恶魔奶爸语法13-15课

13.如何用好比较结构

比较句，其实并不是状语从句，而是一种特殊的并列句

• Mary is beautiful and Lucy is beautiful too.
• 这是一个并列句，两句话的系表部分都是"is beautiful"
• 那么，如果你要表达：“Mary和Lucy一样漂亮”，就称为原级比较:
• Mary is as beautiful as Lucy (is beautiful).
• 前面一个as是副词，后面一个as才是连词，括号里边的部分和前面的分句相同，故通常省略。
• 如果你要表达:“Mary比Lucy漂亮”， 就称为一般比较:
• Mary is more beautiful than Lucy.

原级比较：as(副词)+形容词或副词的原级…as (连词) …

• 概述
  • 出现在“as…as…”(和…一样)的句子中，第一个as为副词，第二个as为副词连词，引导比较状语从句
  • 此时，整个比较结构，可以作表语，定语（形容词比较），也可以作状语（副词比较）
  • 在否定句中，也可用“not so…as…”
    • He is handsome.
    • John is handsome.
    • 可合并为：He is as handsome as John is handsome
    • 为了避免重复，第二个as后面相同的部分(动词及动词以后的词)均可省略。如果后面的主语是代词时，书面语用主格，但是口语可使用宾格。
    • 故这句话可改为:
    • He is as handsome as John. 他和约翰一样帅!
  • 在书面语中，尤其是主语为代词时，为了避免选择主格/宾格的麻烦，最好不要省略比较连词后面的动词（口语中可省略）
  • He is as handsome as John is
  • He is as handsome as you are
  • He is as handsome as I am
• 形容词原级比较
  • Pigs are as clever as monkeys and dolphins. (表语比较) 猪和猴子以及海豚一样聪明。
  • People are not so honest as they once were. (表语比较) 人们不再像以前那样诚实了。
  • 注:形容词后可接名词(定语比较)
    • Jane is as a beautiful girl as Mary. 简和玛丽一样是个漂亮女孩。
• 副词原级比较
  • David works as hard as Bill. 大卫和比尔一样努力。
  • Mary reads as much as Tony watches television. 玛丽看书的时间和托尼看电视的时间一样多。
  • I can’t keep a secret as long as he/him. 我不能像他一样保守那么久的秘密
• 尽量…：as + adj./adv. + as possible/one can
  • You should be as careful as you can when driving. = You should be as careful as possible when driving. 你开车要尽量小心。
  • The woman kept as near as she could to the children and even tried to get into the case herself, but it was too small. 这位妇女尽可能地靠近孩子，甚至自己也想钻进箱子里去，只是箱子太小了。
• 极为…：be as + adj. + as can be
  • That girl is as beautiful as can be. 那个女孩子美丽极了。
• 和往常一样…：as + adj./adv. + as ever + as one used to be
  • I rang the bell and was not surprised to see that Herbert was still as fat as ever. 我按响了门铃，当看到休仍和往常一样胖时，我并不感到惊奇。
  • Jack is working as hard as ever. 杰克和往常一样努力工作。
  • Jay Chou is not so popular as he used to be. 周杰伦没有以前那么红了。
• 多达…：as many as + 数字 + 复合名词
  • As many as 20,000 people were killed or missing in a massive tsunami in Japan on March 11, 2011. 多达2万人在2011年3月11日的日本大海啸中丧生和失踪。
  • 注：修饰金额时，一律用as much as
  • I have as much as 100 dollars with me. 我身上多达100美元。
  • 类似搭配有：as long as长达，as wide as宽达，as high as高达
• 造句练习
  • 1.要想把英文学好，你应该尽量多看英文文章。
    • 1.To learn English well, you should read as many English articles as possible.
  • 2.我每次见到大卫，他都像蜜蜂一样忙着工作。
    • 2.Whenever I see David, he is as busy working as a bee.
  • 3.彼得或许没有玛丽那么聪明，但是他勤奋(hardworking)极了。
    • 3.Peter may be not so/as clever as Mary, but he is as hardworking as can be.
  • 4.这名歌手不像以前那么受欢迎了。
    • 4.The singer is not so/as popular as he used to be.
  • 5.估计多达10万名考生将参加新托福考试。
    • 5.It is estimated that as many as one hundred thousand candidates will take the IBT.
  • 6.我学英文长达十年之久。
    • 6.I’ve been learning English as long as ten years.

比较级比较(一般)：形容词或副词的比较级…than (连词)…

• 概述
  • 情况一
    • 1.A is beautiful.
    • 2.B is beautiful.
    • 如果要表达“A比B更漂亮”，就需要将上面两个句子合并:
    • A is more beautiful than B is beautiful.
    • A is more beautiful than B is.
    • A is more beautiful than B.
    • 那么问题来了，than后面的句子，动词is省略好还是不省略好呢?
    • 很简单，than后 面的句子中的动词和前面完全一致， 那就可以省略，但是如果不一致，比如is变成了am, are, was, were等形式，那就不能省略。如果是一般动词，应以do, does, did代替)。
    • Mary is more beautiful than Jane.
    • John is more handsome than I am.
  • 情况二
    • 1.I like her.
    • 2.You like her.
    • 如果要表达“我比你更喜欢她”，那么两句合并:
    • I like her more than you like her.
    • 此时，如果省略动词: I like her more than you. (意思是我喜欢她胜过喜欢你)
    • 那么，就出现歧义了，到底是“我比你更喜欢她”还是“我更喜欢她而不喜欢你呢?因为“you”既可能是主格也可能是宾格。事实上，英文中所有的实义名词都是“主格”与“宾格”相同的。
    • 所以，上面的句子应该写成: I like her more than you do. (我比你更喜欢她)
• 形容词一般比较
  • Bill Frith’s garden is larger than Joe’s. 比尔.弗里斯的花园比乔的花园大。
  • Wisdom is more precious than wealth. 智慧比财富更宝贵。
  • Athlete need to consume much more food than the average person. 运动员比一般人需要消耗更多的食物。
  • Taking a beautiful fall is better than wondering aimlessly. 华丽的跌倒，胜过无谓的徘徊。
  • Indifference and neglect often do much more damage than outstraight dislike. 冷漠和忽视经常比直接的憎恨伤害更大。(J.K .Rowling名言)
• 副词一般比较
  • Bill works harder than Joe and grows more flowers and vegetables, but Joe’s garden is more interesting. 他比乔也更为勤奋，种植的花卉和蔬菜也更多，但乔的花园更富有情趣。
  • Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜于空谈。
  • 比较级可以被副词much, even, still, far, a lot修饰，表示"…得多"，或者a bit, a little修饰，表示“…一点点”。
  • 比较级前面加上all the，表示“更加…”，是一种强调，相当于even, much
    • The food was all the more delicious because we were hungry. = The food was even/much more delicious because we were hungry. 因为我们饿了，食物就更加美味可口。

准关系代词as, than, but引导的定语从句

• 概述
  • 对比两个句子:
  • 1.我们了解到他通过了考试。
  • 2.正如我们了解到的那样，他通过了考试。
  • 我们会发现，上面两句话其实是同一个意思。英语中，也有和上面完全对应的说法:
  • 1.We learned that he passed the exam.
  • 2.As we learned, he passed the exam.
• as引导的定语从句
  • 概述
    • 传统语法认为：as通常 用于引导非限定性定语从句，此时as代替整个主句，相当于which。这种说法显然比较牵强附会，造成很多英语学习者理解困难。其实这种句型同样属于比较状语从句，只不过as后面省略了复合关系代词what，只要知道了这点，马上就能理解了。
    • As (what / the thing that) I soon learnt, he was English himself! 我很快了解到，他自己就是个英国人!
    • 主动式：As I soon learnt, he was English himself.
    • 被动式：As was soon learnt (by me), he was English himself.
    • 注意，本从句的谓语动词必须是及物动词！！而且主句必须是这个及物动词逻辑上的宾语
    • 上一句话，learn是及物动词，后面的主句he was English himself. 刚好就是learn的逻辑宾语
  • 例句
    • But as they soon discovered, disguises can sometimes be too perfect. 但他们很快就发觉，化装的效果有时过分完美了。
    • Anyway, as Brian pointed out, it is the easiest thing in the world to give up smoking. 不管怎么说，正如布赖恩指出的那样，戒烟是世界上最容易的事情。
    • As is known to us all, the whale is not fish but mammal. 就像我们都知道的一样，鲸不是鱼类而是哺乳动物。
    • She was married again, ==as was expected.==她又结婚了，正如人们预料的一样。
    • As is reported, it is 100 years since Tsing University was founded. 正如报道的那样，清华大学建校已经有100年历史了。
  • 造句练习
    • 1.正如她工作表现出的一样，她很细心。
      • 1.She is very careful, as her work shows.
    • 2.就像我们猜测的一样，这个调皮的学生没有通过考试。
      • 2.As we guessed, the naughty student didn’t pass the exam.
    • 3.正如常常被指出的，知识是一把双刃剑，可以同等地用于造福和作恶。
      • 3.As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.
• that引导的定语从句
  • 概述
    • 先看这句话:
    • He smoked more cigarettes than were normally available. 他吸的香烟比他弄到的要多。
    • 如果按照传统语法把than看成关系代词，是很难理解的。但是，只要我们按照下面的方式理解，就是一目了然了:
    • He smoked more cigarettes than (what) were normally available.
    • 这里，than后面省略 了复合关系代词what,这样理解，立刻就能符合我们的正常思维方式。
  • 例句
    • Don’t drink more wine than is good for health. 不要过量饮酒，适量饮酒有益于健康。
    • I have more money than he needs. 我的钱比他需要的多。
    • He is a good student than you are. 他是个好学生，比你还好。
    • The manufacturers had to pay more money than they had anticipated, for they bought the biscuit from the student for $24,000. 饼干公司不得不付出比他们预计多得多的钱，因为为买下那学生烘制的饼干他们支付了24,000美元。
    • To compensate for his unpleasant experiences in hospital, the man drank a little more than was good for him. 为了补偿住院这一段不愉快的经历，那人喝得稍许多了一点。
    • It seems that man was making a real effort to understand the seasons 20,000 years earlier than has been supposed. 看来人类早就致力于探索四季变迁了，比人们想象的要早20,000年。
  • 造句练习
    • 1.人们现在准备饭菜比以前容易多了。
      • 1.People today can prepare their meal much easier than has ever been before.
    • 2.父母最好别给孩子太多的钱，够用就行了。
      • 2.Parents had better not give kids more money than is needed.
    • 3.所以今天想在某一领域成为专业人士要比以前花费更长的时间。
      • 3.Therefore, to be a professional in a certain field today takes much longer time than has ever been before.
• but引导的定语从句
  • but作为准关系代词引导定语从句，是一种少见的用法，且只引导限定性定语从句。而且要特别注意，but本身具有否定意义，故引导的定语从句具有否定含义。另外，but修饰的先行词，通常会被否定词修饰。且这个结构通常只能和there be句型搭配
    • There is no man but errs.人必犯错。(but作主语，相当于There is no man who doesn’t err.)
    • There is nothing but he knows.没有他不知道的事情。(but作宾语，相当于There is nothing which he doesn’t know.)
  • 造句练习
    • 1.在场的人没人不知道这个故事
      • 1.There was no one present but knew the story already .
    • 2.没有不爱自己孩子的母亲
      • 2. There is no mother but loves her children.

14.如何写好倒装句和强调句

概述

• 所谓倒装句，就是改变句子主干的正常顺序，达到强调其中一部分内容的目的

否定倒装句

• 概述
  • 倒装的方法其实是：把否定副词后面的句子，变成一般疑问句语序
  • 句中有be动词或者助动词的时候，将其与主语倒装
  • 句中只有一般动词的时候，根据人称和时态在主语前加上do, does, did
• 否定性质的副词
  • never(从不)
    • Never is he happy. 他从不快乐。(原句是：He is never happy)
  • hardly/scarcely(几乎不)
    • Hardly is he ever quiet. 他几乎从未安静过。(原句是: He is hardly ever quiet.)
  • rarely/seldom(很少)
    • Rarely does modern sculpture surprise us any more. 现代雕塑再也不使我们感到惊讶了。(原句是：Modern sculpture rarely surprise us any more.)
  • little/none(一点也不)
  • nowhere(哪里都不)
• 否定性质的副词短语
  • 绝不：by no means, in no way, on no account, under no circumstances, in no situation
    • By no means are you the person we need. 你绝非我们需要的人。(原句: You are by no means the person we need. )
    • In no way am I responsible for what has happened. 我决不对发生的事情负责。(原句是: I am in no way responsible for what has happened. )
  • not until/only + 副词性质的短语或从句：直到…/就在…
    • Not until John arrived did I leave.直到约翰到了之后我才离开。(原句: I did not leave until John arrived. )
    • Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it. 只有在人口稀少的农村，才可以忽视它。(原句: It is possible to disregard it only in a sparsely-populated rural community. )
  • 并列句里面的not only…but(also/…as well)（不仅…而且…）句型，在连接两个完整的句子时，要使用倒装。注：第二个句子不倒装，但also要省略
    • Not only was the meal well below the usual standard, but Bessie seemed unable to walk steadily.不仅饭菜远不如平时做得好，而且贝西走起路来似乎东倒西歪。(原句是：The meal was not only well below the …)
    • Not only had the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well. 那个可怜的记者不仅被捕了，而且还被送进了监狱。(原句是：The poor man had not only been arrested, …)
• 造句练习：(分别用正常语序和倒装)
  • 1.我很少晚上11点以后看电视。
    • 1.I seldom watch TV after 11:00 p. m.
    • Seldom do I watch TV after 11:00 p. m.
  • 2.我以前从没有想过玛丽会离开她的丈夫。
    • 2.I would never have guessed that Mary would leave her husband.
    • Never would I have guessed that Mary would leave her husband.
  • 3. 你绝不会(by no means)找不到(have trouble finding)这座大楼的，因为它是全市最高的。
    • 3.You should by no means have trouble finding the building because it is the tallest in the city.
    • By no means should you have trouble finding the building because it is the tallest in the city.
  • 4.只有在较浅的河段你才能涉水渡河。
    • 4.You can walk across the river only in the shallow part.
    • Only in the shallow part can you walk across the river.
  • 5.只有在他跟我说明问题时，我才了解我哪里错了。
    • 5.I can understand what I am doing wrong only when he explains the problems to me.
    • Only when he explains the problems to me can I understand what I am doing wrong.
  • 6.直到我抵达机场，才想起把护照忘在家里了。
    • 6.I did not remember that I had left my passport at home until I arrived at the airport.
    • Not until I arrived at the airport did I remember that I had left my passport at home.

so/such倒装句

• 形容词一般比较
  • He is so helpful that we all like him. = So helpful is he that we all like him.他那么乐于助人，因此我们都很喜欢她。
  • He has done so well that he deserves our respect. = So well has he done that he deserves our respect.他做得那么好，所以值得我们尊敬。
  • Mrs. Sterling got so angry that she ran after them. = So angry did Mrs. Sterling get that she ran after them.斯特林夫人非常气愤，向着他们追了过去。
  • Peter is such an outstanding student that all the teachers that have taught him like him very much. = Such an outstanding student is Peter that all the teachers that have taught him like him very much.彼得是这么杰出的学生，以至于所有教过他的老师都非常喜欢她。
• so作为副词单独使用可表示“也”的意思，前面有连词and，后面的句子倒装
  • I’m afraid of darkness, and my sister is, too. = I’m afraid of darkness, and so is my sister.我怕黑，我妹妹也是。
• 造句练习：(分别用正常语序和倒装)
  • 1.彼得夫妇有这么好的女儿，使得我们都很羡慕他们。
    • 1.Mr. and Mrs.Peter have such a good daughter that I envy them.
    • Such a good son do Mr. and Mrs. Peter have that I envy them.
  • 2.这位老太太的生活如此悲惨，以至于我们都很同情(sympathize with)她。
    • 2.The old lady’ s life is so miserable that we all sympathize with him.
    • So miserable is the old lady S life that we all sympathize with him.
  • 3.很多年轻人喜欢周杰伦，我也是。
    • 3.Many young people like Jay Chou, and I do, too.
    • Many young people like Jay Chou, and so do I.
  • 4.奥巴马总统明天会来看我们，他老婆也会来。
    • 4.President Obama will be coming to see us tomorrow, and his wife will, too.
    • President Obama will be coming to see us tomorrow, and so will his wife.

nor / and neither倒装句

• nor和neither都表示“也不”，但nor是连词，而neither是副词，所以前面通常有连词and。（美语中有时也可省略）
  • My girlfriend doesn’t like singing, and I don’t, either.
  • = My girlfriend doesn’t like singing, nor do I.
  • = My girlfriend doesn’t like singing, and neither do I.
• nor作为副词，还可以单独使用，表示“并非”
  • Nor is it only the ignorant and ill-educated person who was such faith in the bottle of medicine.并不只是那些无知和没受过良好教育的人才迷信药瓶子
  • Nor is the city without its moments of beauty.城市也并非没有良辰美景
• 造句练习：(分别用正常语序和倒装)
  • 1.我将不会出席明天的会议，我们老板也不会。
    • 1.I will not attend the meeting tomorrow, and our boss will not, either.
    • I wiII not attend the meet ing tomorrow, and neither will our boss .
    • I will not attend the meeting tomorrow, nor will our boss.
  • 2.这条消息也不是特别地令人吃惊。
    • 2.The news is not particularly surprising.
    • Nor is the news particularly surprising.

副词倒装句

• 表示地点、方向、次序的副词放在句首，主语是名词，谓语是系动词或不及物动词的时候，必须倒装（主语是代词不倒装）
  • Up came the sun as we climbed to the mountain top. 太阳在我们爬到山顶时升起。(完全倒装)
  • On the desk is a book. 桌上有本书(完全倒装)
  • Among them will be debbie’s mother, who swam the Channel herself when she was a girl. 他们当中还会有黛比的母亲，她本人还是个姑娘时，也曾横渡过英吉利海峡! (本句中 的mother被定语从句修饰，故倒装以后和紧邻定语从句，使句子主干更突出)
  • Next came a horse. 随后来了一匹马。
  • There you have it that’s the news for today.(不倒装)
  • On the hill I saw Lulu.(不倒装)
• There be句型，其实是一种特殊的地点副词倒装句，翻译为“有…”，其本质是强调某种东西“存在”，be这时是一个不及物动词，相当于exist。而动词have的本质是强调“拥有”
  • There is only one happiness in this life, to love and to be loved.生命中只有一种情况叫幸福——爱和被爱。 (法国作家 乔治桑名言)
  • There will be a large basketball match in our school next week.我们学校下周将有一场大型篮球比赛。
  • There have been bicycles stolen from the parking lot recently. 最近停车场一直有自行车遭窃。
  • Many people wonder if there might be life in other galaxies.很多人想知道其它星系是否可能有生命存在。
• 某些语法书说，have的主语是人，There be的主语是物*。这种说法显然是错误的。大家一定要记住：have是从属关系，there be仅仅强调某种东西“存在”，所以there be句型的主语一定是实体名词，而不能用抽象名词比如meeting, conversation等
  • The house has many large rooms and there is a lovely garden.这栋房子里有许多房间，还有一个漂亮的花园。(本句里rooms属于house的组成部分，而garden属于house外的东西，故前面用has，后面用there is)

强调

• 普通强调句
  • 为了强调句中的某个成分，可以用下面两种句型
  • It is/was + 名词/代词 + who/whom/which引导的定语从句
  • It is/was + 副词/介词短语/状语从句 + that引导的名词从句
    • Mary is visiting us tomorrow.玛丽明天来看我们。
    • => It is Mary who is visiting us tomorrow.明天来看我们的是玛丽。
    • I bought this watch yesterday.我昨天买了这块手表。
    • => It is this watch which I bought yesterday.我昨天买的就是这块手表。
    • I quit my job because I didn’t like the general manager.我辞职是因为我不喜欢总经理。
    • => It was because I didn’t like the general manager that I quit my job.我是因为不喜欢总经理才辞职的。
    • The tree was planted near a church fifty years ago, but it has gained an evil reputation only in recent years.该树是50年前栽在教堂附近的，但近几年得到了一个坏名声。
    • => The tree was planted near a church fifty years ago, but it is only in recent years that it has gained an evil reputation. 该树是50年前栽在教堂附近的，但只是近几年才得到了一个坏名声。
• 注：强调句中的It is /was…who/whom/which/that在句子中不作任何成分，这是与it作形式主语的句型的区别
• 一般疑问句的强调：把is/was提到it前面
• 特殊疑问句的强调：疑问句+一般疑问句的强调句
  • Was it yesterday that he met president Obama?他是昨天遇到奥巴马总统的吗?
  • What is it that makes a person so special?使一个人与众不同的究竟是什么呢?
• 造句练习
  • 1.我是在公园里遇到玛丽的。
    • 1.It was in the park that I ran into Mary.
  • 2.我是为了我的健康的缘故放弃这份待遇优厚的工作的。
    • 2.It was for the sake of my health thatI gave up this well-paying job.
  • 3.是直到昨天你才完成这个工作的吗?
    • 3.Was it until yesterday that you finished the work?
  • 4.究竟是哪个国家赢得了2010年世界杯呢?
    • 4.Which country was it that won the World Cup in 2010?

15.介词省略句型

引入

• 先看几个汉语句子
  • 1、我确信他无法通过考试。
  • 2、我很高兴你来参加我们的宴会。
  • 3、我恐怕他不会来了。
  • 4、我很抱歉这么晚打扰你。
• 在汉语中是表示人的心理活动，应该是谓语动词，后面的句子是宾语
• 但是在英语中，并没有对应心理活动的动词，而是对应的表示心理活动的形容词: sure, glad, afraid, or…等等，我们将其称之为“主观形容词”
• 所以，需要一个固定搭配：be+主观形容词+ about/ of

后接名词

• I am terribly sorry about that.听说这事我很难过。

后接动名词短语

• She is tired of doing her homework.她对写作业感到很厌倦.
• John has been aware of having done something wrong.约翰已意识到自己做错了事

后接名词从句

• 只有whether从句和疑问句从句，才能直接作介词的宾语
  • I am worried about whether he can do it. 我很担心他是否能做这件事。
  • I’m curious about how he’ll cope with the problem. 我很好奇他将如何应付这个问题。
• 介词后如果要用that从句，那么此时要省略介词about/of，其实这样的结构，就是去掉了介词about或of的宾语从句
  • I am worried about that he plays around all day. (X)这句话应该为：I am worried that he plays around all day.
  • Sam was sure that the wallet must have been found by one of the villagers, but it was not returned to him. 萨姆确信那钱包一定是被某个村民捡到了，可是却不见有人来送还给他。
  • They were also quite sure that a cigarette end did not start the fire. 他们还十分肯定火灾也不是由烟头引起的。
  • My wife was delighted that things had returned to normal once more. 一切又都恢复了正常，为此我妻子十分高兴。
  • I’m afraid that I can’t help you this time. 恐怕这次我不能帮你了。
• 此时还可用介词+ the fact + that从句，此时that从句为同位语从句。或将that从句化简为动名词短语
  • 如表达：
  • 我确定这支队赢了这场比赛。I am sure of that the team has won the game. (X)
  • 应改为：
  • I am sure of the fact that the team has won the game.
  • I am sure of the team’s winning the game.

后接不定式

• After his attempt, Campbell was disappointed to learn that his average speed had been 299 miles per hour. 比赛结束后，坎贝尔非常失望地得知他的平均时速是299英里。
• I was excited to receive a letter from my girlfriend in Australia. 我很兴奋，因为我收到澳洲的女朋友给我的信。
• 以上的例句中，不定式的逻辑主语都是句子的主语

5个特殊形容词

• easy/difficult/hard/possible/impossible，表示：做某事容易/很难/可能/不可能，其后的不定式，形式是主动的，但是意思是被动的
  • He is easy to please.他很容易被取悦。
  • He is difficult to fool.他不容易受骗。
  • This book is hard to understand.这本书很难被理解。(绝对不能说: This book is hard to be understood.(X)