前言
最近有同学问到在 Ubuntu 下如何编译安装 PostgreSQL。这次内容就来说一下如何在 Ubuntu 操作系统中安装 PostgreSQL 数据库。那么，安装 PostgreSQL 对于 DBA 来说是再简单不过的事儿了，我们知道 PostgreSQL 在 Redhat 家族系统中有三种安装方式，分别是源码安装，rpm 方式安装和yum 方式安装，当然，rpm 安装和 yum 安装可以当做是同类型的安装，除此之外，就是使用已经编译好的二进制安装。那么对于Ubuntu操作系统来说，除了一键化使用 apt-get install 来安装和 redhat 家族安装不同以外，源码安装和二进制安装都一样。但如果使用源码安装，需要解决一些依赖。本文就是在最新版本的 Ubuntu 服务器操作系统上安装 PostgreSQL。
NOTE:当前 Ubuntu 操作系统上已经集成了最新的 PostgreSQL 安装包，版本为 12.9 版本
一 、 使用 apt-get 安装
apt-get 命令为 Ubuntu 系统管理软件的命令，利用该命令可以管理，移除，清空，检查等在 Ubuntu 上安装的软件。
1. 操作系统版本
操作系统为 Ubuntu 20.04.3 服务器操作系统
root@developer:~# lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID:Ubuntu
Description:Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS
Release:20.04
Codename:focal2. 查看 Ubuntu 上可用的 PostgreSQL 包
通过 apt list 可以列出 PostgreSQL 相关的软件包
root@developer:~# apt list | grep -w postgresql-12 | tail -1
WARNING: apt does not have a stable CLI interface. Use with caution in scripts.
postgresql-12/focal-updates,focal-security 12.9-0ubuntu0.20.04.1 amd643. 执行安装
postgresql-12/focal-updates,focal-security 12.9-0ubuntu0.20.04.1 amd64
root@developer:~# apt-get install postgresql-12 -y
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
libpython2.7 libpython2.7-dev libpython2.7-minimal libpython2.7-stdlib
Use 'apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following NEW packages will be installed:
postgresql-12
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 10 not upgraded.
Need to get 0 B/13.5 MB of archives.
After this operation, 41.1 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Preconfiguring packages ...
Selecting previously unselected package postgresql-12.
(Reading database ... 158185 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../postgresql-12_12.9-0ubuntu0.20.04.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking postgresql-12 (12.9-0ubuntu0.20.04.1) ...
Setting up postgresql-12 (12.9-0ubuntu0.20.04.1) ...
Creating new PostgreSQL cluster 12/main ...
/usr/lib/postgresql/12/bin/initdb -D /var/lib/postgresql/12/main --auth-local peer --auth-host md5
The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".
This user must also own the server process.
The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".
The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".
The default text search configuration will be set to "english".
Data page checksums are disabled.
fixing permissions on existing directory /var/lib/postgresql/12/main ... ok
creating subdirectories ... ok
selecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posix
selecting default max_connections ... 100
selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MB
selecting default time zone ... Etc/UTC
creating configuration files ... ok
running bootstrap script ... ok
performing post-bootstrap initialization ... ok
syncing data to disk ... ok
Success. You can now start the database server using:
pg_ctlcluster 12 main start
Ver Cluster Port Status Owner Data directory Log file
12 main 5432 down postgres /var/lib/postgresql/12/main /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-12-main.log
update-alternatives: using /usr/share/postgresql/12/man/man1/postmaster.1.gz to provide /usr/share/man/man1/postmaster.1.gz (postmaster.1.gz) in auto mode
Processing triggers for postgresql-common (214ubuntu0.1) ...
Building PostgreSQL dictionaries from installed myspell/hunspell packages...
en_us
Removing obsolete dictionary files:4. 根据上面输出，启动 PostgreSQL 数据库集簇
root@developer:~# pg_ctlcluster 12 main start这里需要注意一下的是，Ubuntu 版本中自带的 PostgreSQL 数据库版本对于数据库集簇管理命令封装为 pg_ctlcluster 命令。因此，该命令可以执行和 pg_ctl 类似的一些动作，如启动、停止、重启、加载等。
5. 检查进程
root@developer:~# ps -ef |grep postgres
postgres 69578 1 0 07:54 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/postgresql/12/bin/postgres -D /var/lib/postgresql/12/main -c config_file=/etc/postgresql/12/main/postgresql.conf
postgres 69580 69578 0 07:54 ? 00:00:00 postgres: 12/main: checkpointer
postgres 69581 69578 0 07:54 ? 00:00:00 postgres: 12/main: background writer
postgres 69582 69578 0 07:54 ? 00:00:00 postgres: 12/main: walwriter
postgres 69583 69578 0 07:54 ? 00:00:00 postgres: 12/main: autovacuum launcher
postgres 69584 69578 0 07:54 ? 00:00:00 postgres: 12/main: stats collector
postgres 69585 69578 0 07:54 ? 00:00:00 postgres: 12/main: logical replication launcher6. 检查端口
root@developer:~# netstat -anlp | grep 5432
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:5432 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 69578/postgres
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 246072 69578/postgres /var/run/postgresql/.s.PGSQL.54327. 登录数据库
root@developer:~# psql -U postgres -d postgres -p 5432
psql: error: FATAL: Peer authentication failed for user "postgres"这里在登录数据库的时候报对等认证错误，那么我们知道连接认证都是基于 pg_hba.conf 条目来配置的，因此该报错需要修改 pg_hba.conf 配置文件。
修改配置文件需要知道使用 apt-get 将文件都分发到哪个目录才可以。在 Ubuntu 系统中，通过 whereis 可找到软件安装在哪里，如下，PostgreSQL 软件安装的位置
root@developer:~# whereis -u postgresql
postgresql: /usr/lib/postgresql /etc/postgresql /usr/share/postgresql上面输出可以看到，软件都被安装到上面三个目录，当然，可执行程序被安装到 /usr/bin 目录下，如下
root@developer:~# cd /usr/bin/
root@developer:/usr/bin# ls -l pg*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 37 Aug 24 2020 pg_archivecleanup -> ../share/postgresql-common/pg_wrapper
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 37 Aug 24 2020 pg_basebackup -> ../share/postgresql-common/pg_wrapper
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 37 Aug 24 2020 pgbench -> ../share/postgresql-common/pg_wrapper
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 9707 Aug 24 2020 pg_buildext
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1229 Aug 24 2020 pg_config
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 6262 Aug 24 2020 pg_conftool
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 34684 Aug 24 2020 pg_createcluster
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 23919 Aug 24 2020 pg_ctlcluster
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 7603 Aug 24 2020 pg_dropcluster
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 37 Aug 24 2020 pg_dump -> ../share/postgresql-common/pg_wrapper
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 37 Aug 24 2020 pg_dumpall -> ../share/postgresql-common/pg_wrapper
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 37 Aug 24 2020 pg_isready -> ../share/postgresql-common/pg_wrapper
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 5268 Aug 24 2020 pg_lsclusters
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 37 Aug 24 2020 pg_receivewal -> ../share/postgresql-common/pg_wrapper
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 37 Aug 24 2020 pg_receivexlog -> ../share/postgresql-common/pg_wrapper
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 37 Aug 24 2020 pg_recvlogical -> ../share/postgresql-common/pg_wrapper
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 5887 Aug 24 2020 pg_renamecluster
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 30968 Sep 9 12:59 pgrep
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 37 Aug 24 2020 pg_restore -> ../share/postgresql-common/pg_wrapper
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 33434 Aug 24 2020 pg_upgradecluster
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 7859 Aug 24 2020 pg_virtualenv修改 pg_hba.conf 文件通过 unix socket 认证方式为 trust
root@developer:~# cd /etc/postgresql/12/main/
root@developer:/etc/postgresql/12/main# vi pg_hba.conf
root@developer:/etc/postgresql/12/main# cat pg_hba.conf | grep trust
# METHOD can be "trust", "reject", "md5", "password", "scram-sha-256",
local all postgres trust再次尝试连接，连接前需要从新加载基于主机的配置文件
root@developer:~# pg_ctlcluster reload 12 main
root@developer:~# psql -U postgres -d postgres -p 5432
psql (12.9 (Ubuntu 12.9-0ubuntu0.20.04.1))
Type "help" for help.
postgres=# 可以看到数据库版本为 12.9 版本。
8. 使用系统命令管理数据库实例
postgresql.service 系统守护文件和 redhat 家族系统一样，依然存放在 /usr/lib/systemd/system 目录下
root@developer:/usr/lib/systemd/system# pwd
/usr/lib/systemd/system
root@developer:/usr/lib/systemd/system# ls postgresql.service
postgresql.service那么使用 apt-get 安装的 PostgreSQL 数据库也可以使用 systemctl 命令进行管理和维护
二、 使用源码编译安装
1. 上传安装包到 /opt/software 目录并解压
root@developer:~# cd /opt/software/
root@developer:/opt/software# ls
postgresql-13.5.tar.bz2
root@developer:/opt/software# tar -jxf postgresql-13.5.tar.bz2
root@developer:/opt/software# ls
postgresql-13.5 postgresql-13.5.tar.bz22. 安装必要的依赖
apt-get install -y systemtap-sdt-dev
apt-get install -y libicu-dev
apt-get install -y libreadline-dev
apt-get install -y zlib1g-dev
apt-get install -y libssl-dev
apt-get install -y libpam-dev
apt-get install -y libxml2-dev
apt-get install -y libxslt-dev
apt-get install -y libldap-dev
apt-get install -y libsystemd-dev
apt-get install -y getext
apt-get install -y tcl-dev
apt-get install -y libpython3-dev
apt-get install -y libperl-dev3. 切换到数据库软件解压目录，并执行编译前配置
切换目录
root@developer:~# cd /opt/software/postgresql-13.5/
root@developer:/opt/software/postgresql-13.5# 执行编译前检查
export PREFIX="/usr/local/pg13"
export PGPORT=10000
./configure \
--prefix=${PREFIX} \
--exec-prefix=${PREFIX}/pgsql \
--bindir=${PREFIX}/pgsql/bin \
--sysconfdir=${PREFIX}/etc \
--libdir=${PREFIX}/pgsql/lib \
--includedir=${PREFIX}/include \
--datarootdir=${PREFIX}/share \
--localedir=${PREFIX}/locale \
--mandir=${PREFIX}/locale/man \
--docdir=${PREFIX}/locale/doc \
--htmldir=${PREFIX}/locale/html \
--enable-nls='en_US zh_CN' \
--with-perl \
--with-python \
--with-tcl \
--with-icu \
--with-openssl \
--with-ldap \
--with-pam \
--with-systemd \
--with-libxml \
--with-libxslt \
--with-readline \
--with-zlib \
--with-pgport=${PGPORT}4. 执行编译和安装命令
root@developer:/opt/software/postgresql-13.5# make world -j8 && make install-world -j8编译安装的位置如下：
root@developer:/usr/local/pg13# pwd
/usr/local/pg13
root@developer:/usr/local/pg13# ls
include locale pgsql share5. 创建操作系统用户和数据库集簇存放目录
创建 postgres 用户
root@developer:~# useradd -u 2000 -c "PostgreSQL db user" -b /home -m -k /etc/skel -s /bin/bash postgres
root@developer:~# passwd postgres
New password:
Retype new password:
passwd: password updated successfully创建数据库集簇存放目录 /data/pg13/pgdata
root@developer:~# mkdir -p /data/pg13/pgdata授权
root@developer:~# chown postgres.postgres -R /data6. 切换到 postgres 用户配置环境变量
root@developer:~# su - postgres
postgres@developer:~$ vi .bashrc
postgres@developer:~$ tail -4 .bashrc
export PGHOME=/usr/local/pg13
export PGDATA=/data/pg13/pgdata
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${PGHOME}/pgsql/lib:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}
export PATH=${PGHOME}/pgsql/bin:${PATH}
postgres@developer:~$ . .bashrc7. 初始化数据库集簇
postgres@developer:~$ initdb -D $PGDATA -k
The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".
This user must also own the server process.
The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".
The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".
The default text search configuration will be set to "english".
Data page checksums are enabled.
fixing permissions on existing directory /data/pg13/pgdata ... ok
creating subdirectories ... ok
selecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posix
selecting default max_connections ... 100
selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MB
selecting default time zone ... Etc/UTC
creating configuration files ... ok
running bootstrap script ... ok
performing post-bootstrap initialization ... ok
syncing data to disk ... ok
initdb: warning: enabling "trust" authentication for local connections
You can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or
--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.
Success. You can now start the database server using:
pg_ctl -D /data/pg13/pgdata -l logfile start8. 启动数据库
postgres@developer:~$ pg_ctl start -D $PGDATA -l /tmp/logfile
waiting for server to start.... done
server started9. 登录数据库
postgres@developer:~$ psql -d postgres
psql (13.5)
Type "help" for help.
postgres=# select version();
version
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PostgreSQL 13.5 on x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Ubuntu 9.3.0-17ubuntu1~20.04) 9.3.0, 64-bit
(1 row)总结
上面两种方式为 PostgreSQL 在 Ubuntu 操作系统下的安装。需要注意的是 Ubuntu 系统中，使用 apt-get 安装的 PostgreSQL 是基于发行 PostgreSQL 的二次封装软件。因此命令和源码编译安装的会有所区别。如集簇的启动，数据库参数的修改，数据库的删除和创建，用户的创建和删除等等。