C# 语言的高级应用
C# 语言的高级应用
1、属性
例1：属性概念的引入（问题）
public class Animal
{
public int Age;
public double Weight;
public bool Sex;
public Animal(int age, double weight, bool sex)
{
Age = age;
Weight = weight;
Sex = sex;
}
public void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Animal Eat.");
}
public void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Animal Sleep.");
}
public override string ToString()
{
return string.Format("Animal Age:{0}, Weight:{1}, Sex:{2}", Age, Weight, Sex);
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Animal al = new Animal(1, 1.2, false);
Console.WriteLine("Animal Age:{0}, Weight:{1}, Sex:{2}", al.Age, al.Weight, al.Sex);
al.Age = -1;
al.Weight = -0.5;
Console.WriteLine(al);
}
}
例2：问题的解决（Java语言解决该问题的方案）
public class Animal
{
private int _age;
private double _weight;
private readonly bool _sex;
public int GetAge()
{
return _age;
}
public void SetAge(int value)
{
_age = (value > 0) ? value : 0;
}
public double GetWeight()
{
return _weight;
}
public void SetWeight(double value)
{
_weight = (value > 0) ? value : 0;
}
public bool GetSex()
{
return _sex;
}
public Animal(int age, double weight, bool sex)
{
_age = (age > 0) ? age : 0;
_weight = (weight > 0) ? weight : 0;
_sex = sex;
}
public void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Animal Eat.");
}
public void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Animal Sleep.");
}
public override string ToString()
{
return string.Format("Animal Age:{0}, Weight:{1}, Sex:{2}", _age, _weight, _sex);
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Animal al = new Animal(1, 1.2, false);
Console.WriteLine("Animal Age:{0},Weight:{1},Sex:{2}", al.GetAge(), al.GetWeight(), al.GetSex());
al.SetAge(-1);
al.SetWeight(-0.5);
Console.WriteLine(al);
}
}
例3：属性的提出
public class Animal
{
private int _age;
private double _weight;
private readonly bool _sex;
public int Age
{
get { return _age; }
set { _age = (value > 0) ? value : 0; }
}
public double Weight
{
get { return _weight; }
set { _weight = (value > 0) ? value : 0; }
}
public bool Sex
{
get { return _sex; }
}
public Animal(int age, double weight, bool sex)
{
_age = (age > 0) ? age : 0;
_weight = (weight > 0) ? weight : 0;
_sex = sex;
}
public void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Animal Eat.");
}
public void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Animal Sleep.");
}
public override string ToString()
{
return string.Format("Animal Age:{0}, Weight:{1}, Sex:{2}", Age, Weight, Sex);
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Animal al = new Animal(1, 1.2, false);
Console.WriteLine("Animal Age:{0}, Weight:{1}, Sex:{2}", al.Age, al.Weight, al.Sex);
al.Age = -1;
al.Weight = -0.5;
Console.WriteLine(al);
}
}
说明：C#在声明data时就可以定义set、get方法。
get：定义读取操作。set：定义赋值操作，value表示传入的参数值。
例4：属性的简化
public class Animal
{
private int _age;
private double _weight;
public int Age
{
get { return _age; }
set { _age = (value > 0) ? value : 0; }
}
public double Weight
{
get { return _weight; }
set { _weight = (value > 0) ? value : 0; }
}
public bool Sex { get; private set; }
public Animal(int age, double weight, bool sex)
{
_age = (age > 0) ? age : 0;
_weight = (weight > 0) ? weight : 0;
Sex = sex;
}
public void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Animal Eat.");
}
public void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Animal Sleep.");
}
public override string ToString()
{
return string.Format("Animal Age:{0},Weight:{1},Sex:{2}", Age, Weight, Sex);
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Animal al = new Animal(1, 1.2, false);
Console.WriteLine("Animal Age:{0}, Weight:{1}, Sex:{2}", al.Age, al.Weight, al.Sex);
al.Age = -1;
al.Weight = -0.5;
Console.WriteLine(al);
}
}
说明：属性可以看作是对私有数据部分增加的一层隔离。
2、索引器
2.1 定义
是集合类中的一种特殊属性，可使得集合类中的元素像数组元素一样访问。
2.2 语法结构
public 元素类型 this[int index]
{
get { ... }
set { ... }
}
public 元素类型 this[string name]
{
get { ... }
set { ... }
}
例5：利用索引器实现对集合类StudentSet中元素Student的访问。
public class Student
{
private string _name;
public string Name
{
get { return _name; }
set
{
_name = string.IsNullOrEmpty(value)
? "NULL"
: value;
}
}
public long ID { get; set; }
public Student(long id, string name)
{
ID = id;
_name = name;
}
public override string ToString()
{
return string.Format("ID:{0},Name:{1}", ID, Name);
}
}
public class StudentSet
{
private readonly int _maxCount = 500;
private readonly Student[] _stus;
public int Count
{
get; private set;
}
public StudentSet()
{
Count = 0;
_stus = new Student[_maxCount];
}
public void Add(Student stu)
{
if (stu == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException();
if (Count == _maxCount)
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException();
_stus[Count] = stu;
Count++;
}
public Student this[int index]
{
get
{
if (index < 0 || index > Count - 1)
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException();
return _stus[index];
}
set
{
if (index < 0 || index > Count - 1)
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException();
if (value == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException();
_stus[index] = value;
}
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
StudentSet stuSet = new StudentSet();
stuSet.Add(new Student(10086, "张三"));
stuSet.Add(new Student(95988, "李四"));
stuSet[1].Name = string.Empty;
Console.WriteLine(stuSet.Count);
Console.WriteLine(stuSet[0]);
Console.WriteLine(stuSet[1]);
Console.WriteLine(stuSet[2]);
//未处理的异常: System.IndexOutOfRangeException: 索引超出了数组界限。
}
}
3、接口
3.1 概念
- 接口是类设计的蓝图，即只提供声明而没有实现。
- 接口不可以直接实例化对象（与抽象类相同）。
- C#允许一个类实现多个接口（注意与继承的区别）。
- 接口就是包含一系列不被实现的方法，而把这些方法的实现交给继承它的类。
3.2 表示
例6：根据类图利用Dog实现IAnimal接口
public interface IAnimal
{
int Age { get; set; }
double Weight { get; set; }
void Eat();
void Sleep();
}
public class Dog : IAnimal
{
private int _age;
private double _weight;
public int Age
{
get { return _age; }
set { _age = (value >= 0) ? value : 0; }
}
public double Weight
{
get { return _weight; }
set { _weight = (value >= 0) ? value : 0; }
}
public void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Eat");
}
public void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Sleep");
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
IAnimal al = new Dog();
al.Age = 1;
al.Weight = 2.5;
Console.WriteLine("Dog:Age={0}, Weight={1}", al.Age, al.Weight);
al.Eat();
al.Sleep();
}
}
例7：利用接口实现“饲养系统”
某饲养员（Raiser）在目前状态下需要饲养三种动物：狗（Dog）、鸟（Bird）和鱼（Fish），该三种动物只需要让其睡觉（Sleep）和吃饭（Eat）即可。请设计该饲养系统，要求满足软件设计的“开闭原则”。
方案一：（在抽象类部分已经给出）
方案二：
public interface IAnimal
{
int Age { get; set; }
double Weight { get; set; }
void Eat();
void Sleep();
}
public class Bird : IAnimal
{
private int _age;
private double _weight;
public int Age
{
get { return _age; }
set { _age = (value >= 0) ? value : 0; }
}
public double Weight
{
get { return _weight; }
set { _weight = (value >= 0) ? value : 0; }
}
public void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Bird Eat.");
}
public void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Bird Sleep.");
}
public void Fly()
{
Console.WriteLine("Bird Fly.");
}
}
public class Dog : IAnimal
{
private int _age;
private double _weight;
public int Age
{
get { return _age; }
set { _age = (value >= 0) ? value : 0; }
}
public double Weight
{
get { return _weight; }
set { _weight = (value >= 0) ? value : 0; }
}
public void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Eat.");
}
public void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Sleep.");
}
public void Run()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Run.");
}
}
public class Fish : IAnimal
{
private int _age;
private double _weight;
public int Age
{
get { return _age; }
set { _age = (value >= 0) ? value : 0; }
}
public double Weight
{
get { return _weight; }
set { _weight = (value >= 0) ? value : 0; }
}
public void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Fish Eat.");
}
public void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Fish Sleep.");
}
public void Swim()
{
Console.WriteLine("Fish Swim.");
}
}
public class Raiser
{
public void Raise(IAnimal al)
{
al.Eat();
al.Sleep();
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Raiser rsr = new Raiser();
rsr.Raise(new Dog());
rsr.Raise(new Bird());
rsr.Raise(new Fish());
}
}
3.3 接口（interface）与抽象类（abstract class）
（1）相同点：
- 接口与抽象类都不可以直接实例化对象。
（2）不同点：
- 抽象类中的数据和操作必须有限制修饰符，而接口中的数据和操作不可以有限制修饰符。
- 抽象类中可以有带实现体的方法（非abstract方法），而接口只能有方法的声明。
- 抽象类在子类中通过override关键字覆写抽象方法，而接口被子类直接实现。
例8：一个类可以实现多个接口，但要注意多个接口中有重名方法的处理。
方式一：
public interface IHighWayWorker
{
void HighWayOperation();
void Build();
}
public interface IRailWayWorker
{
void RailWayOperation();
void Build();
}
public class Worker : IRailWayWorker, IHighWayWorker
{
public void HighWayOperation()
{
Console.WriteLine("HighWayOperation.");
}
public void RailWayOperation()
{
Console.WriteLine("RailWayOperation");
}
public void Build()
{
Console.WriteLine("HighWay,RailWay,Build.");
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Worker wr = new Worker();
wr.Build(); // HighWay,RailWay,Build.
IHighWayWorker hwr = new Worker();
hwr.Build(); // HighWay,RailWay,Build.
hwr.HighWayOperation(); // HighWayOperation.
IRailWayWorker rwr = new Worker();
rwr.Build(); // HighWay,RailWay,Build.
rwr.RailWayOperation();// RailWayOperation
}
}
方式二：
public interface IHighWayWorker
{
void HighWayOperation();
void Build();
}
public interface IRailWayWorker
{
void RailWayOperation();
void Build();
}
public class Worker : IHighWayWorker, IRailWayWorker
{
public void HighWayOperation()
{
Console.WriteLine("HighWayOperation.");
}
public void RailWayOperation()
{
Console.WriteLine("RailWayOperation");
}
void IHighWayWorker.Build()
{
Console.WriteLine("HighWay Build.");
}
void IRailWayWorker.Build()
{
Console.WriteLine("RailWay Build.");
}
// 注意：void IHighWayWorker.Build()和void IRailWayWorker.Build()
// 前面不能够加限制修饰符。
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Worker wr = new Worker();
//wr.Build(); 该语句错误
IHighWayWorker hwr = new Worker();
hwr.Build();//HighWay Build.
hwr.HighWayOperation();//HighWayOperation.
IRailWayWorker rwr = new Worker();
rwr.Build();//RailWay Build.
rwr.RailWayOperation();//RailWayOperation
}
}
4、泛型
例9：存储int数据类型的集合及操作。
public class IntSet
{
private readonly int _maxSize;
private readonly int[] _set;
public IntSet()
{
_maxSize = 100;
_set = new int[_maxSize];
//...
}
public void Insert(int k, int x)
{
//....
_set[k] = x;
}
public int Locate(int k)
{
//...
return _set[k];
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
IntSet iSet = new IntSet();
iSet.Insert(0, 123);
int i = iSet.Locate(0);
Console.WriteLine(i); // 123
}
}
例10：存储string数据类型的集合及操作。
public class StringSet
{
private readonly int _maxSize;
private readonly string[] _set;
public StringSet()
{
_maxSize = 100;
_set = new string[_maxSize];
//...
}
public void Insert(int k, string x)
{
//....
_set[k] = x;
}
public string Locate(int k)
{
//...
return _set[k];
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
StringSet strSet = new StringSet();
strSet.Insert(0, "abc");
string j = strSet.Locate(0);
Console.WriteLine(j); // abc
}
}
例11：利用object类存储通用数据类型的集合及操作。
public class GSet
{
private readonly int maxSize;
private readonly object[] _set;
public GSet()
{
maxSize = 100;
_set = new object[maxSize];
//...
}
public void Insert(int k, object x)
{
//....
_set[k] = x;
}
public object Locate(int k)
{
//...
return _set[k];
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
GSet gSet1 = new GSet();
gSet1.Insert(0, 123);
int k1 = (int)gSet1.Locate(0);
Console.WriteLine(k1); // 123
GSet gSet2 = new GSet();
gSet2.Insert(0, "abc");
string k2 = (string)gSet2.Locate(0);
Console.WriteLine(k2); // abc
GSet gSet3 = new GSet();
gSet3.Insert(0, 123);
gSet3.Insert(1, "abc");//编译时可以通过，运行时出现异常。
int k3 = (int)gSet3.Locate(1); //这样使用存在类型安全问题。
Console.WriteLine(k3);
// 未处理的异常: System.InvalidCastException: 指定的转换无效。
}
}
泛型定义：即参数化类型。
在编译时用一个具体类型代替该参数类型，可定义类型安全的类而不影响工作效率。
例12：利用泛型T存储通用数据类型的集合及操作。
public class GSet<T>
{
private readonly int _maxSize;
private readonly T[] _set;
public GSet()
{
_maxSize = 100;
_set = new T[_maxSize];
//...
}
public void Insert(int k, T x)
{
//....
_set[k] = x;
}
public T Locate(int k)
{
//...
return _set[k];
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
GSet<int> gSet1 = new GSet<int>();
gSet1.Insert(0, 123);
int k1 = gSet1.Locate(0);
Console.WriteLine(k1); // 123
GSet<string> gSet2 = new GSet<string>();
gSet2.Insert(0, "abc");
string k2 = gSet2.Locate(0);
Console.WriteLine(k2); // abc
}
}
我们把T称为类型参数，当然我们也可以对T进行约束。
例13：为类型参数T增加约束，比如T只能是值类型。
public class GSet<T> where T : struct
{
private readonly int _maxSize;
private readonly T[] _set;
public GSet()
{
_maxSize = 100;
_set = new T[_maxSize];
//...
}
public void Insert(int k, T x)
{
//....
_set[k] = x;
}
public T Locate(int k)
{
//...
return _set[k];
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
GSet<int> gSet1 = new GSet<int>();
gSet1.Insert(0, 123);
int k1 = gSet1.Locate(0);
Console.WriteLine(k1); // 123
// GSet gSet2 = new GSet(); // 编译错误
// 错误 CS0453 类型“string”必须是不可以为 null 值的类型，
// 才能用作泛型类型或方法“GSet < T >”中的参数“T”
}
}
有关泛型约束可以查看以下图文：
- 技术图文：C#语言中的泛型 I
- 技术图文：C#语言中的泛型 II
5、类与类之间的关系
public class Oxygen
{
//...
}
public class Water
{
//...
}
public abstract class Animal
{
public int Age;
public double Weight;
public abstract void Eat();
public abstract void Sleep();
public abstract void Breed();
public abstract void Metabolism(Oxygen o2, Water water);
}
public class Bird : Animal
{
public string Feather;
public void Fly()
{
//...
}
public void Egg()
{
//...
}
public override void Eat()
{
//...
}
public override void Sleep()
{
//...
}
public override void Breed()
{
//...
}
public override void Metabolism(Oxygen o2, Water water)
{
//...
}
}
public class Penguin : Bird
{
//...
}
public class Goose : Bird
{
//...
}
public class Duck : Bird
{
//...
}
public class Climate
{
//...
}
public class Penguin : Bird
{
private Climate _climate;
//...
}
public interface ILanguage
{
void Speak();
}
public class DonaldDuck : Duck, ILanguage
{
public void Speak()
{
//...
}
//...
}