Android 控件 —— ListView


ListView 的简单用法

在布局中加入 ListView 控件还算简单,先为 ListView 指定一个 id,然后将宽度和高度都设置为 match_parent,这样 ListView 就占满了整个布局的空间

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:orientation="vertical"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent">

    <ListView
        android:id="@+id/listView"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="match_parent" />

LinearLayout>

接下来修改 MainActivity 中的代码

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {
     

    private val data = listOf("Apple", "Banana", "Orange", "Watermelon",
        "Pear", "Grape", "Pineapple", "Strawberry", "Cherry", "Mango",
        "Apple", "Banana", "Orange", "Watermelon", "Pear", "Grape",
        "Pineapple", "Strawberry", "Cherry", "Mango")

    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
     
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
        val adapter = ArrayAdapter<String>(this, android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, data)
        listView.adapter = adapter
    }
}

先将数据准备好,然后借助适配器将数据传递给 ListView。ArrayAdapter 是 Android 提供的一种适配器的实现类,可以通过泛型来指定要适配的数据类型,然后在构造函数中把要适配的数据传入。在 ArrayAdapter 的构造函数中依次传入 Activity 的实例、ListView 子项布局的 id、数据源,这里我们使用了 android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1 作为 ListView 子项布局的 id,这是一个 Android 内置的布局文件,里面只有一个 TextView,可用于简单地显式一段文本。最后,调用 ListView 的 setAdapter() 方法,将构建好的适配器对象传递进去,这样 ListView 和数据之间的关联就建立完成了

Android 控件 —— ListView_第1张图片


定制 ListView 的界面

只能显示一段文本的 ListView 实在太单调了,我们现在希望定制 ListView 的界面,让它能显示文本和图片

在需要 ListView 的子项指定一个我们自定义的布局,在 layout 目录下新建 fruit_item.xml

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="60dp">

    <ImageView
        android:id="@+id/fruitImage"
        android:layout_width="40dp"
        android:layout_height="40dp"
        android:layout_gravity="center_vertical"
        android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
        tools:ignore="ContentDescription,RtlHardcoded" />

    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/fruitName"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_gravity="center_vertical"
        android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
        tools:ignore="RtlHardcoded" />

LinearLayout>

定义一个实体类,作为 ListView 适配器的适配类型

class FruitAdapter(activity: Activity, val resourceId: Int, data: List<Fruit>) :
    ArrayAdapter<Fruit>(activity, resourceId, data) {
     

    @SuppressLint("ViewHolder")
    override fun getView(position: Int, convertView: View?, parent: ViewGroup): View {
     
        val view = LayoutInflater.from(context).inflate(resourceId, parent, false)
        val fruitImage: ImageView = view.findViewById(R.id.fruitImage)
        val fruitName: TextView = view.findViewById(R.id.fruitName)
        val fruit = getItem(position)
        if (fruit != null) {
     
            fruitImage.setImageResource(fruit.imageId)
            fruitName.text = fruit.name
        }
        return view
    }
}

FruitAdapter 类继承自 ArrayAdapter,并泛型指定为 Fruit 类,重写 getView() 方法。在 getView() 方法中,首先使用 LayoutInflater 来为这个子项加载我们传入的布局,再调用 View 的 findViewById() 方法分别获取 ImageView 和 TextView,然后通过 getItem() 方法得到当前项的 Fruit 实例,设置显示的图片和文字,最后将布局返回

最后修改 MainActivity 中的代码

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {
     

    private val fruitList = ArrayList<Fruit>()

    private val data = listOf("Apple", "Banana", "Orange", "Watermelon",
        "Pear", "Grape", "Pineapple", "Strawberry", "Cherry", "Mango",
        "Apple", "Banana", "Orange", "Watermelon", "Pear", "Grape",
        "Pineapple", "Strawberry", "Cherry", "Mango")

    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
     
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
        initFruits()
        val adapter = FruitAdapter(this, R.layout.fruit_item, fruitList)
        listView.adapter = adapter
    }

    private fun initFruits() {
     
        repeat(2) {
     
            fruitList.add(Fruit("Apple", R.drawable.apple_pic))
            fruitList.add(Fruit("Banana", R.drawable.banana_pic))
            fruitList.add(Fruit("Orange", R.drawable.orange_pic))
            fruitList.add(Fruit("Watermelon", R.drawable.watermelon_pic))
            fruitList.add(Fruit("Pear", R.drawable.pear_pic))
            fruitList.add(Fruit("Grape", R.drawable.grape_pic))
            fruitList.add(Fruit("Pineapple", R.drawable.pineapple_pic))
            fruitList.add(Fruit("Strawberry", R.drawable.strawberry_pic))
            fruitList.add(Fruit("Cherry", R.drawable.cherry_pic))
            fruitList.add(Fruit("Mango", R.drawable.mango_pic))
        }
    }
}

Android 控件 —— ListView_第2张图片


提升 ListView 的运行效率

getView() 方法中还有一个 convertView 参数,这个参数用于将之前加载好的布局进行缓存,以便之后进行重用,我们可以借助这个参数进行性能优化

class FruitAdapter(activity: Activity, val resourceId: Int, data: List<Fruit>) :
    ArrayAdapter<Fruit>(activity, resourceId, data) {
     

    @SuppressLint("ViewHolder")
    override fun getView(position: Int, convertView: View?, parent: ViewGroup): View {
     
        val view: View
        if (convertView == null) {
     
            view = LayoutInflater.from(context).inflate(resourceId, parent, false)
        } else {
     
            view = convertView
        }
        val fruitImage: ImageView = view.findViewById(R.id.fruitImage)
        val fruitName: TextView = view.findViewById(R.id.fruitName)
        val fruit = getItem(position)
        if (fruit != null) {
     
            fruitImage.setImageResource(fruit.imageId)
            fruitName.text = fruit.name
        }
        return view
    }
}

我们在 getView() 方法中进行了判断:如果 convertView 为 null,则使用 LayoutInflater 去加载布局;如果不为 null,则直接对 convertView 进行重用

目前代码还可以继续优化,每次在 getView() 方法中仍然会调用 View 的 findViewById 方法去获取一次控件的实例,我们可以借助一个 ViewHolder 来对这部分性能进行优化,修改 FruitAdapter 中的代码

class FruitAdapter(activity: Activity, val resourceId: Int, data: List<Fruit>) :
    ArrayAdapter<Fruit>(activity, resourceId, data) {
     

    inner class ViewHolder(val fruitImage: ImageView, val fruitName: TextView)

    @SuppressLint("ViewHolder")
    override fun getView(position: Int, convertView: View?, parent: ViewGroup): View {
     
        val view: View
        val viewHolder: ViewHolder
        if (convertView == null) {
     
            view = LayoutInflater.from(context).inflate(resourceId, parent, false)
            val fruitImage: ImageView = view.findViewById(R.id.fruitImage)
            val fruitName: TextView = view.findViewById(R.id.fruitName)
            viewHolder = ViewHolder(fruitImage, fruitName)
            view.tag = viewHolder
        } else {
     
            view = convertView
            viewHolder = view.tag as ViewHolder
        }
        val fruit = getItem(position)
        if (fruit != null) {
     
            viewHolder.fruitImage.setImageResource(fruit.imageId)
            viewHolder.fruitName.text = fruit.name
        }
        return view
    }
}

我们新增一个内部类 ViewHolder,用于对 ImageView 和 TextView 的控件实例进行缓存。当 convertView 为 null 时,创建一个 ViewHolder 对象,并将控件的实例存放在 ViewHolder 里,然后调用 View 的 setTag() 方法,将 ViewHolder 对象存储在 View 中


ListView 的点击事件

ListView 的滚动毕竟只是满足我们视觉上的效果,因此本节学习 ListView 如何才能响应用户的点击事件

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {
     

    private val fruitList = ArrayList<Fruit>()

    ...

    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
     
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
        initFruits()
        val adapter = FruitAdapter(this, R.layout.fruit_item, fruitList)
        listView.adapter = adapter
        /*val adapter = ArrayAdapter(this, android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, data)*/
        /*listView.adapter = adapter*/
        listView.setOnItemClickListener {
     parent, view, position, id ->
            val fruit = fruitList[position]
            Toast.makeText(this, fruit.name, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
        }
    }
}

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