ClickHouse学习笔记之备份和恢复
手动实现备份及恢复
ClickHouse允许使用alter table ... freeze partition ....查询已创建表分区的本地副本，这是利用硬链接到/var/lib/clickhouse/shadow目录中实现的，所以它通常不会因为旧数据而占用额外的磁盘空间。创建的文件副本不由ClickHouse服务器处理，所以不需要任何的外部系统就可以有一个简单的备份。为了防止硬件问题，最好将这些备份复制到另一台主机上，再删除本地副本。更多关于ClickHouse的备份恢复说明，请参见官网
创建副本路径
如果/var/lib/clickhouse/shadow不存在，则创建，否则清空目录下的原有数据：
[root@scentos szc]# mkdir -p /var/lib/clickhouse/shadow
[root@scentos szc]# chown clickhouse:clickhouse /var/lib/clickhouse/shadow
执行备份命令
scentos :) alter table t_order_mt freeze;
ALTER TABLE t_order_mt
FREEZE
Query id: 06a7d0a8-fc97-4816-8314-140b9a3acfb4
Ok.
0 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.003 sec.
将备份数据保存到其他路径
[root@scentos szc]# mkdir -p /var/lib/clickhouse/backup/ # 创建备份存储路径
[root@scentos szc]# cp -r /var/lib/clickhouse/shadow/ /var/lib/clickhouse/backup/backup_szc # 拷贝数据到备份路径
[root@scentos szc]# rm -rf /var/lib/clickhouse/shadow/* # 删除原有备份数据
恢复数据
先把删除过的表删除，再重新创建：
scentos :) drop table t_order_mt;
DROP TABLE t_order_mt
Query id: 94e8a0f8-61a8-4d44-9e4d-c98399497f37
Ok.
0 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.001 sec.
scentos :) create table t_order_mt(
:-] id UInt32,
:-] sku_id String,
:-] total_amount Decimal(16,2),
:-] create_time Datetime
:-] ) engine =MergeTree
:-] partition by toYYYYMMDD(create_time)
:-] primary key (id)
:-] order by (id,sku_id);
CREATE TABLE t_order_mt
(
`id` UInt32,
`sku_id` String,
`total_amount` Decimal(16, 2),
`create_time` Datetime
)
ENGINE = MergeTree
PARTITION BY toYYYYMMDD(create_time)
PRIMARY KEY id
ORDER BY (id, sku_id)
Query id: a1c2fc90-78d0-440d-ad67-4a4f18f149a1
Ok.
0 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.005 sec.
再把备份复制到detached目录，并修改权限：
[root@scentos szc]# cp -rl /var/lib/clickhouse/backup/backup_szc/1/store/b3e/b3e422c6-5940-49b9-b3e4-22c6594029b9/* /var/lib/clickhouse/data/default/t_order_mt/detached/
[root@scentos szc]# chown -R clickhouse:clickhouse /var/lib/clickhouse/
ClickHouse使用文件系统的硬链接实现及时备份，不会导致ClickHouse服务停机或锁定。这些硬链接可以进一步用于有效的备份存储，在支持硬链接的文件系统(如本地文件系统或NFS)，将cp和-l标志一起使用(或rsync与-hard-links和-numeric-ids一起使用)以避免复制数据。
然后在ClickHouse客户端执行attach，并查看数据：
scentos :) alter table t_order_mt attach partition 20200601;
ALTER TABLE t_order_mt
ATTACH PARTITION 20200601
Query id: 43b804f9-60b3-4dca-8e56-a53cb73fba2b
Ok.
0 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.001 sec.
scentos :) select count() from t_order_mt;
SELECT count()
FROM t_order_mt
Query id: 47839921-5611-48ee-9c4b-c3e13d9e1ae8
┌─count()─┐
│ 5 │
└─────────┘
1 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.002 sec.
使用clickhouse-backup
上述过程，我们可以通过ClickHouse的备份工具clickhouse-backup帮我们自动化实现，下载地址
安装
[root@scentos szc]# rpm -ivh clickhouse-backup-1.0.0-1.x86_64.rpm
配置文件
[root@scentos szc]# mv /etc/clickhouse-backup/config.yml.example /etc/clickhouse-backup/config.yml
修改clickhouse选项中的主机名：
clickhouse:
username: default
password: ""
host: scentos
创建备份
查看可用命令：
[root@scentos szc]# clickhouse-backup help
NAME:
clickhouse-backup - Tool for easy backup of ClickHouse with cloud support
USAGE:
clickhouse-backup <command> [-t, --tables=<db>.<table>] <backup_name>
VERSION:
1.0.0
DESCRIPTION:
Run as 'root' or 'clickhouse' user
COMMANDS:
tables Print list of tables
create Create new backup
create_remote Create and upload
upload Upload backup to remote storage
list Print list of backups
download Download backup from remote storage
restore Create schema and restore data from backup
restore_remote Download and restore
delete Delete specific backup
default-config Print default config
server Run API server
help, h Shows a list of commands or help for one command
GLOBAL OPTIONS:
--config FILE, -c FILE Config FILE name. (default: "/etc/clickhouse-backup/config.yml") [$CLICKHOUSE_BACKUP_CONFIG]
--help, -h show help
--version, -v print the version
显示可备份的表：
[root@scentos szc]# clickhouse-backup tables
INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS 0B
INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA 0B
INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES 0B
INFORMATION_SCHEMA.VIEWS 0B
datasets..inner.hits_mv 4.90KiB default
datasets.hits_mv 0B default
datasets.hits_test 294.83KiB default
datasets.hits_v1 1.18GiB default
datasets.hits_v2 565.78MiB default
datasets.visits_v1 537.52MiB default
datasets.visits_v2 4.45MiB default
default.latest_non_deleted_test_a 0B
default.non_deleted_test_a 0B
default.st_order_mt 642B default
default.st_order_mt_all2 0B default
default.t_enum 0B default
default.t_null 0B default
default.t_order_mt 358B default
default.t_order_mt2 776B default
default.t_order_mt3 0B default
default.t_order_rep2 0B default
default.t_order_rmt 626B default
default.t_order_smt 610B default
default.t_tinylog 0B default
default.test_a 40.55MiB default
default.view_test_a 0B
information_schema.columns 0B
information_schema.schemata 0B
information_schema.tables 0B
information_schema.views 0B
test_binlog.t_organization 547B default
test_binlog.t_user 350B default
创建备份：
[root@scentos szc]# clickhouse-backup create
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=INFORMATION_SCHEMA.VIEWS
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=datasets..inner.hits_mv
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=datasets.hits_mv
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=datasets.hits_test
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=datasets.hits_v1
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=datasets.hits_v2
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=datasets.visits_v1
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=datasets.visits_v2
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=default.latest_non_deleted_test_a
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=default.non_deleted_test_a
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=default.st_order_mt
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=default.st_order_mt_all2
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=default.t_enum
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=default.t_null
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=default.t_order_mt
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=default.t_order_mt2
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=default.t_order_mt3
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=default.t_order_rep2
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=default.t_order_rmt
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=default.t_order_smt
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=default.t_tinylog
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=default.test_a
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=default.view_test_a
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=information_schema.columns
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=information_schema.schemata
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=information_schema.tables
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=information_schema.views
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=test_binlog.t_organization
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create table=test_binlog.t_user
2021/12/12 18:40:48 info done backup=2021-12-12T10-40-48 operation=create
查看现有本地备份：
[root@scentos szc]# clickhouse-backup list
2021-12-12T10-40-48 2.31GiB 12/12/2021 10:40:48 local
2021/12/12 18:44:28 error InvalidParameter: 1 validation error(s) found.
- minimum field size of 1, ListObjectsV2Input.Bucket.
可以看到一个名为2021-12-12T10-40-48的备份。此备份存储路径为var/lib/clickhouse/backup/backup_name，备份名称默认为当前时间戳，但是可以通过-name指定备份名称。备份包含两个目录：metadata目录和shadow目录，前者包含重新创建表架构所需的DDL语句，后者包含alter table ... freeze操作结果的数据。
恢复数据
模拟删除备份过的表：
scentos :) drop table t_order_rmt;
DROP TABLE t_order_rmt
Query id: 96d816dd-b93c-42b6-8890-ae5ca19dc2ba
Ok.
0 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.001 sec.
从备份还原：
[root@scentos szc]# clickhouse-backup restore 2021-12-12T10-40-48
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS': code: 80, message: Incorrect ATTACH TABLE query for Atomic database engine. Use one of the following queries instead:
1. ATTACH TABLE COLUMNS;
2. CREATE TABLE COLUMNS ;
3. ATTACH TABLE COLUMNS FROM '/path/to/data/' ;
4. ATTACH TABLE COLUMNS UUID '<uuid>' ;, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA': code: 80, message: Incorrect ATTACH TABLE query for Atomic database engine. Use one of the following queries instead:
1. ATTACH TABLE SCHEMATA;
2. CREATE TABLE SCHEMATA <table definition>;
3. ATTACH TABLE SCHEMATA FROM '/path/to/data/' <table definition>;
4. ATTACH TABLE SCHEMATA UUID '' <table definition>;, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES': code: 80, message: Incorrect ATTACH TABLE query for Atomic database engine. Use one of the following queries instead:
1. ATTACH TABLE TABLES;
2. CREATE TABLE TABLES ;
3. ATTACH TABLE TABLES FROM '/path/to/data/' ;
4. ATTACH TABLE TABLES UUID '<uuid>' ;, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'INFORMATION_SCHEMA.VIEWS': code: 80, message: Incorrect ATTACH TABLE query for Atomic database engine. Use one of the following queries instead:
1. ATTACH TABLE VIEWS;
2. CREATE TABLE VIEWS <table definition>;
3. ATTACH TABLE VIEWS FROM '/path/to/data/' <table definition>;
4. ATTACH TABLE VIEWS UUID '' <table definition>;, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'test_binlog.t_organization': code: 57, message: Table test_binlog.t_organization already exists, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'information_schema.views': code: 80, message: Incorrect ATTACH TABLE query for Atomic database engine. Use one of the following queries instead:
1. ATTACH TABLE views;
2. CREATE TABLE views <table definition>;
3. ATTACH TABLE views FROM '/path/to/data/' <table definition>;
4. ATTACH TABLE views UUID '' <table definition>;, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'datasets.hits_test': code: 57, message: Table datasets.hits_test already exists, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'datasets.hits_v1': code: 57, message: Table datasets.hits_v1 already exists, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'datasets.hits_v2': code: 57, message: Table datasets.hits_v2 already exists, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'datasets.visits_v1': code: 57, message: Table datasets.visits_v1 already exists, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'datasets.visits_v2': code: 57, message: Table datasets.visits_v2 already exists, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'information_schema.tables': code: 80, message: Incorrect ATTACH TABLE query for Atomic database engine. Use one of the following queries instead:
1. ATTACH TABLE tables;
2. CREATE TABLE tables <table definition>;
3. ATTACH TABLE tables FROM '/path/to/data/' <table definition>;
4. ATTACH TABLE tables UUID '' <table definition>;, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'information_schema.schemata': code: 80, message: Incorrect ATTACH TABLE query for Atomic database engine. Use one of the following queries instead:
1. ATTACH TABLE schemata;
2. CREATE TABLE schemata ;
3. ATTACH TABLE schemata FROM '/path/to/data/' ;
4. ATTACH TABLE schemata UUID '<uuid>' ;, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'default.st_order_mt': code: 57, message: Table default.st_order_mt already exists, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'information_schema.columns': code: 80, message: Incorrect ATTACH TABLE query for Atomic database engine. Use one of the following queries instead:
1. ATTACH TABLE columns;
2. CREATE TABLE columns ;
3. ATTACH TABLE columns FROM '/path/to/data/' ;
4. ATTACH TABLE columns UUID '<uuid>' ;, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'default.t_enum': code: 57, message: Table default.t_enum already exists, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'default.t_tinylog': code: 57, message: Table default.t_tinylog already exists, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'default.t_order_mt': code: 57, message: Table default.t_order_mt already exists, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'default.t_order_mt2': code: 57, message: Table default.t_order_mt2 already exists, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'default.t_order_mt3': code: 57, message: Table default.t_order_mt3 already exists, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'default.t_order_rep2': code: 57, message: Table default.t_order_rep2 already exists, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'default.t_order_rmt': code: 57, message: Directory for table data store/2b5/2b59d8bd-9488-415a-ab59-d8bd9488015a/ already exists, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'default.t_order_smt': code: 57, message: Table default.t_order_smt already exists, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'default.t_null': code: 57, message: Table default.t_null already exists, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'default.test_a': code: 57, message: Table default.test_a already exists, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'test_binlog.t_user': code: 57, message: Table test_binlog.t_user already exists, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'datasets..inner.hits_mv': code: 57, message: Table datasets.`.inner.hits_mv` already exists, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'default.non_deleted_test_a': code: 57, message: Table default.non_deleted_test_a already exists, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'default.latest_non_deleted_test_a': code: 57, message: Table default.latest_non_deleted_test_a already exists, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'datasets.hits_mv': code: 57, message: Table datasets.hits_mv already exists, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 warn can't create table 'default.view_test_a': code: 57, message: Table default.view_test_a already exists, will try again
2021/12/12 18:49:01 error can't create table `default`.`st_order_mt_all2`: code: 57, message: Table default.st_order_mt_all2 already exists after 32 times, please check your schema depencncies
参数：--schema只还原表结构，--data只还原数据，--table=dbname.table备份或还原特定表
其他说明
该工具还不太好用，静候其升级，或者自己手动备份。
clickhouse-backup的api文档
确保/var/lib/clickhouse/backup的权限是clickhouse:clickhouse，否则可能会导致数据损坏。
远程备份：较新版本才支持，需要设置config里的s3相关配置；上传到远程存储：sudo clickhouse-backup upload xxxx；从远程存储下载：sudo clickhouse-backup download xxx；保存周期：backups_to_keep_local，保存到本地的存储周期，单位为天，backups_to_keep_remote，远程存储的保存周期，单位为天，两者值若为0，表示永不删除。
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