详解 gRPC 客户端长连接机制实现

本文作者:

熊喵君,原文链接:https://pandaychen.github.io/...

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0x00 前言

HTTP2 是一个全双工的流式协议, 服务端也可以主动 ping 客户端, 且服务端还会有一些检测连接可用性和控制客户端 ping 包频率的配置。gRPC 就是采用 HTTP2 来作为其基础通信模式的,所以默认的 gRPC 客户端都是长连接。
有这么一种场景,需要客户端和服务端保持持久的长连接,即无论服务端、客户端异常断开或重启,长连接都要具备重试保活(当然前提是两方重启都成功)的需求。在 gRPC 中,对于已经建立的长连接,服务端异常重启之后,客户端一般会收到如下错误:

rpc error: code = Unavailable desc = transport is closing

大部分的 gRPC 客户端封装都没有很好的处理这类 case,参见 Warden 关于 Server 端服务重启后 Client 连接断开之后的重试问题[1],对于这种错误,推荐有两种处理方法:

  1. 重试:在客户端调用失败时,选择以指数退避(Exponential Backoff )来优雅进行重试
  2. 增加 keepalive 的保活策略
  3. 增加重连(auto reconnect)策略

这篇文章就来分析下如何实现这样的客户端保活(keepalive)逻辑。提到保活机制,我们先看下 gRPC 的 keepalive 机制[2]。
0x01 HTTP2 的 GOAWAY 帧
HTTP2 使用 GOAWAY 帧信号来控制连接关闭,GOAWAY 用于启动连接关闭或发出严重错误状态信号。GOAWAY 语义为允许端点正常停止接受新的流,同时仍然完成对先前建立的流的处理,当 client 收到这个包之后就会主动关闭连接。下次需要发送数据时,就会重新建立连接。GOAWAY 是实现 grpc.gracefulStop 机制的重要保证。

gRPC 客户端 keepalive

gRPC 客户端提供 keepalive 配置如下:

var kacp = keepalive.ClientParameters{
 Time:                10 * time.Second, // send pings every 10 seconds if there is no activity
 Timeout:             time.Second,      // wait 1 second for ping ack before considering the connection dead
 PermitWithoutStream: true,             // send pings even without active streams
}
//Dial 中传入 keepalive 配置
conn, err := grpc.Dial(*addr, grpc.WithInsecure(), grpc.WithKeepaliveParams(kacp))

keepalive.ClientParameters 参数的含义如下:

  • Time:如果没有 activity, 则每隔 10s 发送一个 ping 包
  • Timeout:如果 ping ack 1s 之内未返回则认为连接已断开
  • PermitWithoutStream:如果没有 active 的 stream, 是否允许发送 ping
    联想到,在项目中 ssh 客户端[3] 和 mysql 客户端中都有着类似的实现,即单独开启协程来实现 keepalive:如下面的代码(以 ssh 为例):

    go func() {
      t := time.NewTicker(2 * time.Second)
      defer t.Stop()
      for range t.C {
          _, _, err := client.Conn.SendRequest("[email protected]", true, nil)
          if err != nil {
              return
          }
      }
    }()

    gPRC 的实现

    在 grpc-go 的 newHTTP2Client[4] 方法中,有下面的逻辑:即在新建一个 HTTP2Client 的时候会启动一个 goroutine 来处理 keepalive

    // newHTTP2Client constructs a connected ClientTransport to addr based on HTTP2
    // and starts to receive messages on it. Non-nil error returns if construction
    // fails.
    func newHTTP2Client(connectCtx, ctx context.Context, addr resolver.Address, opts ConnectOptions, onPrefaceReceipt func(), onGoAway func(GoAwayReason), onClose func()) (_ *http2Client, err error) {
      ...
     if t.keepaliveEnabled {
    t.kpDormancyCond = sync.NewCond(&t.mu)
    go t.keepalive()
      }
      ...
    }

    接下来,看下 keepalive 方法[5] 的实现:

    func (t *http2Client) keepalive() {
     p := &ping{data: [8]byte{}} //ping 的内容
     timer := time.NewTimer(t.kp.Time) // 启动一个定时器, 触发时间为配置的 Time 值
     //for loop
     for {
    select {
    // 定时器触发
    case <-timer.C:
     if atomic.CompareAndSwapUint32(&t.activity, 1, 0) {
      timer.Reset(t.kp.Time)
      continue
     }
     // Check if keepalive should go dormant.
     t.mu.Lock()
     if len(t.activeStreams) < 1 && !t.kp.PermitWithoutStream {
      // Make awakenKeepalive writable.
      <-t.awakenKeepalive
      t.mu.Unlock()
      select {
      case <-t.awakenKeepalive:
       // If the control gets here a ping has been sent
       // need to reset the timer with keepalive.Timeout.
      case <-t.ctx.Done():
       return
      }
     } else {
      t.mu.Unlock()
      if channelz.IsOn() {
       atomic.AddInt64(&t.czData.kpCount, 1)
      }
      // Send ping.
      t.controlBuf.put(p)
     }
    
     // By the time control gets here a ping has been sent one way or the other.
     timer.Reset(t.kp.Timeout)
     select {
     case <-timer.C:
      if atomic.CompareAndSwapUint32(&t.activity, 1, 0) {
       timer.Reset(t.kp.Time)
       continue
      }
      t.Close()
      return
     case <-t.ctx.Done():
      if !timer.Stop() {
       <-timer.C
      }
      return
     }
    // 上层通知 context 结束
    case <-t.ctx.Done():
     if !timer.Stop() {
      // 返回 false,表示 timer 未被销毁
      <-timer.C
     }
     return
    }
     }
    }

    从客户端的 keepalive 实现中梳理下执行逻辑:

  • 填充 ping 包内容, 为 [8]byte{},创建定时器, 触发时间为用户配置中的 Time
  • 循环处理,select 的两大分支,一为定时器触发后执行的逻辑,另一分支为 t.ctx.Done(),即 keepalive 的上层应用调用了 cancel 结束 context 子树
  • 核心逻辑在定时器触发的过程中

gRPC 服务端的 keepalive

gRPC 的服务端主要有两块逻辑:
接收并相应客户端的 ping 包
单独启动 goroutine 探测客户端是否存活
gRPC 服务端提供 keepalive 配置,分为两部分 keepalive.EnforcementPolicy 和 keepalive.ServerParameters,如下:

var kaep = keepalive.EnforcementPolicy{
 MinTime:             5 * time.Second, // If a client pings more than once every 5 seconds, terminate the connection
 PermitWithoutStream: true,            // Allow pings even when there are no active streams
}

var kasp = keepalive.ServerParameters{
 MaxConnectionIdle:     15 * time.Second, // If a client is idle for 15 seconds, send a GOAWAY
 MaxConnectionAge:      30 * time.Second, // If any connection is alive for more than 30 seconds, send a GOAWAY
 MaxConnectionAgeGrace: 5 * time.Second,  // Allow 5 seconds for pending RPCs to complete before forcibly closing connections
 Time:                  5 * time.Second,  // Ping the client if it is idle for 5 seconds to ensure the connection is still active
 Timeout:               1 * time.Second,  // Wait 1 second for the ping ack before assuming the connection is dead
}

func main(){
 ...
 s := grpc.NewServer(grpc.KeepaliveEnforcementPolicy(kaep), grpc.KeepaliveParams(kasp))
 ...
}

keepalive.EnforcementPolicy:

  • MinTime:如果客户端两次 ping 的间隔小于 5s,则关闭连接
  • PermitWithoutStream:即使没有 active stream, 也允许 ping
    keepalive.ServerParameters:
  • MaxConnectionIdle:如果一个 client 空闲超过 15s, 发送一个 GOAWAY, 为了防止同一时间发送大量 GOAWAY, 会在 15s 时间间隔上下浮动 15*10%, 即 15+1.5 或者 15-1.5
  • MaxConnectionAge:如果任意连接存活时间超过 30s, 发送一个 GOAWAY
  • MaxConnectionAgeGrace:在强制关闭连接之间, 允许有 5s 的时间完成 pending 的 rpc 请求
  • Time:如果一个 client 空闲超过 5s, 则发送一个 ping 请求
  • Timeout:如果 ping 请求 1s 内未收到回复, 则认为该连接已断开

    gRPC 的实现

    服务端处理客户端的 ping 包的 response 的逻辑在 handlePing 方法[6] 中。handlePing 方法会判断是否违反两条 policy, 如果违反则将 pingStrikes++, 当违反次数大于 maxPingStrikes(2) 时, 打印一条错误日志并且发送一个 goAway 包,断开这个连接,具体实现如下:

    func (t *http2Server) handlePing(f *http2.PingFrame) {
     if f.IsAck() {
    if f.Data == goAwayPing.data && t.drainChan != nil {
     close(t.drainChan)
     return
    }
    // Maybe it's a BDP ping.
    if t.bdpEst != nil {
     t.bdpEst.calculate(f.Data)
    }
    return
     }
     pingAck := &ping{ack: true}
     copy(pingAck.data[:], f.Data[:])
     t.controlBuf.put(pingAck)
    
     now := time.Now()
     defer func() {
    t.lastPingAt = now
     }()
     // A reset ping strikes means that we don't need to check for policy
     // violation for this ping and the pingStrikes counter should be set
     // to 0.
     if atomic.CompareAndSwapUint32(&t.resetPingStrikes, 1, 0) {
    t.pingStrikes = 0
    return
     }
     t.mu.Lock()
     ns := len(t.activeStreams)
     t.mu.Unlock()
     if ns < 1 && !t.kep.PermitWithoutStream {
    // Keepalive shouldn't be active thus, this new ping should
    // have come after at least defaultPingTimeout.
    if t.lastPingAt.Add(defaultPingTimeout).After(now) {
     t.pingStrikes++
    }
     } else {
    // Check if keepalive policy is respected.
    if t.lastPingAt.Add(t.kep.MinTime).After(now) {
     t.pingStrikes++
    }
     }
    
     if t.pingStrikes > maxPingStrikes {
    // Send goaway and close the connection.
    if logger.V(logLevel) {
     logger.Errorf("transport: Got too many pings from the client, closing the connection.")
    }
    t.controlBuf.put(&goAway{code: http2.ErrCodeEnhanceYourCalm, debugData: []byte("too_many_pings"), closeConn: true})
     }
    }

    注意,对 pingStrikes 累加的逻辑:

  • t.lastPingAt.Add(defaultPingTimeout).After(now):
  • t.lastPingAt.Add(t.kep.MinTime).After(now):

    func (t *http2Server) handlePing(f *http2.PingFrame) {
     ...
     if ns < 1 && !t.kep.PermitWithoutStream {
    // Keepalive shouldn't be active thus, this new ping should
    // have come after at least defaultPingTimeout.
    if t.lastPingAt.Add(defaultPingTimeout).After(now) {
     t.pingStrikes++
    }
     } else {
    // Check if keepalive policy is respected.
    if t.lastPingAt.Add(t.kep.MinTime).After(now) {
     t.pingStrikes++
    }
     }
     if t.pingStrikes > maxPingStrikes {
    // Send goaway and close the connection.
    errorf("transport: Got too many pings from the client, closing the connection.")
    t.controlBuf.put(&goAway{code: http2.ErrCodeEnhanceYourCalm, debugData: []byte("too_many_pings"), closeConn: true})
     }
    }

    keepalive 相关代码

    gRPC 服务端新建一个 HTTP2 server 的时候会启动一个单独的 goroutine 处理 keepalive 逻辑,newHTTP2Server 方法[7]:

    func newHTTP2Server(conn net.Conn, config *ServerConfig) (_ ServerTransport, err error) {
     ...
     go t.keepalive()
     ...
    }

    简单分析下 keepalive 的实现,核心逻辑是启动 3 个定时器,分别为 maxIdle、maxAge 和 keepAlive,然后在 for select 中处理相关定时器触发事件:

  • maxIdle 逻辑:判断 client 空闲时间是否超出配置的时间, 如果超时, 则调用 t.drain, 该方法会发送一个 GOAWAY 包
    maxAge 逻辑:触发之后首先调用 t.drain 发送 GOAWAY 包, 接着重置定时器, 时间设置为 MaxConnectionAgeGrace, 再次触发后调用 t.Close() 直接关闭(有些 graceful 的意味)
  • keepalive 逻辑:首先判断 activity 是否为 1, 如果不是则置 pingSent 为 true, 并且发送 ping 包, 接着重置定时器时间为 Timeout, 再次触发后如果 activity 不为 1(即未收到 ping 的回复) 并且 pingSent 为 true, 则调用 t.Close() 关闭连接

    func (t *http2Server) keepalive() {
     p := &ping{}
     var pingSent bool
     maxIdle := time.NewTimer(t.kp.MaxConnectionIdle)
     maxAge := time.NewTimer(t.kp.MaxConnectionAge)
     keepalive := time.NewTimer(t.kp.Time)
     // NOTE: All exit paths of this function should reset their
     // respective timers. A failure to do so will cause the
     // following clean-up to deadlock and eventually leak.
     defer func() {
    // 退出前,完成定时器的回收工作
    if !maxIdle.Stop() {
     <-maxIdle.C
    }
    if !maxAge.Stop() {
     <-maxAge.C
    }
    if !keepalive.Stop() {
     <-keepalive.C
    }
     }()
     for {
    select {
    case <-maxIdle.C:
     t.mu.Lock()
     idle := t.idle
     if idle.IsZero() { // The connection is non-idle.
      t.mu.Unlock()
      maxIdle.Reset(t.kp.MaxConnectionIdle)
      continue
     }
     val := t.kp.MaxConnectionIdle - time.Since(idle)
     t.mu.Unlock()
     if val <= 0 {
      // The connection has been idle for a duration of keepalive.MaxConnectionIdle or more.
      // Gracefully close the connection.
      t.drain(http2.ErrCodeNo, []byte{})
      // Resetting the timer so that the clean-up doesn't deadlock.
      maxIdle.Reset(infinity)
      return
     }
     maxIdle.Reset(val)
    case <-maxAge.C:
     t.drain(http2.ErrCodeNo, []byte{})
     maxAge.Reset(t.kp.MaxConnectionAgeGrace)
     select {
     case <-maxAge.C:
      // Close the connection after grace period.
      t.Close()
      // Resetting the timer so that the clean-up doesn't deadlock.
      maxAge.Reset(infinity)
     case <-t.ctx.Done():
     }
     return
    case <-keepalive.C:
     if atomic.CompareAndSwapUint32(&t.activity, 1, 0) {
      pingSent = false
      keepalive.Reset(t.kp.Time)
      continue
     }
     if pingSent {
      t.Close()
      // Resetting the timer so that the clean-up doesn't deadlock.
      keepalive.Reset(infinity)
      return
     }
     pingSent = true
     if channelz.IsOn() {
      atomic.AddInt64(&t.czData.kpCount, 1)
     }
     t.controlBuf.put(p)
     keepalive.Reset(t.kp.Timeout)
    case <-t.ctx.Done():
     return
    }
     }
    }

    实现健壮的长连接客户端

    参考资料
    [1]
    Warden 关于 Server 端服务重启后 Client 连接断开之后的重试问题: https://github.com/go-kratos/...

[2]
keepalive 机制: https://github.com/grpc/grpc/...

[3]
ssh 客户端: https://pandaychen.github.io/...客户端-keepalive-机制

[4]
newHTTP2Client: https://github.com/grpc/grpc-...

[5]
keepalive 方法: https://github.com/grpc/grpc-...

[6]
handlePing 方法: https://github.com/grpc/grpc-...

[7]
newHTTP2Server 方法: https://github.com/grpc/grpc-...

[8]
服务端: https://github.com/grpc/grpc-...

[9]
客户端: https://github.com/grpc/grpc-...

[10]
GRPC 开箱手册: https://juejin.im/post/684490...

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