pygame外星人入侵

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最近在看一本《python：从入门到实践》，这本书是我看的第一本python书籍，也是一本非常推荐大家阅读的书籍，干货满满。现在让hacker带领你们走进pygame的世界

游戏开始前的注意事项

1：游戏《外星人入侵》将包含很多文件，请在你的D盘中新建一个空文件夹，并将其命名为alien_invasion.请务必将所有文件存储在这个文件夹中，这样游戏才能正常运行。
2：在开始编码前请安装pygame库（在pycharm终端pip install pygame即可）
如果在安装时遇到以下情况，请更新pip版本（将以下内容复制粘贴到下面回车即可）

《外星人入侵》游戏简介

在游戏《外星人入侵》中，玩家控制着一艘最初出现在屏幕底部中央的飞船。玩家可以使用方向键左右移动飞<<船，还可以使用空格键进行射击。游戏开始时，一群外星人出现在天空中，他们在屏幕中向下移动。玩家的任务就是射杀这些外星人。玩家将所有的外星人全部射杀，将会出现一群新的外星人群。他们的移动速度更快。只要有外星人撞到玩家的飞船或者屏幕底部，玩家就损失一艘飞船，。玩家损失三艘飞船后游戏结束。

开始游戏项目实战开发

在D盘的alien_invasion文件夹中新建一个images文件夹，将外星人的图像命名为alien,将飞船图像命名为ship
alien.bmp

ship.bmp

游戏中需要的所有模块

下面将为大家介绍各个模块 仅供学习参考，最好还是自己多敲多练习

alien_invasion.py

创建pygame窗口
只需运行文件alien_invasion.py即可开始游戏，其他文件内容会被间接或直接导入到该文件

import sys
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Group
from settings import Settings
from game_stats import GameSrats
from scoreboard import Scoreboard
from button import Button
from ship import Ship
from alien import Alien
import game_functions as gf


def run_game():
    # 初始化pygame,设置和屏幕对象
    pygame.init()
    ai_settings = Settings()
    screen = pygame.display.set_mode((ai_settings.screen_width, ai_settings.screen_height))
    pygame.display.set_caption("外星人入侵")

    # 创建play按钮
    play_button = Button(ai_settings, screen, "play")

    # 创建存储游戏统计信息的实例,并创建得分牌
    stats = GameSrats(ai_settings)
    sb = Scoreboard(ai_settings, screen, stats)

    # 创建一艘飞船，一个子弹编组和一个外星人编组
    ship = Ship(ai_settings, screen)
    bullets = Group()
    aliens = Group()

    # 创建外星人群
    gf.create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens)

    # 开始游戏主循环
    while True:
        gf.cheak_events(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, play_button, ship, aliens, bullets)

        if stats.game_active:
            ship.update()
            gf.update_bullets(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets)
            gf.update_aliens(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets)

        gf.update_screen(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets, play_button)


run_game()

alien.py

管理外星人类

import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite


class Alien(Sprite):
    """表示单个外星人的类"""

    def __init__(self, ai_settings, screen):
        """初始化外星人并设置其初始位置"""
        super().__init__()
        self.screen = screen
        self.ai_settings = ai_settings

        # 加载外星人图像，并设置其rect属性
        self.image = pygame.image.load('images/alien.bmp')
        self.rect = self.image.get_rect()

        # 每个外星人最初在屏幕左上角附近
        self.rect.x = self.rect.width
        self.rect.y = self.rect.height

        # 存储外星人的准确位置
        self.x = float(self.rect.x)

    def blitme(self):
        """在指定位置绘制外星人"""
        self.screen.blit(self.image, self.rect)

    def cheak_edgs(self):
        """如果外星人位于屏幕边缘，就返回True"""
        screen_rect = self.screen.get_rect()
        if self.rect.right >= screen_rect.right:
            return True
        elif self.rect.left <= 0:
            return True

    def update(self):
        """向左或向右移动外星人人"""
        self.x += (self.ai_settings.alien_speed_factor * self.ai_settings.fleet_direction)
        self.rect.x = self.x

bullet.py

创建子弹类，将子弹存储到编组Group中

import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite


class Bullet(Sprite):
    """一个对飞船发射的子弹进行管理的类"""

    def __init__(self, ai_settings, screen, ship):
        """在飞船所处位置创建一个子弹对象"""
        super().__init__()
        self.screen = screen

        # 在(0,0)处创建一个表示子弹的矩形，再设置正确的位置
        self.rect = pygame.Rect(0, 0, ai_settings.bullet_width, ai_settings.bullet_height)
        self.rect.centerx = ship.rect.centerx
        self.rect.top = ship.rect.top

        # 存储用小数表示的子弹位置
        self.y = float(self.rect.y)

        self.color = ai_settings.bullet_color
        self.speed_factor = ai_settings.bullet_speed_factor

    def update(self):
        """向上发射子弹"""
        # 更新表示子弹的小数值
        self.y -= self.speed_factor
        # 更新表示子弹的rect的位置
        self.rect.y = self.y

    def draw_bullet(self):
        """在屏幕上绘制子弹"""
        pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, self.color, self.rect)

button.py

按键类，实例化按键，添加play按钮

import pygame.font


class Button():

    def __init__(self, ai_settings, screen, msg):
        """初始化按钮的属性"""
        self.screen = screen
        self.screen_rect = screen.get_rect()

        # 设置按钮的尺寸和其他属性
        self.width, self.hieght = 200, 50
        self.button_color = (0, 255, 0)
        self.text_color = (255, 255, 255)
        self.font = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 48)

        # 创建按钮的rect对象，并将其居中
        self.rect = pygame.Rect(0, 0, self.width, self.hieght)
        self.rect.center = self.screen_rect.center

        # 按钮的标志只需创建一次
        self.prep_msg(msg)

    def prep_msg(self, msg):
        """将msg渲染为图像，并将其在按钮中居中"""
        self.msg_image = self.font.render(msg, True, self.text_color, self.button_color)
        self.msg_image_rect = self.msg_image.get_rect()
        self.msg_image_rect.center = self.rect.center

    def draw_button(self):
        """绘制一个用颜色填充的按钮，再绘制文本"""
        self.screen.fill(self.button_color, self.rect)
        self.screen.blit(self.msg_image, self.msg_image_rect)

game_functions.py

文件game_functions.py包含一系列函数，需要响应按键和鼠标事件，游戏大部分工作都是由它们完成的。

import sys
from time import sleep
import pygame
from bullet import Bullet
from alien import Alien


def cheak_keydowen_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
    """响应按键"""
    if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
        ship.moving_right = True
    elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
        ship.moving_left = True
    elif event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:
        fire_bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
    elif event.key == pygame.K_q:
        sys.exit()


def fire_bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
    """如果还没到达限制，就发射一颗子弹"""
    # 创建一颗子弹，并将其加入到编组bullets中
    if len(bullets) < ai_settings.bullets_allowed:
        news_bullet = Bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship)
        bullets.add(news_bullet)


def cheak_keyup_events(event, ship):
    """响应松开"""
    if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
        ship.moving_right = False
    elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
        ship.moving_left = False


def cheak_events(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, play_button, ship, aliens, bullets):
    """响应按键和鼠标事件"""
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
            sys.exit()
        elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
            cheak_keydowen_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
        elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
            cheak_keyup_events(event, ship)
        elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
            mouse_x, mouse_y = pygame.mouse.get_pos()
            cheak_play_button(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, play_button, ship, aliens, bullets, mouse_x, mouse_y)


def cheak_play_button(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, play_button, ship, aliens, bullets, mouse_x, mouse_y):
    """在玩家单击play按钮时开始新游戏"""
    bullets_clicked = play_button.rect.collidepoint(mouse_x, mouse_y)
    if bullets_clicked and not stats.game_active:
        # 重置游戏设置
        ai_settings.initialize_dynamic_settings()
        # 隐藏光标
        pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)
        # 重置游戏统计信息
        stats.reset_stats()
        stats.game_active = True

        # 重置记分牌对象
        sb.prep_score()
        sb.prep_high_score()
        sb.prep_level()
        sb.prep_ships()

        # 清空外星人列表和子弹列表
        aliens.empty()
        bullets.empty()

        # 创建一群新的外星人，并让飞船居中
        create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens)
        ship.center_ship()


def update_screen(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets, play_button):
    """更新屏幕上的图像，并切换到新屏幕"""
    # 每次循环都重绘屏幕
    screen.fill(ai_settings.bg_color)
    # 在飞船和外星人后面重绘所有子弹
    for bullet in bullets.sprites():
        bullet.draw_bullet()
    ship.blitme()
    aliens.draw(screen)

    # 显示得分
    sb.show_score()

    # 如果游戏处于非活动状态，就绘制play按钮
    if not stats.game_active:
        play_button.draw_button()

    # 让最近绘制的屏幕可见
    pygame.display.flip()


def update_bullets(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets):
    """更新子弹的位置，并删除已消失子弹"""
    # 更新子弹位置
    bullets.update()

    # 删除已消失的子弹
    for bullet in bullets.copy():
        if bullet.rect.bottom <= 0:
            bullets.remove(bullet)
    cheak_bullets_alien_collisions(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets)


def cheak_bullets_alien_collisions(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets):
    """响应子弹和外星人碰撞"""
    # 删除发生碰撞的子弹和外星人
    collections = pygame.sprite.groupcollide(bullets, aliens, True, True)

    if collections:
        for aliens in collections.values():
            stats.score += ai_settings.alien_points * len(aliens)
            sb.prep_score()
        cheak_high_score(stats, sb)

    if len(aliens) == 0:
        # 如果整群外星人都被消灭，就提高一个等级
        # 删除现有的子弹,加快游戏节奏，并创建一群新的外星人
        bullets.empty()
        ai_settings.increase_speed()

        # 提高等级
        stats.level += 1
        sb.prep_level()

        create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens)


def get_number_alien_x(ai_settings, alien_width):
    """计算每行可容纳多少外星人"""
    available_space_x = ai_settings.screen_width - 2 * alien_width
    number_alien_x = int(available_space_x / (2 * alien_width))
    return number_alien_x


def get_number_rows(ai_settings, ship_height, alien_height):
    """计算屏幕可容纳多少行机器人"""
    available_space_y = (ai_settings.screen_height - (3 * alien_height) - ship_height)
    number_rows = int(available_space_y / (2 * alien_height))
    return number_rows


def create_alien(ai_settings, screen, aliens, alien_number, row_number):
    # 创建第一行外星人并将其加入当前行
    alien = Alien(ai_settings, screen)
    alien_width = alien.rect.width
    alien.x = alien_width + 2 * alien_width * alien_number
    alien.rect.x = alien.x
    alien.rect.y = alien.rect.height + 2 * alien.rect.height * row_number
    aliens.add(alien)


def create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens):
    """创建外星人群"""
    # 创建一个外星人，并计算一行可容纳多少个外星人
    # 外星人间距为外星人宽度
    alien = Alien(ai_settings, screen)
    number_alien_x = get_number_alien_x(ai_settings, alien.rect.width)
    number_rows = get_number_rows(ai_settings, ship.rect.height, alien.rect.height)

    # 创建外星人群
    for row_number in range(number_rows):
        for alien_number in range(number_alien_x):
            create_alien(ai_settings, screen, aliens, alien_number, row_number)


def cheak_fleet_edges(ai_settings, aliens):
    """有外星人到达屏幕边缘时采取相应的措施"""
    for alien in aliens.sprites():
        if alien.cheak_edgs():
            change_fleet_direction(ai_settings, aliens)
            break


def change_fleet_direction(ai_settings, aliens):
    """将整群外星人下移，并改变它们的位置"""
    for alien in aliens.sprites():
        alien.rect.y += ai_settings.fleet_drop_speed
    ai_settings.fleet_direction *= -1


def ship_hit(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets):
    """响应被外星人撞到的飞船"""
    if stats.ships_left > 0:
        # 将ships_left减1
        stats.ships_left -= 1

        # 更新记分牌
        sb.prep_ships()

        # 清空外星人列表和子弹列表
        aliens.empty()
        bullets.empty()

        # 创建一群新的外星人，并将飞船放在屏幕底端中央
        create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens)
        ship.center_ship()

        # 暂停
        sleep(0.5)

    else:
        stats.game_active = False
        pygame.mouse.set_visible(True)


def cheak_aliens_bottom(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets):
    """检查是否有外星人到达了屏幕底端"""
    screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
    for alien in aliens.sprites():
        if alien.rect.bottom >= screen_rect.bottom:
            # 像飞船被撞到一样进行处理
            ship_hit(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets)
            break


def update_aliens(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets):
    """检查是否有外星人位于屏幕边缘，并更新整群外星人的位置"""
    cheak_fleet_edges(ai_settings, aliens)
    aliens.update()

    # 检查外星人和飞船之间的碰撞
    if pygame.sprite.spritecollideany(ship, aliens):
        ship_hit(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets)

    # 检查是否有外星人到达屏幕底端
    cheak_aliens_bottom(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship, aliens, bullets)


def cheak_high_score(stats, sb):
    """检查是否诞生了新的最高得分"""
    if stats.score > stats.high_score:
        stats.high_score = stats.score
        sb.prep_high_score()

game_stats.py

跟踪统计游戏信息类

class GameSrats():
    """跟踪游戏的统计信息"""

    def __init__(self, ai_settings):
        """初始化统计信息"""
        self.ai_settings = ai_settings
        self.reset_stats()

        # 游戏刚启动时处于活动状态
        self.game_active = False

        # 在任何情况下都不应重置最高得分
        self.high_score = 0

    def reset_stats(self):
        """初始化在游戏运行期间可能变化的统计信息"""
        self.ships_left = self.ai_settings.ship_limit
        self.score = 0
        self.level = 1

scoreboard.py

创建scoerboard类，用来显示当前得分，最高得分，玩家等级，余下的飞船数。

import pygame.font
from pygame.sprite import Group
from ship import Ship


class Scoreboard():
    """显示得分信息的类"""

    def __init__(self, ai_settings, screen, stats):
        """初始化显示得分涉及的属性"""
        self.screen = screen
        self.screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
        self.ai_settings = ai_settings
        self.stats = stats

        # 显示得分信息时使用的字体设置
        self.text_color = (30, 30, 30)
        self.font = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 48)

        # 准备包含得分的初始图像
        self.prep_score()
        self.prep_high_score()
        self.prep_level()
        self.prep_ships()

    def prep_ships(self):
        """显示还余下多少搜飞船"""
        self.ships = Group()
        for ship_number in range(self.stats.ships_left):
            ship = Ship(self.ai_settings, self.screen)
            ship.rect.x = 10 + ship_number * ship.rect.width
            ship.rect.y = 10
            self.ships.add(ship)

    def prep_level(self):
        """将等级转换为渲染的图像"""
        self.level_image = self.font.render(str(self.stats.level), True, self.text_color, self.ai_settings.bg_color)

        # 将等级放在得分下方
        self.level_rect = self.level_image.get_rect()
        self.level_rect.right = self.score_rect.right
        self.level_rect.top = self.score_rect.bottom + 10

    def prep_high_score(self):
        """将最高得分转换为渲染的图像"""
        high_score = int(round(self.stats.high_score, -1))
        high_score_str = str("{:,}".format(high_score))
        self.high_score_image = self.font.render(high_score_str, True, self.text_color, self.ai_settings.bg_color)

        # 将最高得分放在屏幕顶部中央
        self.high_score_rect = self.high_score_image.get_rect()
        self.high_score_rect.centerx = self.screen_rect.centerx
        self.high_score_rect.top = self.screen_rect.top

    def prep_score(self):
        """将得分转换为一幅渲染的图像"""
        rounded_score = int(round(self.stats.score, -1))
        score_str = "{:,}".format(rounded_score)
        self.score_image = self.font.render(score_str, True, self.text_color, self.ai_settings.bg_color)

        # 将得分放在屏幕右上角
        self.score_rect = self.score_image.get_rect()
        self.score_rect.right = self.screen_rect.right - 20
        self.score_rect.top = 20

    def show_score(self):
        """在屏幕上显示得分"""
        self.screen.blit(self.score_image, self.score_rect)
        self.screen.blit(self.high_score_image, self.high_score_rect)
        self.screen.blit(self.level_image, self.level_rect)

        # 绘制飞船
        self.ships.draw(self.screen)

settings.py

存储游戏所有设置类

class Settings():
    """存储外星人入侵所有设置的类"""

    def __init__(self):
        """初始化游戏静态设置"""
        # 屏幕设置
        self.screen_width = 1200
        self.screen_height = 800
        self.bg_color = (230, 230, 230)

        # 飞船的速度设置
        self.ship_speed_factor = 1.5
        self.ship_limit = 3

        # 子弹设置
        self.bullet_speed_factor = 10
        self.bullet_width = 10
        self.bullet_height = 15
        self.bullet_color = 60, 60, 60
        self.bullets_allowed = 3

        # 外星人设置
        self.alien_speed_factor = 1
        self.fleet_drop_speed = 5
        # fleet_direction为1表示向右移，为-1表示向左移
        self.fleet_direction = 1

        # 加快游戏节奏的速度
        self.speedup_scale = 1.1

        # 外星人点数的提高速度
        self.score_scale = 1.5

        self.initialize_dynamic_settings()

    def initialize_dynamic_settings(self):
        """初始化随游戏进行而变化的位置"""
        self.ship_speed_factor = 1.5
        self.bullet_speed_factor = 3
        self.alien_speed_factor = 1

        # fleet_direction为1表示向右，为-1表示向左
        self.fleet_direction = 1

        # 记分
        self.alien_points = 100

    def increase_speed(self):
        """提高速度设置和外星人点数"""
        self.ship_speed_factor *= self.speedup_scale
        self.bullet_speed_factor *= self.speedup_scale
        self.alien_speed_factor *= self.speedup_scale

        self.alien_points = int(self.alien_points * self.score_scale)

ship.py

管理飞船类

import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite


class Ship(Sprite):

    def __init__(self, ai_settings, screen):
        """初始化飞船,并设置其初始位置"""
        super().__init__()
        self.screen = screen
        self.ai_settings = ai_settings

        # 加载飞船图像并获取其外接矩形
        self.image = pygame.image.load('images/ship.bmp')
        self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
        self.screen_rect = screen.get_rect()

        # 将每艘飞船放在屏幕底部中央
        self.rect.centerx = self.screen_rect.centerx
        self.rect.bottom = self.screen_rect.bottom

        # 在飞船的属性center中存储小数值
        self.center = float(self.rect.centerx)

        # 移动标志
        self.moving_right = False
        self.moving_left = False

    def center_ship(self):
        """让飞船在屏幕上居中"""
        self.center = self.screen_rect.centerx

    def update(self):
        """根据移动标志调整飞船的位置"""
        # 更新飞船的center值，而不是rect
        if self.moving_right and self.rect.right < self.screen_rect.right:
            self.center += self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor
        if self.moving_left and self.rect.left > 0:
            self.center -= self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor

        # 根据self.center更新rect对象
        self.rect.centerx = self.center

    def blitme(self):
        """在指定位置绘制飞船"""
        self.screen.blit(self.image, self.rect)

结束语

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