数据库school包含了 tb_college,tb_student,tb_teacher,tb_course,tb_record 共五张表
每张表的具体意义请细读代码,这里就不赘述了QAQ
-- 如果存在名为school的数据库就删除它
drop database if exists `school`;
-- 创建名为school的数据库并设置默认的字符集和排序方式
create database `school` default charset utf8mb4;
-- 切换到school数据库上下文环境
use `school`;
-- 创建学院表
create table `tb_college`
(
`col_id` int unsigned auto_increment comment '编号',
`col_name` varchar(50) not null comment '名称',
`col_intro` varchar(5000) default '' comment '介绍',
primary key (`col_id`)
) engine=innodb comment '学院表';
-- 创建学生表
create table `tb_student`
(
`stu_id` int unsigned not null comment '学号',
`stu_name` varchar(20) not null comment '姓名',
`stu_sex` boolean default 1 comment '性别',
`stu_birth` date not null comment '出生日期',
`stu_addr` varchar(255) default '' comment '籍贯',
`col_id` int unsigned not null comment '所属学院',
primary key (`stu_id`),
foreign key (`col_id`) references `tb_college` (`col_id`)
) engine=innodb comment '学生表';
-- 创建教师表
create table `tb_teacher`
(
`tea_id` int unsigned not null comment '工号',
`tea_name` varchar(20) not null comment '姓名',
`tea_title` varchar(10) default '助教' comment '职称',
`col_id` int unsigned not null comment '所属学院',
primary key (`tea_id`),
foreign key (`col_id`) references `tb_college` (`col_id`)
) engine=innodb comment '老师表';
-- 创建课程表
create table `tb_course`
(
`cou_id` int unsigned not null comment '编号',
`cou_name` varchar(50) not null comment '名称',
`cou_credit` int unsigned not null comment '学分',
`tea_id` int unsigned not null comment '授课老师',
primary key (`cou_id`),
foreign key (`tea_id`) references `tb_teacher` (`tea_id`)
) engine=innodb comment '课程表';
-- 创建选课记录表
create table `tb_record`
(
`rec_id` bigint unsigned auto_increment comment '选课记录号',
`sid` int unsigned not null comment '学号',
`cid` int unsigned not null comment '课程编号',
`sel_date` date not null comment '选课日期',
`score` decimal(4,1) comment '考试成绩',
primary key (`rec_id`),
foreign key (`sid`) references `tb_student` (`stu_id`),
foreign key (`cid`) references `tb_course` (`cou_id`),
unique (`sid`, `cid`)
) engine=innodb comment '选课记录表';
-- 插入学院数据
insert into `tb_college`
(`col_name`, `col_intro`)
values
('计算机学院', '计算机学院1958年设立计算机专业,1981年建立计算机科学系,1998年设立计算机学院,2005年5月,为了进一步整合教学和科研资源,学校决定,计算机学院和软件学院行政班子合并统一运作、实行教学和学生管理独立运行的模式。 学院下设三个系:计算机科学与技术系、物联网工程系、计算金融系;两个研究所:图象图形研究所、网络空间安全研究院(2015年成立);三个教学实验中心:计算机基础教学实验中心、IBM技术中心和计算机专业实验中心。'),
('外国语学院', '外国语学院设有7个教学单位,6个文理兼收的本科专业;拥有1个一级学科博士授予点,3个二级学科博士授予点,5个一级学科硕士学位授权点,5个二级学科硕士学位授权点,5个硕士专业授权领域,同时还有2个硕士专业学位(MTI)专业;有教职员工210余人,其中教授、副教授80余人,教师中获得中国国内外名校博士学位和正在职攻读博士学位的教师比例占专任教师的60%以上。'),
('经济管理学院', '经济学院前身是创办于1905年的经济科;已故经济学家彭迪先、张与九、蒋学模、胡寄窗、陶大镛、胡代光,以及当代学者刘诗白等曾先后在此任教或学习。');
-- 插入学生数据
insert into `tb_student`
(`stu_id`, `stu_name`, `stu_sex`, `stu_birth`, `stu_addr`, `col_id`)
values
(1001, '杨过', 1, '1990-3-4', '湖南长沙', 1),
(1002, '任我行', 1, '1992-2-2', '湖南长沙', 1),
(1033, '王语嫣', 0, '1989-12-3', '四川成都', 1),
(1572, '岳不群', 1, '1993-7-19', '陕西咸阳', 1),
(1378, '纪嫣然', 0, '1995-8-12', '四川绵阳', 1),
(1954, '林平之', 1, '1994-9-20', '福建莆田', 1),
(2035, '东方不败', 1, '1988-6-30', null, 2),
(3011, '林震南', 1, '1985-12-12', '福建莆田', 3),
(3755, '项少龙', 1, '1993-1-25', null, 3),
(3923, '杨不悔', 0, '1985-4-17', '四川成都', 3);
-- 插入老师数据
insert into `tb_teacher`
(`tea_id`, `tea_name`, `tea_title`, `col_id`)
values
(1122, '张三丰', '教授', 1),
(1133, '宋远桥', '副教授', 1),
(1144, '杨逍', '副教授', 1),
(2255, '范遥', '副教授', 2),
(3366, '韦一笑', default, 3);
-- 插入课程数据
insert into `tb_course`
(`cou_id`, `cou_name`, `cou_credit`, `tea_id`)
values
(1111, 'Python程序设计', 3, 1122),
(2222, 'Web前端开发', 2, 1122),
(3333, '操作系统', 4, 1122),
(4444, '计算机网络', 2, 1133),
(5555, '编译原理', 4, 1144),
(6666, '算法和数据结构', 3, 1144),
(7777, '经贸法语', 3, 2255),
(8888, '成本会计', 2, 3366),
(9999, '审计学', 3, 3366);
-- 插入选课数据
insert into `tb_record`
(`sid`, `cid`, `sel_date`, `score`)
values
(1001, 1111, '2017-09-01', 95),
(1001, 2222, '2017-09-01', 87.5),
(1001, 3333, '2017-09-01', 100),
(1001, 4444, '2018-09-03', null),
(1001, 6666, '2017-09-02', 100),
(1002, 1111, '2017-09-03', 65),
(1002, 5555, '2017-09-01', 42),
(1033, 1111, '2017-09-03', 92.5),
(1033, 4444, '2017-09-01', 78),
(1033, 5555, '2017-09-01', 82.5),
(1572, 1111, '2017-09-02', 78),
(1378, 1111, '2017-09-05', 82),
(1378, 7777, '2017-09-02', 65.5),
(2035, 7777, '2018-09-03', 88),
(2035, 9999, '2019-09-02', null),
(3755, 1111, '2019-09-02', null),
(3755, 8888, '2019-09-02', null),
(3755, 9999, '2017-09-01', 92);
use school;
下面有两种方式,但是第一种方式是不可取的。直接select *
十分影响查询的性能,就算是要查询表的所有列,也要把每个列依次写出来。别想偷懒!!!
select * from tb_student;
select stu_id, stu_name, stu_sex, stu_birth, stu_addr, col_id from tb_student;
我们可以用as
来给查询的列起 别名
select cou_name as 课程名称, cou_credit as 学分 from tb_course;
where
语法后面加上限制条件可以用来筛选数据。注意这里的 =不是赋值
select stu_name, stu_birth from tb_student where stu_sex=0;
between…and…
用来指定数据范围
select stu_name, stu_sex, stu_birth from tb_student
where stu_birth>='1980-1-1' and stu_birth<='1989-12-31';
select stu_name, stu_sex, stu_birth from tb_student
where stu_birth between '1980-1-1' and '1989-12-31';
方式一 :
select
stu_name as 姓名,
case stu_sex when 1 then '男' else '女' end as 性别,
stu_birth as 生日
from tb_student
where stu_birth between '1980-1-1' and '1989-12-31';
方式二:
这是MySQL方言(因为其他的数据库可能没有if函数)
例如:Oracle中做同样事情的函数叫做decode
select
stu_name as 姓名,
if(stu_sex, '男', '女') as 性别,
stu_birth as 生日
from tb_student
where stu_birth between '1980-1-1' and '1989-12-31';
多条件筛选
select stu_name, stu_birth from tb_student
where stu_birth between '1980-1-1' and '1989-12-31' and stu_sex=0;
select stu_name, stu_birth from tb_student
where stu_birth between '1980-1-1' and '1989-12-31' or stu_sex=0;
在SQL中通配符%可以匹配零个或任意多个字符
select stu_name, stu_sex from tb_student where stu_name like '杨%';
查询姓“杨”名字两个字的学生姓名和性别
在SQL中通配符_可以刚刚好匹配一个字符
select stu_name, stu_sex from tb_student where stu_name like '杨_';
查询姓“杨”名字三个字的学生姓名和性别
select stu_name, stu_sex from tb_student where stu_name like '杨__';
查询名字中有“不”字或“嫣”字的学生的姓名(模糊)
注意:前面带%的模糊查询性能基本上都是非常糟糕的,因为不确定这个字前面有多少个字,那就需要匹配一个字、两个字、三个字……降低了性能。
select stu_name from tb_student
where stu_name like '%不%' or stu_name like '%嫣%';
补充:并集运算
union
会去重,union all
不会
select stu_name from tb_student where stu_name like '%不%'
union
select stu_name from tb_student where stu_name like '%嫣%';
select stu_name from tb_student where stu_name like '%不%'
union all
select stu_name from tb_student where stu_name like '%嫣%';
补充:正则表达式模糊查询
select stu_name, stu_sex from tb_student where stu_name regexp '^杨.{2}$';
null作任何运算结果也是产生null,null相当于是条件不成立
is
或者 <=>select stu_name from tb_student where stu_addr is null;
select stu_name from tb_student where stu_addr<=>null;
is not
select stu_name from tb_student where stu_addr is not null;
distinct
用于去重
select distinct sel_date from tb_record;
asc
升序(从小到大),desc
降序(从大到小)
select stu_name, stu_birth from tb_student
where stu_sex=1 order by stu_birth asc;
select stu_name, stu_birth from tb_student
where stu_sex=1 order by stu_birth desc;
聚合函数min:最小值
now()可以获取当前日期和时间,curdate()可以获取当前日期, dual是虚拟表,用来满足select语法,专治强迫症!
select now() from dual;
select curdate() from dual;
select
min(stu_birth) as 生日,
floor(datediff(curdate(), min(stu_birth))/365) as 年龄
from tb_student;
聚合函数max:最大值
查询年龄最小的学生的出生日期和年龄(聚合函数)
select
max(stu_birth) as 生日,
floor(datediff(curdate(), max(stu_birth))/365) as 年龄
from tb_student;
聚合函数在遇到null值会做忽略的处理
如果做计数操作,建议使用count(*),这样才不会漏掉空值
第一种方式和第二种方式结果相同,因为avg()是根据参数不为空值的个数来计算平均值的。不同实际情况需要的平均值可能不一样。
select avg(score) from tb_record;
select sum(score) / count(score) from tb_record;
select sum(score) / count(*) from tb_record;
select avg(score) from tb_record where cid=1111;
select avg(score) from tb_record where sid=1001;
select
if(stu_sex, '男', '女') as 性别,
count(*) as 人数
from tb_student group by stu_sex;
分组后面跟多个字段表示先按照某字段分组,再按后面的字段分组
select
col_id as 学院,
if(stu_sex, '男', '女') as 性别,
count(*) as 人数
from tb_student group by col_id, stu_sex;
假设分组过后有n个分组,则对应了n个学号,每个分组对应m个成绩。avg()取平均时就是取的学号对应分组的成绩平均值。先分组,再分别取均值。
select
sid as 学号,
round(avg(score),1) as 平均分
from tb_record group by sid;
分组以前的数据筛选使用where子句,分组以后的数据筛选使用having子句
select
sid as 学号,
round(avg(score),1) as 平均分
from tb_record
group by sid
having 平均分>=90;
一个select查询出来的结果是一个临时表,那我们可以基于这张临时表进一步查询。
比如这个问题,先查询出最大的年龄(对应最小的出生日期),在加一个where筛选条件即可。
select
stu_name as 姓名,
stu_birth as 出生日期
from
tb_student
where stu_birth in(
select
min(stu_birth)
from tb_student
);
select
stu_name as 姓名,
floor(datediff(curdate(),stu_birth)/365) as 年龄
from
tb_student
where stu_birth in(
select
min(stu_birth)
from tb_student);
先在选课记录表中分组查询选了两门课以上的学号,再用这个学号和学生表对应起来
select
stu_name
from
tb_student
where stu_id in(
select sid from tb_record
group by sid
having count(*)>=2
);
多表连接的话,表之间会做笛卡尔积。我们只要保证表之间的学号相同就行了,“成绩为空需不需要和空值处理”的情况自己考虑。
select
stu_name as 姓名,
cou_name as 课程名,
score as 成绩
from
tb_student as s,
tb_course as c,
tb_record as r
where
s.stu_id=r.sid and r.cid=c.cou_id and score is not null
order by stu_name;
规范:小表放右,大表放左
select
cou_name, cou_credit, tea_name
from tb_course t1
inner join tb_teacher t2 on t1.tea_id=t2.tea_id;
因为选课记录表里面既有学号也有课程号,所以最好放中间。 规范!
select
stu_name, cou_name, score
from tb_student
inner join tb_record on stu_id=sid
inner join tb_course on cou_id=cid
where score is not null
order by stu_name;
方式一:
select
stu_name as 姓名,
avg_score as 平均成绩
from
tb_student as t1 join
(select
sid, avg(score) as avg_score
from
tb_record
group by sid) as t2
on t1.stu_id=t2.sid;
方式二
select
stu_name, avg_score
from
tb_student,
(select
sid, round(avg(score),1) as avg_score
from
tb_record
group by sid
) tb_temp where stu_id=sid;
左边放需要保留所有数据(如空值)的表。
本例中,学生可能没有选课,则选课记录表在没有学生的学号,所以用左外连接保证所有学生表中的学生都查询出来。
全连接和右外连接基本不用,且MySQL不支持全连接。
select
stu_name,
ifnull(total, 0) as 选课数量
from tb_student left join(
select sid, count(*) as total from tb_record group by sid
)tb_temp on stu_id=sid;
sql语句的编写往往不是唯一解,需要多多练习然后自己发现和积累“最优解”。如果对于本文内容有任何建议请私信或者评论我噢,3q3q。另外,建议在力扣上练习sql语句编写,一边练习一边看大佬题解。链接: 力扣数据库习题
给个赞吧QAQ!