'base'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>attrib
<span class="token punctuation">{
     </span><span class="token string">'href'</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">'http://example.com/'</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token operator">>></span><span class="token operator">></span> response<span class="token punctuation">.</span>css<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'base'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>attrib<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'href'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token string">'http://example.com/'</span>

<span class="token comment"># 空结果</span>
<span class="token operator">>></span><span class="token operator">></span> response<span class="token punctuation">.</span>css<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'foo'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>attrib
<span class="token punctuation">{
     </span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</code></pre> 
  <h1>带有正则表达式的选择器</h1> 
  <pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># Selector也有一个.re()使用正则表达式提取数据的方法。</span>
<span class="token comment"># 但与使用.xpath()或.css()方法,.re()返回字符串列表。</span>
<span class="token comment"># 因此不能构造嵌套的.re()。</span>
<span class="token operator">>></span><span class="token operator">></span> response<span class="token punctuation">.</span>xpath<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'//a[contains(@href, "image")]/text()'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>re<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">r'Name:\s*(.*)'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'My image 1'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
 <span class="token string">'My image 2'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
 <span class="token string">'My image 3'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
 <span class="token string">'My image 4'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
 <span class="token string">'My image 5'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> 
  <pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># .get() .extract_first()) .re(),命名.re_first()。</span>
<span class="token comment"># 使用它仅提取第一个匹配字符串:</span>
<span class="token operator">>></span><span class="token operator">></span> response<span class="token punctuation">.</span>xpath<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'//a[contains(@href, "image")]/text()'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>re_first<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">r'Name:\s*(.*)'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token string">'My image 1'</span>
</code></pre> 
  <h1>extract() and extract_first()</h1> 
  <pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># SelectorList.get()** 与 **SelectorList.extract_first() 相同</span>
<span class="token operator">>></span><span class="token operator">></span> response<span class="token punctuation">.</span>css<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'a::attr(href)'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>get<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token string">'image1.html'</span>
<span class="token operator">>></span><span class="token operator">></span> response<span class="token punctuation">.</span>css<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'a::attr(href)'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>extract_first<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token string">'image1.html'</span>
</code></pre> 
  <pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># SelectorList.getall() 与  SelectorList.extract()  相同</span>
<span class="token operator">>></span><span class="token operator">></span> response<span class="token punctuation">.</span>css<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'a::attr(href)'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>getall<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'image1.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'image2.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'image3.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'image4.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'image5.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token operator">>></span><span class="token operator">></span> response<span class="token punctuation">.</span>css<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'a::attr(href)'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>extract<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'image1.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'image2.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'image3.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'image4.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'image5.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> 
  <pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># Selector.get() 与 Selector.extract() 相同</span>
<span class="token operator">>></span><span class="token operator">></span> response<span class="token punctuation">.</span>css<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'a::attr(href)'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>get<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token string">'image1.html'</span>
<span class="token operator">>></span><span class="token operator">></span> response<span class="token punctuation">.</span>css<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'a::attr(href)'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>extract<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token string">'image1.html'</span>
</code></pre> 
  <pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># 列表方式操作 Selector.getall() </span>
<span class="token operator">>></span><span class="token operator">></span> response<span class="token punctuation">.</span>css<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'a::attr(href)'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>getall<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'image1.html'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> 
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                        <span class="text-muted">1784e22615e0</span>

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                        <span class="text-muted">说私域</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD/1.htm">人工智能</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/%E5%B0%8F%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F/1.htm">小程序</a>
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                        <span class="text-muted">xmh-sxh-1314</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/java/1.htm">java</a>
                        <div>消息中间件根据其设计理念和用途,可以大致分为以下几种常见类型:点对点消息队列(Point-to-PointMessagingQueues):在这种模型中,消息被发送到特定的队列中,消费者从队列中取出并处理消息。队列中的消息只能被一个消费者消费,消费后即被删除。常见的实现包括IBM的MQSeries、RabbitMQ的部分使用场景等。适用于任务分发、负载均衡等场景。发布/订阅消息模型(Pub/Sub</div>
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<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/arcgis/1.htm">arcgis</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E5%88%86%E4%BA%AB/1.htm">经验分享</a>
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                        <span class="text-muted">2cfbdfe28a51</span>

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                        <span class="text-muted">小莳玥</span>

                        <div>人来到这个世界上,只有两件事:生和死。一件事已经做完了,另一件你还急什么呢?是人,都有七情六欲。是心,都有喜怒哀乐,这些再正常不过了。别总抱怨自己活得累,过得辛苦。永远记住:舒坦是留给死人的。苦,才是生活;累,才是工作;变,才是命运;忍,才是历练;容,才是智慧;静,才是修养;舍,才会得到;做,才会拥有。人生,活得太清楚,才是最大的不明白。有些事,看得很清,却说不清;有些人,了解很深,却猜不透;有些</div>
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                        <span class="text-muted">mmaerd</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/Leetcode%E5%88%B7%E9%A2%98%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95/1.htm">Leetcode刷题学习记录</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/leetcode/1.htm">leetcode</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95/1.htm">算法</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/%E8%81%8C%E5%9C%BA%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95/1.htm">职场和发展</a>
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<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/python/1.htm">python</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/python/1.htm">python</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE/1.htm">数据</a>
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                        <span class="text-muted">江湖偌大</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/python/1.htm">python</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0/1.htm">深度学习</a>
                        <div>os.environ['TF_CPP_MIN_LOG_LEVEL']='0'#默认值,输出所有信息os.environ['TF_CPP_MIN_LOG_LEVEL']='1'#屏蔽通知信息(INFO)os.environ['TF_CPP_MIN_LOG_LEVEL']='2'#屏蔽通知信息和警告信息(INFO\WARNING)os.environ['TF_CPP_MIN_LOG_LEVEL']='</div>
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                                    <span class="text-muted">lijingyao8206</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/%E5%AD%97%E8%8A%82%E7%A0%81%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF/1.htm">字节码技术</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/jvm/1.htm">jvm</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/AOP/1.htm">AOP</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86/1.htm">动态代理</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/ASM/1.htm">ASM</a>
                                    <div>        这篇继续结合例子来深入了解下Method组件动态变更方法字节码的实现。通过前面一篇,知道ClassVisitor 的visitMethod()方法可以返回一个MethodVisitor的实例。那么我们也基本可以知道,同ClassVisitor改变类成员一样,MethodVIsistor如果需要改变方法成员,注入逻辑,也可以</div>
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                                       title="java编程思想 --内部类" target="_blank">java编程思想 --内部类</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">百合不是茶</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/java/1.htm">java</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E7%B1%BB/1.htm">内部类</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/%E5%8C%BF%E5%90%8D%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E7%B1%BB/1.htm">匿名内部类</a>
                                    <div>内部类;了解外部类 并能与之通信 内部类写出来的代码更加整洁与优雅 
  
1,内部类的创建  内部类是创建在类中的 
 
package com.wj.InsideClass;

/*
 * 内部类的创建
 */
public class CreateInsideClass {

	public CreateInsideClass(</div>
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                                       title="web.xml报错" target="_blank">web.xml报错</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">crabdave</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/web.xml/1.htm">web.xml</a>
                                    <div>web.xml报错 
  
The content of element type "web-app" must match "(icon?,display- 
 name?,description?,distributable?,context-param*,filter*,filter-mapping*,listener*,servlet*,s</div>
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                                       title="泛型类的自定义" target="_blank">泛型类的自定义</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">麦田的设计者</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/java/1.htm">java</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/android/1.htm">android</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/%E6%B3%9B%E5%9E%8B/1.htm">泛型</a>
                                    <div>   为什么要定义泛型类,当类中要操作的引用数据类型不确定的时候。 
采用泛型类,完成扩展。 
  例如有一个学生类 
    
Student{
  Student(){
   System.out.println("I'm a student.....");
  }
} 
 有一个老师类 
  
</div>
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                                    <span class="text-muted">IT独行者</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/JavaScript/1.htm">JavaScript</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/UI/1.htm">UI</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/css/1.htm">css</a>
                                    <div>清除浮动这个问题,做前端的应该再熟悉不过了,咱是个新人,所以还是记个笔记,做个积累,努力学习向大神靠近。CSS清除浮动的方法网上一搜,大概有N多种,用过几种,说下个人感受。 
1、结尾处加空div标签 clear:both      1   2   3   4      
.div 
1 
{ 
background 
: 
#000080 
; 
border 
: 
1px   
s</div>
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                                       title="Cygwin使用windows的jdk 配置方法" target="_blank">Cygwin使用windows的jdk 配置方法</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">_wy_</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/jdk/1.htm">jdk</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/windows/1.htm">windows</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/cygwin/1.htm">cygwin</a>
                                    <div>1.[vim /etc/profile] 
   JAVA_HOME="/cgydrive/d/Java/jdk1.6.0_43"  (windows下jdk路径为D:\Java\jdk1.6.0_43) 
   PATH="$JAVA_HOME/bin:${PATH}" 
   CLAS</div>
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                                    <span class="text-muted">无量</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/maven/1.htm">maven</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/linux/1.htm">linux</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85/1.htm">安装</a>
                                    <div>Linux下安装maven(转)  1.首先到Maven官网 
下载安装文件,目前最新版本为3.0.3,下载文件为 
apache-maven-3.0.3-bin.tar.gz,下载可以使用wget命令; 
 
2.进入下载文件夹,找到下载的文件,运行如下命令解压 
  tar -xvf  apache-maven-2.2.1-bin.tar.gz  
解压后的文件夹</div>
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                                    <span class="text-muted">aichenglong</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/tomcat/1.htm">tomcat</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/http%E8%B7%B3%E8%BD%AC%E5%88%B0https/1.htm">http跳转到https</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/syslong-ng%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE/1.htm">syslong-ng配置</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/syslog%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE/1.htm">syslog配置</a>
                                    <div>1) tomcat配置https,以及http自动跳转到https的配置 
    1)TOMCAT_HOME目录下生成密钥(keytool是jdk中的命令) 
     keytool -genkey -alias tomcat -keyalg RSA -keypass changeit -storepass changeit</div>
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                                    <span class="text-muted">alafqq</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8/1.htm">活动</a>
                                    <div>关于某彩票活动的总结 
具体需求,每个用户进活动页面,领取一个号码,1000中的一个; 
活动要求 
1,随机性,一定要有随机性; 
2,最少中奖概率,如果注数为3200注,则最多中4注 
3,效率问题,(不能每个人来都产生一个随机数,这样效率不高); 
4,支持断电(仍然从下一个开始),重启服务;(存数据库有点大材小用,因此不能存放在数据库) 
 
解决方案 
1,事先产生随机数1000个,并打</div>
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                                       title="java数据结构 冒泡排序的遍历与排序" target="_blank">java数据结构 冒泡排序的遍历与排序</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">百合不是茶</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/java/1.htm">java</a>
                                    <div>java的冒泡排序是一种简单的排序规则 
  
冒泡排序的原理:  
         比较两个相邻的数,首先将最大的排在第一个,第二次比较第二个 ,此后一样; 
        针对所有的元素重复以上的步骤,除了最后一个 
  
  
例题;将int array[] </div>
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                                       title="JS检查输入框输入的是否是数字的一种校验方法" target="_blank">JS检查输入框输入的是否是数字的一种校验方法</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">bijian1013</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/js/1.htm">js</a>
                                    <div>如下是JS检查输入框输入的是否是数字的一种校验方法: 
<form method=post target="_blank">
   数字:<input type="text" name=num onkeypress="checkNum(this.form)"><br>
</form>
</div>
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                                       title="Test注解的两个属性:expected和timeout" target="_blank">Test注解的两个属性:expected和timeout</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">bijian1013</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/java/1.htm">java</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/JUnit/1.htm">JUnit</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/expected/1.htm">expected</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/timeout/1.htm">timeout</a>
                                    <div>JUnit4:Test文档中的解释: 
  The Test annotation supports two optional parameters. 
  The first, expected, declares that a test method should throw an exception. 
  If it doesn't throw an exception or if it </div>
                                </li>
                                <li><a href="/article/1560.htm"
                                       title="[Gson二]继承关系的POJO的反序列化" target="_blank">[Gson二]继承关系的POJO的反序列化</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">bit1129</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/POJO/1.htm">POJO</a>
                                    <div>父类 
  
  
package inheritance.test2;

import java.util.Map;

public class Model {
    private String field1;
    private String field2;

    private Map<String, String> infoMap</div>
                                </li>
                                <li><a href="/article/1687.htm"
                                       title="【Spark八十四】Spark零碎知识点记录" target="_blank">【Spark八十四】Spark零碎知识点记录</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">bit1129</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/spark/1.htm">spark</a>
                                    <div>1. ShuffleMapTask的shuffle数据在什么地方记录到MapOutputTracker中的 
ShuffleMapTask的runTask方法负责写数据到shuffle map文件中。当任务执行完成成功,DAGScheduler会收到通知,在DAGScheduler的handleTaskCompletion方法中完成记录到MapOutputTracker中 
  
   </div>
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                                <li><a href="/article/1814.htm"
                                       title="WAS各种脚本作用大全" target="_blank">WAS各种脚本作用大全</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">ronin47</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/WAS+%E8%84%9A%E6%9C%AC/1.htm">WAS 脚本</a>
                                    <div>   http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/websphere/library/samples/SampleScripts.html 
   无意中,在WAS官网上发现的各种脚本作用,感觉很有作用,先与各位分享一下 
    
获取下载 
这些示例 jacl 和 Jython 脚本可用于在 WebSphere Application Server 的不同版本中自</div>
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                                <li><a href="/article/1941.htm"
                                       title="java-12.求 1+2+3+..n不能使用乘除法、 for 、 while 、 if 、 else 、 switch 、 case 等关键字以及条件判断语句" target="_blank">java-12.求 1+2+3+..n不能使用乘除法、 for 、 while 、 if 、 else 、 switch 、 case 等关键字以及条件判断语句</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">bylijinnan</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/switch/1.htm">switch</a>
                                    <div>借鉴网上的思路,用java实现: 
 




public class NoIfWhile {

	/**
	 * @param args
	 * 
	 * find x=1+2+3+....n
	 */
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		int n=10;
		int re=find(n);
		System.o</div>
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                                <li><a href="/article/2068.htm"
                                       title="Netty源码学习-ObjectEncoder和ObjectDecoder" target="_blank">Netty源码学习-ObjectEncoder和ObjectDecoder</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">bylijinnan</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/java/1.htm">java</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/netty/1.htm">netty</a>
                                    <div>Netty中传递对象的思路很直观: 
Netty中数据的传递是基于ChannelBuffer(也就是byte[]); 
那把对象序列化为字节流,就可以在Netty中传递对象了 
相应的从ChannelBuffer恢复对象,就是反序列化的过程 
 
Netty已经封装好ObjectEncoder和ObjectDecoder 
 
先看ObjectEncoder 
ObjectEncoder是往外发送</div>
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                                <li><a href="/article/2195.htm"
                                       title="spring 定时任务中cronExpression表达式含义" target="_blank">spring 定时任务中cronExpression表达式含义</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">chicony</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/cronExpression/1.htm">cronExpression</a>
                                    <div>一个cron表达式有6个必选的元素和一个可选的元素,各个元素之间是以空格分隔的,从左至右,这些元素的含义如下表所示: 
代表含义            是否必须 允许的取值范围         &nb</div>
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                                <li><a href="/article/2322.htm"
                                       title="Nutz配置Jndi" target="_blank">Nutz配置Jndi</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">ctrain</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/JNDI/1.htm">JNDI</a>
                                    <div>1、使用JNDI获取指定资源: 
 

var ioc = {
    dao : {
        type :"org.nutz.dao.impl.NutDao",
        args : [ {jndi :"jdbc/dataSource"} ]
    }
}
 
以上方法,仅需要在容器中配置好数据源,注入到NutDao即可. </div>
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                                <li><a href="/article/2449.htm"
                                       title="解决 /bin/sh^M: bad interpreter: No such file or directory" target="_blank">解决 /bin/sh^M: bad interpreter: No such file or directory</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">daizj</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/shell/1.htm">shell</a>
                                    <div>在Linux中执行.sh脚本,异常/bin/sh^M: bad interpreter: No such file or directory。 
  
分析:这是不同系统编码格式引起的:在windows系统中编辑的.sh文件可能有不可见字符,所以在Linux系统下执行会报以上异常信息。 
解决: 
1)在windows下转换: 
利用一些编辑器如UltraEdit或EditPlus等工具</div>
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                                       title="[转]for 循环为何可恨?" target="_blank">[转]for 循环为何可恨?</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">dcj3sjt126com</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E5%91%98/1.htm">程序员</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/%E8%AF%BB%E4%B9%A6/1.htm">读书</a>
                                    <div>  
Java的闭包(Closure)特征最近成为了一个热门话题。 一些精英正在起草一份议案,要在Java将来的版本中加入闭包特征。 然而,提议中的闭包语法以及语言上的这种扩充受到了众多Java程序员的猛烈抨击。 
不久前,出版过数十本编程书籍的大作家Elliotte Rusty Harold发表了对Java中闭包的价值的质疑。 尤其是他问道“for 循环为何可恨?”[http://ju</div>
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                                       title="Android实用小技巧" target="_blank">Android实用小技巧</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">dcj3sjt126com</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/android/1.htm">android</a>
                                    <div>1、去掉所有Activity界面的标题栏 
  修改AndroidManifest.xml   在application 标签中添加android:theme="@android:style/Theme.NoTitleBar" 
  
2、去掉所有Activity界面的TitleBar 和StatusBar  
  修改AndroidManifes</div>
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                                       title="Oracle 复习笔记之序列" target="_blank">Oracle 复习笔记之序列</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">eksliang</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/Oracle+%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97/1.htm">Oracle 序列</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/sequence/1.htm">sequence</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/Oracle+sequence/1.htm">Oracle sequence</a>
                                    <div>转载请出自出处:http://eksliang.iteye.com/blog/2098859 
1.序列的作用 
 
 序列是用于生成唯一、连续序号的对象 
 一般用序列来充当数据库表的主键值 
 
2.创建序列语法如下: 
  
create sequence s_emp
start with 1      --开始值
increment by 1    --増长值
maxval</div>
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                                       title="有“品”的程序员" target="_blank">有“品”的程序员</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">gongmeitao</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C/1.htm">工作</a>
                                    <div>完美程序员的10种品质   
  
 完美程序员的每种品质都有一个范围,这个范围取决于具体的问题和背景。没有能解决所有问题的 
  
完美程序员(至少在我们这个星球上),并且对于特定问题,完美程序员应该具有以下品质: 
  1. 才智非凡- 能够理解问题、能够用清晰可读的代码翻译并表达想法、善于分析并且逻辑思维能力强 
  
(范围:用简单方式解决复杂问题)   
 </div>
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                                <li><a href="/article/3084.htm"
                                       title="使用KeleyiSQLHelper类进行分页查询" target="_blank">使用KeleyiSQLHelper类进行分页查询</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">hvt</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/sql/1.htm">sql</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/.net/1.htm">.net</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/C%23/1.htm">C#</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/asp.net/1.htm">asp.net</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/hovertree/1.htm">hovertree</a>
                                    <div>本文适用于sql server单主键表或者视图进行分页查询,支持多字段排序。KeleyiSQLHelper类的最新代码请到http://hovertree.codeplex.com/SourceControl/latest下载整个解决方案源代码查看。或者直接在线查看类的代码:http://hovertree.codeplex.com/SourceControl/latest#HoverTree.D</div>
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                                <li><a href="/article/3211.htm"
                                       title="SVG 教程 (三)圆形,椭圆,直线" target="_blank">SVG 教程 (三)圆形,椭圆,直线</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">天梯梦</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/svg/1.htm">svg</a>
                                    <div>SVG <circle>   SVG 圆形 - <circle> 
<circle> 标签可用来创建一个圆: 
下面是SVG代码: 
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1">
  <circle cx="100" c</div>
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                                <li><a href="/article/3338.htm"
                                       title="链表栈" target="_blank">链表栈</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">luyulong</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/java/1.htm">java</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84/1.htm">数据结构</a>
                                    <div>
public class Node {
	private Object object;
	private Node next;

	public Node() {
		this.next = null;
		this.object = null;
	}

	public Object getObject() {
		return object;
	}

	public</div>
                                </li>
                                <li><a href="/article/3465.htm"
                                       title="基础数据结构和算法十:2-3 search tree" target="_blank">基础数据结构和算法十:2-3 search tree</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">sunwinner</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/Algorithm/1.htm">Algorithm</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/2-3+search+tree/1.htm">2-3 search tree</a>
                                    <div>  
Binary search tree works well for a wide variety of applications, but they have poor worst-case performance. Now we introduce a type of binary search tree where costs are guaranteed to be loga</div>
                                </li>
                                <li><a href="/article/3592.htm"
                                       title="spring配置定时任务" target="_blank">spring配置定时任务</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">stunizhengjia</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/spring/1.htm">spring</a><a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/timer/1.htm">timer</a>
                                    <div>最近因工作的需要,用到了spring的定时任务的功能,觉得spring还是很智能化的,只需要配置一下配置文件就可以了,在此记录一下,以便以后用到: 
  
  
//------------------------定时任务调用的方法------------------------------
    /**
     * 存储过程定时器
    */
    publi</div>
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                                       title="ITeye 8月技术图书有奖试读获奖名单公布" target="_blank">ITeye 8月技术图书有奖试读获奖名单公布</a>
                                    <span class="text-muted">ITeye管理员</span>
<a class="tag" taget="_blank" href="/search/%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8/1.htm">活动</a>
                                    <div>ITeye携手博文视点举办的8月技术图书有奖试读活动已圆满结束,非常感谢广大用户对本次活动的关注与参与。 
 
 
8月试读活动回顾: 
http://webmaster.iteye.com/blog/2102830 
 
 
本次技术图书试读活动的优秀奖获奖名单及相应作品如下(优秀文章有很多,但名额有限,没获奖并不代表不优秀): 
 
 
《跨终端Web》 
 
 
 
 gleams:http</div>
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