IELTS 7 test1 reading 2 精读

目标

生词的使用方法
同义词替换
文章结构

翻译（中英文）

段落句子	结构	翻译
A1	中心句	人类的文明史和我们学会控制水源的方式的历史密不可分
		intertwined
A2	扩充A1的manipulate water resources	随着村庄地不断扩大，水从越来越远的地方取来。这导致了一些非常先进的工程成果，例如：水坝、高架渠
A3	扩充A2 engineering efforts	在罗马帝国的巅峰时期，九个主要系统提供给罗马居民的人均水资源和今天许多工业世界地区所提供的的一样多。并且这九个主要系统采用了创新的水管布局，和做工良好的下水管道。
B1	B2的原因	在工业革命和人口暴涨的19和20世纪，对水的需求增长地十分明显
2	B1导致的结果，扩充 中心句	从未有的建立大量的不朽的工程和水力发电带给无数人巨大的好处。这些工程被用来控制水流、提供干净的水和提供灌溉用水
3	对B2的benefit 扩展	食物的生产跟得上人口激增，主要是由于人工灌溉系统的扩张使得生产世界食物40%成为可能
	对B2的benefit 扩展	将近五分之一的世界生产的电力来源于水力发电（通过水落下的是能带动涡轮机转动产生的能量）
C1	中心句	然而这副图景的反面是：尽管我们在进步，但是世界上仍有一半的人在忍受不如古代希腊人和罗马人所能渠道的水源
C2	扩展C1	随着联合国在2001年11月再次报道了水资源的获取，超过十亿人口缺少渠道获取干净的水资源，25亿人没有足够的卫生设施
C3	C2的后果	可预防的与水相关的疾病每天杀死大概一万到两万个孩子，并且最新的数据显示我们解决这个问的的努力并不奏效
D1	中心句	我们关于水的政策的后果不止包括伤害人类健康
D2	对D1beyond的扩展	数千万的人口离开他们的家园，并且经常只有一点警告或是赔偿。他们的家园要为大坝后的水库腾地方。
D3	同上	超过整个淡水鱼20%的物种正在遭受威胁或者已经频临灭绝，因为大坝和水的撤走伤害 自由流动的盒
D4	同上	这种常规的灌溉方式降低了土地的品质，并且减少了农业产量。
D5	同上	地下水的正在以比它们自然补充速度更快的方式下降，在印度或者美国，或者其它地方都这样
D6	同上	并且在共享水资源上的争论会导致暴力并会加剧地区、国家，甚至国际之间的关系紧张事态
E1	引出中心句	在这个新的一千年的开始之际，资源计划着思考水资源的方式开始发生变化。
E2	中心句,扩展E1的change	焦点逐渐退回“供应基础人类和环境的需要是最重要的事情”上面来，并强调确保“一些就够了”，而不是“更多”
E3	补充E2，反对	关于这个改变的哲学观点并不被普遍接受，一些建立水组织持强烈的反对意见
E4	总结	不过，这可能是成功解决那些问题的唯一方式：为每个人提供干净的饮用水、为庄稼提供足够的水资源、远离可预防和水相关的疾病的危害
F1	中心句	幸运并且出人意料的是，对水的需求并没有像一些人预测的增长地很快。
F2	F1后果	结果导致，建设新的水的基础设施的压力在过去20年内降低了
F3	补充F1	尽管在发展中国及，人口、工业产值和经济生产力仍保持迅猛发展，但是人们从水库、河流、湖泊取水的代价上涨的很慢
F4	补充F1	并且世界上有少数地方，需求实际上下降了
G1	中心议题	如何解释这些事件的转变
G2	回答G1	两个因素：人们知道如何高效地使用水资源，并且社会开始反思他们对于水使用的优先权
G3	G2	经过20世纪前三分之一的时间，人均淡水消耗量已经翻了一番，并且在美国，人口总数正常了四倍，取水量上涨了十倍
G4	解释G1	但是自从1980以来，人均用水量实际上在下降，由于一系列新的技术帮助在家里和工厂存储水资源
G5		例如在1965年，日本使用了将近1300万加仑的水生产了一百万的工业产出；在1989年用水量下降到三百五十万加仑（甚至解释为通货膨胀）——将近是水生产力的四倍
G6		在美国，回收的水下降超过20%，对比1980年的巅峰状态
H1		另一方面，大坝和高架渠，还有其他类型的基础建设将仍会被建造，尤其是发展中国家，因为他们的人民群众需要没有被满足。
H2		但是这些工程必须建立在高规格的基础上，并且要比过去对待当地人民和环境更加负责
H3		并且甚至在那些看中新工程的的区域，我们必须找到满足这些需求的方法：更少的资源、符合生态标准、更低的预算

单词

出处	单词	意思 例句
A1	civilisation [ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn]	human society with its well developed social organizations, or the culture and way of life of a society or country at a particular period in time文明文化 Some people think that nuclear war would mean the end of civilization.
	entwine [ɪnˈtwaɪn]	be entwined (with sth)to be very closely involved or connected with sth Her destiny was entwined with his.
	manipulate [məˈnɪpjuleɪt]	to control or influence sb / sth, often in a dishonest way so that they do not realize it As a politician, he knows how to manipulate public opinion.
	increasingly / inˈkriːsiŋli / adv.	more and more all the time越来越多地；不断增加地 The U.S. has increasingly relied on Japanese capital
A2	sophisticated [səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd] adj.	clever and complicated in the way that it works or is presented复杂巧妙的；先进的；精密的 Medical techniques are becoming more sophisticated all the time.
	dam [dæm]	a barrier that is built across a river in order to stop the water from flowing, used especially to make a (= a lake for storing water) or to produce electricity The dam holds back the water
	aqueduct n.	（尤指跨越山谷的多拱的）高架渠，度槽
	effort	the result of an attempt to do sth努力的结果；成就 I'm afraid this essay is a poor effort.
A3	height	the point when sth is at its best or strongest He is at the height of his career.She is still at the height of her powers.
	innovative [ˈɪnəveɪtɪv]	introducing or using new ideas, ways of doing sth, etc.引进新思想的；采用新方法的；革新的；创新的: There will be a prize for the most innovative design.
	layout	the way in which the parts of sth such as the page of a book, a garden or a building are arranged布局 I like the the layout of the house
	sewer [ˈsuːə(r)]	下水道；排水管；阴沟 A complicated system of sewers runs under the city.
	occupant [ˈɒkjəpənt]	a person who lives or works in a room or building 居住者 All outstanding bills will be paid by the previous occupants
	as much...as	used when you are comparing ten people or things, or ten situations(比较时用)像…一样,如同 I shall try, with as much patience as is possible, to explain yet again
B1	revolution [ˌrevəˈluːʃn]	] a great change in conditions, ways of working, beliefs, etc. that affects large numbers of people A revolution in information technology is taking place.
	explosion [ɪkˈspləʊʒn]	a large, sudden or rapid increase in the amount or number of sth The government has had to take measures to halt the population explosion
	dramatically [drəˈmætɪkli]	suddenly or obviously 突然地；明显地 Your life changes dramatically when you have a baby.
B2	unprecedented [ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd]	that has never happened, been done or been known before This century has witnessed environmental destruction on an unprecedented scale
	monumental [ˌmɒnjuˈmentl]	very important and having a great influence, especially as the result of years of work Gibbon's monumental work ‘The Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire’
	irrigation [ˌɪrɪˈɡeɪʃn]	Irrigation is the watering of land to make it ready for agriculture. If you want to start a strawberry farm in the desert, irrigation will be necessary
	hydropower	**the production of electricity by the force of fast moving water; hydroelectric power 水力发电 **
B3	keep pace	to move, increase, change, etc. at the same speed as sb / sth Until now, wage increases have always kept pace with inflation
	soar [sɔː(r)]	if the value, amount or level of sth soars, it rises very quickly Air pollution will soon soar above safety levels House prices had soared a further twenty per cent.
	expansion [ɪkˈspænʃn]	an act of increasing or making sth increase in size, amount or importance In order to finance expansion on this scale, the government has relied heavily on borrowing
	artificial [ˌɑːtɪˈfɪʃl] adj.	made or produced to copy sth natural; not real The city is dotted with small lakes, natural and artificial
	production [prəˈdʌkʃn]	the process of growing or making food, goods or materials, especially large quantities The increase in volume of production brought down the price of the goods.
B4	nearly [ˈnɪəli] adv.	almost; not quite; not completely The audience was nearly all men. I've worked here for nearly ten years.
	fifth [fɪfθ]	one fifth : 五分之一
	take / plead the fifth	美国俚语 (在法庭上)拒绝回答,避而不答 From the Fifth Amendment of the US Constitution, which guarantees this right.源自《美国宪法修正案》第 5 条,该条保障这种权利
	electricity [ɪˌlekˈtrɪsəti]	a form of energy from charged elementary particles, usually supplied as electric current through cables, wires, etc. for lighting, heating, driving machines, etc.电；电能 We run the washing machine at night because offpeak electricity is much cheaper.
	worldwide	ADV 副词遍及全世界地;世界各地地 If something exists or happens worldwide, it exists or happens throughout the world. 【搭配模式】：ADV after v An increase in average temperature by only a few degrees could cause environmental problems worldwide
	turbine	a type of machine through which liquid or gas flows and turns a special wheel with blades in order to produce power 涡轮机，叶轮机，透平机
	spin [spɪn] spinning, spun, spun	to turn round and round quickly; to make sth do this
C1	inferior [ɪnˈfɪəriə(r)] adj.	not good, or not as good as someone or something else 差的；比…次的 It was clear the group were regarded as intellectually/morally/socially inferior.
	Greek [ɡriːk]	希腊人
C2	United Nations	联合国
	reiterate [riˈɪtəreɪt]	to repeat sth that you have already said, especially to emphasize it Let me reiterate that we are fully committed to this policy.
	billion	十亿
	adequate [ˈædɪkwət] adj.	enough in quantity, or good enough in quality, for a particular purpose or need It's not by any means a brilliant salary but it's adequate for our needs.
	sanitation	the equipment and systems that keep places clean, especially by removing human waste下水道、卫生设施
	preventable [prɪˈventəbl]	able to be prevented 可防止的，可预防的，可阻止的 Forty-thousand children a day die from preventable diseases
	fall behind	to fail to finish a piece of work or pay someone money that you owe them at the right time The project has fallen behind schedule.
D1	consequence [ˈkɒnsɪkwəns] n.	a result of sth that has happened An economic crisis may have tremendous consequences for our global security.
	jeopardise [ˈdʒepədaɪz]	to risk harming or destroying sth/sb He would never do anything to jeopardize his career.
	extend	****
D2	compensation [ˌkɒmpenˈseɪʃn]	something, especially money, that sb gives you because they have hurt you, or damaged sth that you own; the act of giving this to sb 补偿I have to spend three months of the year away from home - but there are compensations like the chance to meet new people.
	reservoir [ˈrezəvwɑː(r)]	1.a natural or artificial lake where water is stored before it is taken by pipes to houses, etc.水库 2. 宝库；储备The universities constitute a reservoir of expert knowledge.
	make way	to be replaced by someone or something Most of the old buildings have made way for hotels and offices.
	tens of millions	数千万
D3	freshwater	living in water that is not the sea and is not salty淡水中生长的
	species	a set of animals or plants in which the members have similar characteristics to each other and can breed with each other （动植物的）种，物种 endangered species Women film directors in Hollywood are a rare species
	withdrawal [wɪðˈdrɔːəl] n.	the act of moving or taking sth away or back The UN were faced with an ignominious withdrawal or a long-term military presence
	free-flowing	Something that is free-flowing is able to move without anything stopping it 可自由活动的 free-flowing traffic
	ecosystem	all the living things in an area and the way they affect each other and the environment 生态系统 Pollution can have disastrous effects on the delicately balanced ecosystem.
	thrive	to become, and continue to be, successful, strong, healthy, etc.茁壮成长、兴旺、发达 She seems to thrive on stress
D4	practice	****
	soil [sɔɪl]	the top layer of the earth in which plants, trees, etc. grow We have the most fertile soil in Europe
D5	replenish [rɪˈplenɪʃ]	to make sth full again by replacing what has been used Allow me to replenish your glass.
D6	dispute [ˈdɪspjuːt] n.	The two countries are in dispute over the boundaries of their coastal waters The two countries are in dispute over the boundaries of their coastal waters
	tension [ˈtenʃn]	situation in which people do not trust each other, or feel unfriendly towards each other, and which may cause them to attack each other There are growing tensions betweeen the two countries.
E1	outset	at / from the 'outset (of sth) : at / from the beginning of sth从开始 I made it clear right from the outset that I disapproved.
	millennium	a period of 1000 years, or the time when a period of 1000 years ends 一千年，千周年；千周年纪念日
E1	shift	to (cause something or someone to) move or change from one position or direction to another, especially slightly （尤指略微地）移动；改变；转移 Media attention has shifted recently onto environmental issues
	provision [prəˈvɪʒn]	the act of supplying sb with sth that they need or want; sth that is supplied The government is responsible for the provision of health care.
E5	nevertheless	despite sth that you have just mentioned尽管如此；不过；然而
	press [pres]	*to express or repeat sth with force坚持；反复强调 In the interview he strongly pressed his point of view
	free from	from/of sth not containing or affected by sth harmful or unpleasant He dedicated his life to freeing the world from famine and disease.
F2	diminish [dɪˈmɪnɪʃ] v.	to become or to make sth become smaller, weaker, etc. These memories will not be diminished by time. Our efforts were producing diminishing returns
	infrastructure	the basic systems and services, such as transport and power supplies, that a country or organization uses in order to work effectively 基础建设 The war has badly damaged the country's infrastructure.
F3	rate	a fixed amount of money that is charged or paid for sth价格；费用 We have a wide range of vehicles available for hire at competitive rates.
G2	community	** all the people who live in a particular area, country, etc. when talked about as a group社区；社会:** health workers based in the community (= working with people in a local area)
G3	quantity [ˈkwɒntəti]	the amount or number of something, especially that can be measured or is fixed （尤指可测量或确定的）量，数量，分量 We consumed vast quantities of food and drink that night. It's quality not quantity that really counts
G4	tenfold	10倍
	quadruple	(使)变为四倍
	conserve [kənˈsɜːrv]	to protect sth and prevent it from being changed or destroyed保护；保存；保藏 I'm not being lazy - I'm just conserving my energy/strength for later
	range	a set of products of a particular type类；种 our new range of hair products.
	commercial [kəˈmɜːʃl]	** [usually before noun] connected with the buying and selling of goods and services** The commercial future of the company looks very promising.
	inflation [ɪnˈfleɪʃn]	a general rise in the prices of services and goods in a particular country, resulting in a fall in the value of money; the rate at which this happens Wage increases must be in line with inflation.
	account for	to explain the reason for something or the cause of something Can you account for your absence last Friday?
	quadruple [kwɑːˈdruːpl]	（使）成为四倍；（使）以四相乘
	withdrawal	the act of moving or taking sth away or back撤走；收回；取回
H2	specification [ˌspes.ɪ.fɪ'keɪ.ʃən]	a detailed description of how something should be done, made, etc. 规格；规范；标准；明细单；详细说明 All products are made exactly to the customer's specifications
	accountability [əˌkaʊntəˈbɪləti]	****
	accountable [əˈkaʊntəbl	responsible for your decisions or actions and expected to explain them when you are asked应负责任的；应作解释 The major service industries should be accountable to their customers.
H3	warrant [ˈwɒrənt]	to make a particular activity necessary 使有必要 It's a relatively simple task that really doesn't warrant a great deal of time being spent on it.
	respect [rɪˈspekt]	to be careful about sth; to make sure you do not do sth that sb would consider to be wrong慎重对待；谨慎从事；尊重 to respect other people's property He doesn't respect other people's right to privacy.
	ecological [ˌiːkəˈlɔdʒikl]	** connected with the relation of plants and living creatures to each other and to their environment生态的；生态学的** We risk upsetting the ecological balance of the area.
	criterion [kraɪˈtɪriən] pl. criteria	a standard or principle by which sth is judged, or with the help of which a decision is made What criteria are used for assessing a student's ability
	revision [rɪˈvɪʒn]	the act of changing sth, or of examining sth with the intention of changing it修订,修改(的进行) Our conclusions are always open to revision in the light of fresh evidence.
ix	downward [ˈdaunwəd]	** moving or pointing towards a lower level** the downward trend in inflation She was trapped in a downward spiral of personal unhappiness
21	primarily	**mainly 主要地 ** We're primarily concerned with keeping expenditure down
iv	disuse	the condition of not being used (any longer) The church was recently restored after decades of disuse.
	fall into	to start doing something, often without intending to I fell into my job quite by accident.
	imitate	to copy sb / sth No computer can imitate the complex functions of the human brain.
	****	****
	****	****

复习专用单词列表（中译英）

出处	单词	意思 例句
A1	civilisation	有人认为核战争将意味著文明的终结。
	entwine	她与他的命运紧密相联。
	manipulate	身为一位政客,他知道如何左右公众舆论。
A2	increasingly	美国越来越依赖日本的资本。
	sophisticated	医疗技术日益复杂精妙。
	dam	水坝挡住了水流。
	aqueduct
	effort	很抱歉,这篇文章写得不好。
A3	height	他正处于事业的巅峰。她仍然处于最佳状态。
	innovative	设有一项最具创意设计奖。
	layout	我喜欢这座房子的布局
	sewer	城市的地底下布有（run）复杂的排水系统
	occupant	一切未支付的(outstanding )账单将由原住户偿付
	as much...as	我会尽可能耐心地试着再解释一遍。
B1	revolution	信息技术正在发生巨变。
	explosion	政府不得不采取措施抑制人口激增。
	dramatically	有了孩子以后你的生活会骤然发生巨大的变化。
B2	unprecedented	环境在本世纪遭到了空前的破坏
	monumental	吉本Gibbon的不朽着作《罗马帝国盛衰史》
	irrigation
	hydropower	水力发电
B3	keep pace	到目前为止,工资的增长与通货膨胀始终保持同步
	soar	空气污染将很快超过安全水平 房价又窜升了20％。
	expansion	政府为了在财政上支持这种规模的扩展，很大程度上依赖于借贷
	artificial	这个城市小型湖泊星罗棋布，有天然的也有人工的。
	production	产量(volume)的增加使得商品的价格降低了。
B4	nearly	观众几乎全都是男的 我已经在这里工作了将近两年
	electricity	我们在夜间用洗衣机，因为非高峰(offpeak)时间用电要便宜得多。
	worldwide	平均气温仅仅升高几度便可能导致全球性的环境问题。
	turbine	涡轮机，叶轮机，透平机
C1	inferior	很明显的是，这个群体被认为在智力／道德水准／社会地位上很低下。
C2	reiterate	我再说一遍,我们完全拥护这项政策
	billion
	adequate	薪资一点也谈不上优厚( brilliant salary)，但足以满足我们的需要了。
C3	preventable	每天有4万个孩子死于本可以预防的疾病。
	fall behind	这个项目落后于计划(schedule)
D1	consequence	一场经济危机可能严重影响到全球安定。
	jeopardise	他不会做任何危害他事业的事情
	extend
D2	compensation	我一年必须有三个月的时间出门在外——但也有好处，比如有机会认识新朋友。
	reservoir	大学是专业知识的宝库。
D3	species	濒危物种 女性电影导演在好莱坞Hollywood属于稀有物种
	withdrawal	联合国要么选择不光彩地撤军，要么选择维持长期的驻军。
	free-flowing	畅通的交通
	ecosystem	污染会对脆弱的生态平衡造成灾难性的破坏。
	thrive	她似乎很擅长在压力下工作。
D4	soil	我们拥有欧洲最肥沃的土地。
	replenish	让我再给您斟满。
D5	dispute	两国在近海水域coastal waters分界线上尚存分歧
	tension	两国间的关系日益紧张。
E1	outset	从一开始我就明确地说我不赞成
	shift	媒体关注的焦点最近转到了环保问题。
	provision	政府负责提供医疗服务。
E5	press	在采访中，他竭力坚持自己的观点
	free from	他毕生致力于消除世界上的饥馑famine和疾病。
F2	diminish	这些记忆不会随着时间的流逝而淡漠。 我们不断投入,收益却在递减。
	infrastructure	战争严重破坏了该国的基础建设。
F3	rate	我们有多种类型的交通工具，出租价格也颇具竞争力。
G2	community	以社区为基地的保健工作人员
G3	quantity	那天晚上我们大吃大喝了一顿 真正重要的是质量而非数量
	conserve	我不是在偷懒——我只是在为以后保存精力／体力。
	range	我们的新的头发产品系列
G4	commercial	这家公司的商业前景看起来非常光明(promising)。
	inflation	工资的增长必须与通货膨胀一致。
	account for	你能解释一下上周五你为甚么缺勤吗？
H2	specification	所有产品完全按照客户的具体要求制造。
	accountable	主要的服务行业应该对它们的顾客负责.
H3	warrant	是一个相对来说比较简单的任务，不必在上面花费大量的时间。
	respect	不侵犯别人的财产 他不尊重别人的隐私权。
	ecological	我们有可能破坏这个地区的生态平衡。
	criterion	用什么标准来评定一个学生的能力？
i	revision	我们的结论可以根据(in the light of)新的证据随时修改。
ix	downward	通货膨胀的下降趋势 她陷入了个人不幸的漩涡(spiral)难以自拔。
iv	disuse	这座遗弃数十年的教堂不久前刚刚修复好。
	fall into	我从事这份工作很大程度上是出于偶然
	primarily	我们主要关心的是缩减开支(expenditure)
	imitate	任何计算机都无法模拟人脑的复杂功能。

短语积累

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长难句

A3 难点 with as much ... as is 是什么修饰什么
C1 难点 with的成分是啥

知识点

worldwide 文中副词adv.用法：ADV after v。
表示：遍及全世界地;世界各地地 If something exists or happens worldwide, it exists or happens throughout the world
例句：His books have sold more than 20 million copies worldwide.他的书在全世界已经售出两千多万本。
解释：worldwide修饰sold ，表示书售出这件事发生在世界各地

例句：Every day the newspapers tell stories of children worldwide who are abused.每天报纸都在讲述世界各地受虐儿童的故事。
worldwide 副词 修饰abused，表示儿童受虐这件事发生在全世界。
不明白一点:这里的worldwide 放到了从句前面