R语言实现各种数据可视化的超详细教程

目录

• 1 主成分分析可视化结果
• 1.1 查看莺尾花数据集(前五行，前四列)
• 1.2 使用莺尾花数据集进行主成分分析后可视化展示
• 2 圆环图绘制
• 3 马赛克图绘制
• 3.1 构造数据
• 3.2 ggplot2包的geom_rect()函数绘制马赛克图
• 3.3 vcd包的mosaic()函数绘制马赛克图
• 3.4 graphics包的mosaicplot()函数绘制马赛克图
• 4 棒棒糖图绘制
• 4.1 查看内置示例数据
• 4.2 绘制基础棒棒糖图（使用ggplot2）
• 4.2.1 更改点的大小，形状，颜色和透明度
• 4.2.2 更改辅助线段的大小，颜色和类型
• 4.2.3 对点进行排序，坐标轴翻转
• 4.3 绘制棒棒糖图（使用ggpubr）
• 4.3.1 使用ggdotchart函数绘制棒棒糖图
• 4.3.2 自定义一些参数
• 5 三相元图绘制
• 5.1 构建数据
• 5.1.1 R-ggtern包绘制三相元图
• 5.1.2 优化处理
• 6 华夫饼图绘制
• 6.1 数据准备
• 6.1.1 ggplot 包绘制
• 6.1.2 点状华夫饼图ggplot绘制
• 6.1.3 堆积型华夫饼图
• 6.1.4 waffle 包绘制（一个好用的包，专为华夫饼图做准备的）
• 7 三维散点图绘制
• 7.1 简单绘制
• 7.2 加入第四个变量，进行颜色分组
• 7.2.1 方法一
• 7.2.2 方法二
• 7.3 用rgl包的plot3d()进行绘制
• 总结

1 主成分分析可视化结果

1.1 查看莺尾花数据集(前五行，前四列)

iris[1:5,-5]
##   Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width
## 1          5.1         3.5          1.4         0.2
## 2          4.9         3.0          1.4         0.2
## 3          4.7         3.2          1.3         0.2
## 4          4.6         3.1          1.5         0.2
## 5          5.0         3.6          1.4         0.2

1.2 使用莺尾花数据集进行主成分分析后可视化展示

library("ggplot2")
library("ggbiplot")
## 载入需要的程辑包：plyr
## 载入需要的程辑包：scales
## 载入需要的程辑包：grid
res.pca = prcomp(iris[,-5],scale=TRUE)
ggbiplot(res.pca,obs.scale=1,var.scale=1,ellipse=TRUE,circle=TRUE)

#添加组别颜色
ggbiplot(res.pca,obs.scale=1,var.scale=1,ellipse=TRUE,circle=TRUE,groups=iris$Species)

#更改绘制主题
ggbiplot(res.pca, obs.scale = 1, var.scale = 1, ellipse = TRUE,groups = iris$Species, circle = TRUE) +
  theme_bw() +
  theme(panel.grid = element_blank()) +
  scale_color_brewer(palette = "Set2") +
  labs(title = "新主题",subtitle = "好看吗！",caption ="绘于：桂林")

2 圆环图绘制

#构造数据
df <- data.frame(
  group = c("Male", "Female", "Child"),
  value = c(10, 20, 30))
#ggpubr包绘制圆环图
library("ggpubr")
## 
## 载入程辑包：'ggpubr'
## The following object is masked from 'package:plyr':
## 
##     mutate
ggdonutchart(df, "value",
             label = "group",                               
             fill = "group",                            
             color = "white",                                
             palette = c("#00AFBB", "#E7B800", "#FC4E07") 
)

3 马赛克图绘制

3.1 构造数据

library(ggplot2)
library(RColorBrewer)
library(reshape2)  #提供melt()函数
library(plyr)      #提供ddply()函数,join()函数

df <- data.frame(segment = c("A", "B", "C","D"),
                      Alpha = c(2400    ,1200,  600 ,250),
                      Beta = c(1000 ,900,   600,    250),
                      Gamma = c(400,    600 ,400,   250),
                      Delta = c(200,    300 ,400,   250))

melt_df<-melt(df,id="segment")
df
##   segment Alpha Beta Gamma Delta
## 1       A  2400 1000   400   200
## 2       B  1200  900   600   300
## 3       C   600  600   400   400
## 4       D   250  250   250   250
#计算出每行的最大，最小值，并计算每行各数的百分比。ddply()对data.frame分组计算，并利用join()函数进行两个表格连接。
segpct<-rowSums(df[,2:ncol(df)])
for (i in 1:nrow(df)){
  for (j in 2:ncol(df)){
    df[i,j]<-df[i,j]/segpct[i]*100  #将数字转换成百分比
  }
}

segpct<-segpct/sum(segpct)*100
df$xmax <- cumsum(segpct)
df$xmin <- (df$xmax - segpct)

dfm <- melt(df, id = c("segment", "xmin", "xmax"),value.name="percentage")
colnames(dfm)[ncol(dfm)]<-"percentage"

#ddply()函数使用自定义统计函数，对data.frame分组计算
dfm1 <- ddply(dfm, .(segment), transform, ymax = cumsum(percentage))
dfm1 <- ddply(dfm1, .(segment), transform,ymin = ymax - percentage)
dfm1$xtext <- with(dfm1, xmin + (xmax - xmin)/2)
dfm1$ytext <- with(dfm1, ymin + (ymax - ymin)/2)

#join()函数，连接两个表格data.frame
dfm2<-join(melt_df, dfm1, by = c("segment", "variable"), type = "left", match = "all")
dfm2
##    segment variable value xmin xmax percentage ymax ymin xtext ytext
## 1        A    Alpha  2400    0   40         60   60    0    20  30.0
## 2        B    Alpha  1200   40   70         40   40    0    55  20.0
## 3        C    Alpha   600   70   90         30   30    0    80  15.0
## 4        D    Alpha   250   90  100         25   25    0    95  12.5
## 5        A     Beta  1000    0   40         25   85   60    20  72.5
## 6        B     Beta   900   40   70         30   70   40    55  55.0
## 7        C     Beta   600   70   90         30   60   30    80  45.0
## 8        D     Beta   250   90  100         25   50   25    95  37.5
## 9        A    Gamma   400    0   40         10   95   85    20  90.0
## 10       B    Gamma   600   40   70         20   90   70    55  80.0
## 11       C    Gamma   400   70   90         20   80   60    80  70.0
## 12       D    Gamma   250   90  100         25   75   50    95  62.5
## 13       A    Delta   200    0   40          5  100   95    20  97.5
## 14       B    Delta   300   40   70         10  100   90    55  95.0
## 15       C    Delta   400   70   90         20  100   80    80  90.0
## 16       D    Delta   250   90  100         25  100   75    95  87.5

3.2 ggplot2包的geom_rect()函数绘制马赛克图

ggplot()+
  geom_rect(aes(ymin = ymin, ymax = ymax, xmin = xmin, xmax = xmax, fill = variable),dfm2,colour = "black") +
  geom_text(aes(x = xtext, y = ytext,  label = value),dfm2 ,size = 4)+
  geom_text(aes(x = xtext, y = 103, label = paste("Seg ", segment)),dfm2 ,size = 4)+
  geom_text(aes(x = 102, y = seq(12.5,100,25), label = c("Alpha","Beta","Gamma","Delta")), size = 4,hjust = 0)+
  scale_x_continuous(breaks=seq(0,100,25),limits=c(0,110))+
  theme(panel.background=element_rect(fill="white",colour=NA),
        panel.grid.major = element_line(colour = "grey60",size=.25,linetype ="dotted" ),
        panel.grid.minor = element_line(colour = "grey60",size=.25,linetype ="dotted" ),
        text=element_text(size=15),
        legend.position="none")

3.3 vcd包的mosaic()函数绘制马赛克图

library(vcd)
table<-xtabs(value ~variable+segment, melt_df)
mosaic( ~segment+variable,table,shade=TRUE,legend=TRUE,color=TRUE)

包的mosaic()函数绘制马赛克图

library(vcd)
table<-xtabs(value ~variable+segment, melt_df)
mosaic( ~segment+variable,table,shade=TRUE,legend=TRUE,color=TRUE)

3.4 graphics包的mosaicplot()函数绘制马赛克图

library(graphics)
library(wesanderson) #颜色提取
mosaicplot( ~segment+variable,table, color = wes_palette("GrandBudapest1"),main = '')

4 棒棒糖图绘制

4.1 查看内置示例数据

library(ggplot2)
data("mtcars")
df <- mtcars
# 转换为因子
df$cyl <- as.factor(df$cyl)
df$name <- rownames(df)
head(df)
##                    mpg cyl disp  hp drat    wt  qsec vs am gear carb
## Mazda RX4         21.0   6  160 110 3.90 2.620 16.46  0  1    4    4
## Mazda RX4 Wag     21.0   6  160 110 3.90 2.875 17.02  0  1    4    4
## Datsun 710        22.8   4  108  93 3.85 2.320 18.61  1  1    4    1
## Hornet 4 Drive    21.4   6  258 110 3.08 3.215 19.44  1  0    3    1
## Hornet Sportabout 18.7   8  360 175 3.15 3.440 17.02  0  0    3    2
## Valiant           18.1   6  225 105 2.76 3.460 20.22  1  0    3    1
##                                name
## Mazda RX4                 Mazda RX4
## Mazda RX4 Wag         Mazda RX4 Wag
## Datsun 710               Datsun 710
## Hornet 4 Drive       Hornet 4 Drive
## Hornet Sportabout Hornet Sportabout
## Valiant                     Valiant

4.2 绘制基础棒棒糖图（使用ggplot2）

ggplot(df,aes(name,mpg)) + 
  # 添加散点
  geom_point(size=5) + 
  # 添加辅助线段
  geom_segment(aes(x=name,xend=name,y=0,yend=mpg))

4.2.1 更改点的大小，形状，颜色和透明度

ggplot(df,aes(name,mpg)) + 
  # 添加散点
  geom_point(size=5, color="red", fill=alpha("orange", 0.3), 
             alpha=0.7, shape=21, stroke=3) + 
  # 添加辅助线段
  geom_segment(aes(x=name,xend=name,y=0,yend=mpg)) +
  theme_bw() + 
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45,hjust = 1),
        panel.grid = element_blank())

4.2.2 更改辅助线段的大小，颜色和类型

ggplot(df,aes(name,mpg)) + 
  # 添加散点
  geom_point(aes(size=cyl,color=cyl)) + 
  # 添加辅助线段
  geom_segment(aes(x=name,xend=name,y=0,yend=mpg),
               size=1, color="blue", linetype="dotdash") +
  theme_classic() + 
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45,hjust = 1),
        panel.grid = element_blank()) +
  scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0,0))
## Warning: Using size for a discrete variable is not advised.

4.2.3 对点进行排序，坐标轴翻转

df <- df[order(df$mpg),]
# 设置因子进行排序
df$name <- factor(df$name,levels = df$name)

ggplot(df,aes(name,mpg)) + 
  # 添加散点
  geom_point(aes(color=cyl),size=8) + 
  # 添加辅助线段
  geom_segment(aes(x=name,xend=name,y=0,yend=mpg),
               size=1, color="gray") +
  theme_minimal() + 
  theme(
    panel.grid.major.y = element_blank(),
    panel.border = element_blank(),
    axis.ticks.y = element_blank()
  ) +
  coord_flip()

4.3 绘制棒棒糖图（使用ggpubr）

library(ggpubr)
# 查看示例数据
head(df)
##                      mpg cyl disp  hp drat    wt  qsec vs am gear carb
## Cadillac Fleetwood  10.4   8  472 205 2.93 5.250 17.98  0  0    3    4
## Lincoln Continental 10.4   8  460 215 3.00 5.424 17.82  0  0    3    4
## Camaro Z28          13.3   8  350 245 3.73 3.840 15.41  0  0    3    4
## Duster 360          14.3   8  360 245 3.21 3.570 15.84  0  0    3    4
## Chrysler Imperial   14.7   8  440 230 3.23 5.345 17.42  0  0    3    4
## Maserati Bora       15.0   8  301 335 3.54 3.570 14.60  0  1    5    8
##                                    name
## Cadillac Fleetwood   Cadillac Fleetwood
## Lincoln Continental Lincoln Continental
## Camaro Z28                   Camaro Z28
## Duster 360                   Duster 360
## Chrysler Imperial     Chrysler Imperial
## Maserati Bora             Maserati Bora

4.3.1 使用ggdotchart函数绘制棒棒糖图

ggdotchart(df, x = "name", y = "mpg",
           color = "cyl", # 设置按照cyl填充颜色
           size = 6, # 设置点的大小
           palette = c("#00AFBB", "#E7B800", "#FC4E07"), # 修改颜色画板
           sorting = "ascending", # 设置升序排序                        
           add = "segments", # 添加辅助线段
           add.params = list(color = "lightgray", size = 1.5), # 设置辅助线段的大小和颜色
           ggtheme = theme_pubr(), # 设置主题
)

4.3.2 自定义一些参数

ggdotchart(df, x = "name", y = "mpg",
           color = "cyl", # 设置按照cyl填充颜色
           size = 8, # 设置点的大小
           palette = "jco", # 修改颜色画板
           sorting = "descending", # 设置降序排序                        
           add = "segments", # 添加辅助线段
           add.params = list(color = "lightgray", size = 1.2), # 设置辅助线段的大小和颜色
           rotate = TRUE, # 旋转坐标轴方向
           group = "cyl", # 设置按照cyl进行分组
           label = "mpg", # 按mpg添加label标签
           font.label = list(color = "white", 
                             size = 7, 
                             vjust = 0.5), # 设置label标签的字体颜色和大小
           ggtheme = theme_pubclean(), # 设置主题
)

5 三相元图绘制

5.1 构建数据

test_data = data.frame(x = runif(100),
                       y = runif(100),
                       z = runif(100))
head(test_data)
##            x         y          z
## 1 0.79555379 0.1121278 0.90667083
## 2 0.12816648 0.8980756 0.51703604
## 3 0.66631357 0.5757205 0.50830765
## 4 0.87326608 0.2336119 0.05895517
## 5 0.01087468 0.7611424 0.37542833
## 6 0.77126494 0.2682030 0.49992176

5.1.1 R-ggtern包绘制三相元图

library(tidyverse)
## -- Attaching packages --------------------------------------- tidyverse 1.3.1 --
## v tibble  3.1.3     v dplyr   1.0.7
## v tidyr   1.1.3     v stringr 1.4.0
## v readr   2.0.1     v forcats 0.5.1
## v purrr   0.3.4
## -- Conflicts ------------------------------------------ tidyverse_conflicts() --
## x dplyr::arrange()    masks plyr::arrange()
## x readr::col_factor() masks scales::col_factor()
## x purrr::compact()    masks plyr::compact()
## x dplyr::count()      masks plyr::count()
## x purrr::discard()    masks scales::discard()
## x dplyr::failwith()   masks plyr::failwith()
## x dplyr::filter()     masks stats::filter()
## x dplyr::id()         masks plyr::id()
## x dplyr::lag()        masks stats::lag()
## x dplyr::mutate()     masks ggpubr::mutate(), plyr::mutate()
## x dplyr::rename()     masks plyr::rename()
## x dplyr::summarise()  masks plyr::summarise()
## x dplyr::summarize()  masks plyr::summarize()
library(ggtern)
## Registered S3 methods overwritten by 'ggtern':
##   method           from   
##   grid.draw.ggplot ggplot2
##   plot.ggplot      ggplot2
##   print.ggplot     ggplot2
## --
## Remember to cite, run citation(package = 'ggtern') for further info.
## --
## 
## 载入程辑包：'ggtern'
## The following objects are masked from 'package:ggplot2':
## 
##     aes, annotate, ggplot, ggplot_build, ggplot_gtable, ggplotGrob,
##     ggsave, layer_data, theme_bw, theme_classic, theme_dark,
##     theme_gray, theme_light, theme_linedraw, theme_minimal, theme_void
library(hrbrthemes)
## NOTE: Either Arial Narrow or Roboto Condensed fonts are required to use these themes.
##       Please use hrbrthemes::import_roboto_condensed() to install Roboto Condensed and
##       if Arial Narrow is not on your system, please see https://bit.ly/arialnarrow
library(ggtext)

test_plot_pir <- ggtern(data = test_data,aes(x, y, z))+
    geom_point(size=2.5)+
    theme_rgbw(base_family = "") +
    labs(x="",y="",
        title = "Example Density/Contour Plot: GGtern Test",
        subtitle = "processed map charts with ggtern()",
        caption = "Visualization by DataCharm") +
    guides(color = "none", fill = "none", alpha = "none")+
    theme(
        plot.title = element_markdown(hjust = 0.5,vjust = .5,color = "black",
                             size = 20, margin = margin(t = 1, b = 12)),
        plot.subtitle = element_markdown(hjust = 0,vjust = .5,size=15),
        plot.caption = element_markdown(face = 'bold',size = 12),
        )
test_plot_pir

5.1.2 优化处理

test_plot <- ggtern(data = test_data,aes(x, y, z),size=2)+
    stat_density_tern(geom = 'polygon',n = 300,
                      aes(fill  = ..level..,
                          alpha = ..level..))+
    geom_point(size=2.5)+
    theme_rgbw(base_family = "") +
    labs(x="",y="",
        title = "Example Density/Contour Plot: GGtern Test",
        subtitle = "processed map charts with ggtern()",
        caption = "Visualization by DataCharm") +
    scale_fill_gradient(low = "blue",high = "red")  +
    #去除映射属性的图例
    guides(color = "none", fill = "none", alpha = "none")+ 
    theme(
        plot.title = element_markdown(hjust = 0.5,vjust = .5,color = "black",
                             size = 20, margin = margin(t = 1, b = 12)),
        plot.subtitle = element_markdown(hjust = 0,vjust = .5,size=15),
        plot.caption = element_markdown(face = 'bold',size = 12),
        )
test_plot
## Warning: stat_density_tern: You have not specified a below-detection-limit (bdl) value (Ref. 'bdl' and 'bdl.val' arguments in ?stat_density_tern). Presently you have 2x value/s below a detection limit of 0.010, which acounts for 2.000% of your data. Density values at fringes may appear abnormally high attributed to the mathematics of the ILR transformation. 
## You can either:
## 1. Ignore this warning,
## 2. Set the bdl value appropriately so that fringe values are omitted from the ILR calculation, or
## 3. Accept the high density values if they exist, and manually set the 'breaks' argument 
##    so that the countours at lower densities are represented appropriately.

6 华夫饼图绘制

6.1 数据准备

#相关包
library(ggplot2)
library(RColorBrewer)
library(reshape2)
#数据生成
nrows <- 10
categ_table <- round(table(mpg$class ) * ((nrows*nrows)/(length(mpg$class))))
sort_table<-sort(categ_table,index.return=TRUE,decreasing = FALSE)
Order<-sort(as.data.frame(categ_table)$Freq,index.return=TRUE,decreasing = FALSE)
df <- expand.grid(y = 1:nrows, x = 1:nrows)
df$category<-factor(rep(names(sort_table),sort_table), levels=names(sort_table))
Color<-brewer.pal(length(sort_table), "Set2")
head(df)
##   y x category
## 1 1 1  2seater
## 2 2 1  2seater
## 3 3 1  minivan
## 4 4 1  minivan
## 5 5 1  minivan
## 6 6 1  minivan

6.1.1 ggplot 包绘制

ggplot(df, aes(x = y, y = x, fill = category)) +
geom_tile(color = "white", size = 0.25) +
#geom_point(color = "black",shape=1,size=5) +
coord_fixed(ratio = 1)+ #x,y 轴尺寸固定， ratio=1 表示 x ， y 轴长度相同
scale_x_continuous(trans = 'reverse') +#expand = c(0, 0),
scale_y_continuous(trans = 'reverse') +#expand = c(0, 0),
scale_fill_manual(name = "Category",
#labels = names(sort_table),
values = Color)+
theme(#panel.border = element_rect(fill=NA,size = 2),
panel.background = element_blank(),
plot.title = element_text(size = rel(1.2)),
axis.text = element_blank(),
axis.title = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
legend.title = element_blank(),
legend.position = "right")
## Coordinate system already present. Adding new coordinate system, which will replace the existing one.

6.1.2 点状华夫饼图ggplot绘制

library(ggforce)
ggplot(df, aes(x0 = y, y0 = x, fill = category,r=0.5)) +
  geom_circle(color = "black", size = 0.25) +
  #geom_point(color = "black",shape=21,size=6) +
  coord_fixed(ratio = 1)+
  scale_x_continuous(trans = 'reverse') +#expand = c(0, 0),
  scale_y_continuous(trans = 'reverse') +#expand = c(0, 0),
  scale_fill_manual(name = "Category",
                    #labels = names(sort_table),
                    values = Color)+
  theme(#panel.border = element_rect(fill=NA,size = 2),
    panel.background  = element_blank(),
    plot.title = element_text(size = rel(1.2)),
    legend.position = "right")
## Coordinate system already present. Adding new coordinate system, which will replace the existing one.

6.1.3 堆积型华夫饼图

library(dplyr)
nrows <- 10
ndeep <- 10
unit<-100
df <- expand.grid(y = 1:nrows, x = 1:nrows)

categ_table <- as.data.frame(table(mpg$class) * (nrows*nrows))
colnames(categ_table)<-c("names","vals")
categ_table<-arrange(categ_table,desc(vals))
categ_table$vals<-categ_table$vals /unit

tb4waffles <- expand.grid(y = 1:ndeep,x = seq_len(ceiling(sum(categ_table$vals) / ndeep)))
regionvec <- as.character(rep(categ_table$names, categ_table$vals))
tb4waffles<-tb4waffles[1:length(regionvec),]

tb4waffles$names <- factor(regionvec,levels=categ_table$names)

Color<-brewer.pal(nrow(categ_table), "Set2")
ggplot(tb4waffles, aes(x = x, y = y, fill = names)) +
  #geom_tile(color = "white") + #
  geom_point(color = "black",shape=21,size=5) + #
  scale_fill_manual(name = "Category",
                    values = Color)+
  xlab("1 square = 100")+
  ylab("")+
  coord_fixed(ratio = 1)+
  theme(#panel.border = element_rect(fill=NA,size = 2),
         panel.background  = element_blank(),
        plot.title = element_text(size = rel(1.2)),
        #axis.text = element_blank(),
        #axis.title = element_blank(),
        #axis.ticks = element_blank(),
        # legend.title = element_blank(),
        legend.position = "right")
## Coordinate system already present. Adding new coordinate system, which will replace the existing one.

6.1.4 waffle 包绘制（一个好用的包，专为华夫饼图做准备的）

#waffle(parts, rows = 10, keep = TRUE, xlab = NULL, title = NULL, colors = NA, size = 2, flip = FALSE, reverse = FALSE, equal = TRUE, pad = 0, use_glyph = FALSE, glyph_size = 12, legend_pos = "right")
#parts 用于图表的值的命名向量
#rows 块的行数
#keep 保持因子水平（例如，在华夫饼图中获得一致的图例）
library("waffle")
parts <- c(One=80, Two=30, Three=20, Four=10)
chart <- waffle(parts, rows=8)
print(chart)

7 三维散点图绘制

7.1 简单绘制

library("plot3D")
#以Sepal.Length为x轴，Sepal.Width为y轴，Petal.Length为z轴。绘制箱子型box = TRUE;旋转角度为theta = 60, phi = 20;透视转换强度的值为3d=3;按照2D图绘制正常刻度ticktype = "detailed";散点图的颜色设置bg="#F57446"
pmar <- par(mar = c(5.1, 4.1, 4.1, 6.1)) #改版画布版式大小
with(iris, scatter3D(x = Sepal.Length, y = Sepal.Width, z = Petal.Length,
  pch = 21, cex = 1.5,col="black",bg="#F57446",
                   xlab = "Sepal.Length",
                   ylab = "Sepal.Width",
                   zlab = "Petal.Length", 
                   ticktype = "detailed",bty = "f",box = TRUE,
                   theta = 60, phi = 20, d=3,
                   colkey = FALSE)
)

7.2 加入第四个变量，进行颜色分组

7.2.1 方法一

#可以将变量Petal.Width映射到数据点颜色中。该变量是连续性，如果想将数据按从小到大分成n类，则可以使用dplyr包中的ntile()函数，然后依次设置不同组的颜色bg=colormap[iris$quan]，并根据映射的数值添加图例颜色条（colkey()）。
library(tidyverse)
iris = iris %>% mutate(quan = ntile(Petal.Width,6))
colormap <- colorRampPalette(rev(brewer.pal(11,'RdYlGn')))(6)#legend颜色配置
pmar <- par(mar = c(5.1, 4.1, 4.1, 6.1))
# 绘图
with(iris, scatter3D(x = Sepal.Length, y = Sepal.Width, z = Petal.Length,pch = 21, cex = 1.5,col="black",bg=colormap[iris$quan],
     xlab = "Sepal.Length",
     ylab = "Sepal.Width",
     zlab = "Petal.Length", 
     ticktype = "detailed",bty = "f",box = TRUE,
     theta = 60, phi = 20, d=3,
     colkey = FALSE)
)
colkey (col=colormap,clim=range(iris$quan),clab = "Petal.Width", add=TRUE, length=0.4,side = 4)

7.2.2 方法二

#将第四维数据映射到数据点的大小上(cex = rescale(iris$quan, c(.5, 4)))这里我还“得寸进尺”的将颜色也来反应第四维变量，当然也可以用颜色反应第五维变量。
pmar <- par(mar = c(5.1, 4.1, 4.1, 6.1))
with(iris, scatter3D(x = Sepal.Length, y = Sepal.Width, z = Petal.Length,pch = 21, 
                     cex = rescale(iris$quan, c(.5, 4)),col="black",bg=colormap[iris$quan],
                     xlab = "Sepal.Length",
                     ylab = "Sepal.Width",
                     zlab = "Petal.Length", 
                     ticktype = "detailed",bty = "f",box = TRUE,
                     theta = 30, phi = 15, d=2,
                     colkey = FALSE)
)
breaks =1:6
legend("right",title =  "Weight",legend=breaks,pch=21,
       pt.cex=rescale(breaks, c(.5, 4)),y.intersp=1.6,
       pt.bg = colormap[1:6],bg="white",bty="n")

7.3 用rgl包的plot3d()进行绘制

library(rgl)
#数据
mycolors <- c('royalblue1', 'darkcyan', 'oldlace')
iris$color <- mycolors[ as.numeric(iris$Species) ]
#绘制
plot3d( 
  x=iris$`Sepal.Length`, y=iris$`Sepal.Width`, z=iris$`Petal.Length`, 
  col = iris$color, 
  type = 's', 
  radius = .1,
  xlab="Sepal Length", ylab="Sepal Width", zlab="Petal Length")

总结

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