友邻哲学旅人 E19 正确对待欲望

What shall we extract from this extracted wisdom?
在这些精粹的智慧中,我们能提取什么呢?
Perhaps the best starting point, and the most arresting deviation from the fashions of medieval philosophy, is Bacon's frank acceptance of the Epicurean ethic.
或许最好的做这件事的起点,我们首先要能适应这样一个偏离--从中世纪哲学不断的偏离,是培根非常坦诚的接受伊壁鸠鲁的伦理观。

伊壁鸠鲁的核心观:

人最重要的是开心。那怎么能做到开心?要对自己的欲望做第一层面的估计,要将自己的快感分成必然实现快关和非必然实现快感,必然实现快感当中必然实现有益的和必然实现有害。所以伊壁鸠鲁得出的观点就是:除了自己脑子看进的书和吃进嘴里的饭,其它都是无用的。但是一定要追寻快乐。

但是伊壁鸠鲁的道德观在中世纪是完全被否定的,因为他搞享乐,中世纪的神父哲学讲究的是“节欲”的。

"That philosophical progression,‘Use not that you may not wish, wish not that you may not fear,’seems an indication of a weak, diffident and timorous mind.
“不用则不求,不求则不惧。”这似乎是一种怯懦、软弱的灵魂暗示。

(你要用的这些东西,你一定是有念想的,你要使用的东西,你心里一定是有敬畏的。)

And indeed most doctrines of the philosophers appear to be too distrustful, and to take more care of mankind than the nature of the thing requires.
确实,哲学家们的大部分提出的教条和理论都显得缺乏自信,他们对人类的关注超出来事物实际需要的限度。
Thus they increase the fears of death by the remedies they bring against it; for whilst they make the life of man little more than a preparation and discipline for death, it is impossible but the enemy must appear terrible when there is no end of the defense to be made against him."
因此他们增加了对死亡的恐惧,当他们在采用各种疗法来抵制死亡;因为他们仅仅把人们的生活变于对死亡的

训练和准备;因此当敌人最终出现的时候,一定是面目恐惧,当背后没有任何防卫措施去阻止他。”

这里提了很重要的观点:对死亡的敬畏之心,有了敬畏之心,在世间去做你该做的事情。

求立于有生之涯而无惧死。

Nothing could be so injurious to health as the Stoic repression of desire; what is the use of prolonging a life which apathy has turned into premature death?
没有比斯多葛派压制欲望的主张更有害健康的了;倘若没有情感的心灵使人没能享受到自然的欢乐就死去,那寿命再延长又有何意义呢?

一方面要有畏惧感,但不能有畏惧感而让灵魂变得非常冷漠。培根一直在寻找这其中的平衡。

And besides, it is an impossible philosophy; for instinct will out.
更何况,这种哲学根本没办法实现的哲学,因为人的本根本不会去这么做。
"Nature is often hidden; sometimes overcome; seldom extinguished.
“自然往往被隐藏;有时会征服我们;但极少能被灭绝。
Force maketh nature more violent in the return; doctrine and discourse maketh nature less importune; but custom only doth alter or subdue nature...
你这种使用的暴力只会让自然更加猛烈的回馈你,但是我们这种哲思让自然不会那么的纠缠(所以人要思考);但是行为和习惯让自然稍微妥协了......

自然的力量总在,你想改变自然,自然会用更强大的力量回过来打你,你必须去经过思考,你才能有很大的空间去理解这件事情应该这么做,让自然不是那么多的残忍。如果你不是这么去做,只是让所谓的传统去做所谓的改变,那么自然仅仅会是一点点稍是的妥协,但不能让自然不纠缠你。

But let not a man trust his victory over his nature too far; for nature will lay buried a great time, and yet revive upon the occasion or temptation.
但是,不要太过自信于自己能彻底征服自然,因为它能够长期潜伏,且一有机会或诱因,就会爆发。
Like as it was with AEsop's damsel, turned from a cat to a woman, who sat very demurely at the board's end, till a mouse ran before her.
这就好比《伊索寓言》中的那只猫,虽能扮作文静的淑女端坐在桌旁,可一旦老鼠在它面前跑过,它便原形毕露。
Therefore let a man either avoid the occasion altogether, or put himself often to it, that he may be little moved with it."
因此,我们既没必要绝对禁欲,也没必要恣意纵欲。那样才能不受欲望摆布。”
Indeed Bacon thinks the body should be inured to excesses as well as to restraint; else even a moment of unrestraint may ruin it. (So one accustomed to the purest and most digestible foods is easily upset when forgetfulness or necessity diverts him from perfection.)
培根也确实认为,人的身体应该既习惯于节制,又适应于放纵,不然一时不节制就会受到损伤(吃惯了干净事物的人,一旦吃了不干净的食物,就极易生病。)

培根和王阳明的很多观点是一样的:

培根反对亚里士多德

王阳明反对宋明理学

inured to excesses as well as to restraint天理和人欲的统一

佛家谈论的密宗修炼方式。要坦然面对自己的人欲,压制只会越高。

不要故意去克制人类的欲望,因为反弹会极其凶猛,我们要去做的就是生活不断的学习不断地努力,自然就会和天理接近,因为本性当中通过努力就是会天理接近的,自然而然人欲就会越占越少。

Yet "variety of delights rather than surfeit of them"; for "strength of nature in youth passeth over many excesses which are owing a man till his age"; a man's maturity pays the price of his youth.
“大量的欢愉而不是过量的东西”;因为“年轻的时候可能会有很多过量的情况出现直到到了一定年龄的时候,他自然会固定下来”;一个人的成熟就是以他的年轻为代价的。

你体验无所谓,但是不要走的过量,可能会有很多过量

One royal road to health is a garden; Bacon agrees with the author of Genesis that "God Almighty first planted a garden"; and with Voltaire that we must cultivate our back yards.
通往健康的康庄大道是一座花园;培根同意《创世纪》作者所言:“万能的上帝首先种下了一座花园;”他也同意伏尔泰的观点,即我们必须精心耕耘我们的生活花园。

上帝给了你一个身体,就是花园,但怎么打理好自己的身体,就要你自己去修正自己的后花园。

语言点

deviation: n. 偏离

timorous: adj. 胆怯的

prolong: vt. 延长

apathy: n. 冷漠,无感情

demurely: adv. 庄严地

inure: vt. 使习惯;使适应

surfeit: n. 过度

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