Unity-2D游戏-打击感与敌人AI

前言

最近快搞毕设了,学一些Unity2D游戏开发的知识,发现b站宝藏up主奥飒姆Awesome的两个蛮不错的教程,我想简单记录一下它这个游戏设计的方法。

我不一点点实现了,就是分析一下大致框架(方便以后套用)


资源

打击感

Red hood pixel character by Legnops

Pixel Fantasy Caves by Szadi art.

Pixelated Attack/Hit Animations by Viktor

成品项目链接:

GitHub - RedFF0000/AttackSense

敌人AI

Animated Pixel Adventurer by rvros

Skeleton Sprite Pack by Jesse Munguia

成品项目链接:

GitHub - RedFF0000/Finite-state-machine


动作游戏打击感

玩家配置

我们来看主角的动画状态:

Unity-2D游戏-打击感与敌人AI_第1张图片

其中,对于标准运动定义了很多,比如idle进入run,通过分析浮点型变量Horizontal来设置,因为左右都要有动画,故设置了两个Transition:

Unity-2D游戏-打击感与敌人AI_第2张图片

 可以看到,除了基本的idle跑跳动作,还有一个Any State,监听了任意时刻的动作,例如我选中的any state到Light Attack1,就是当触发变量LightAttack触发时,ComboStep为1时则进入,应该就是进行轻攻击的第一下:

Unity-2D游戏-打击感与敌人AI_第3张图片

 这些内容的控制,主要都在代码里,我们看一下人物面板配置:

Unity-2D游戏-打击感与敌人AI_第4张图片

 截图中的speed调大,参考数据为 moveSpeed:180、lightSpeed:25、heavySpeed:35

来看一下PlayerController脚本,我已经把大概的注释写好了:

using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;

public class PlayerController : MonoBehaviour
{
    [Header("补偿速度")]
    public float lightSpeed;
    public float heavySpeed;
    [Header("打击感")]
    public float shakeTime;
    public int lightPause;
    public float lightStrength;
    public int heavyPause;
    public float heavyStrength;

    [Space]
    public float interval = 2f;
    private float timer;
    private bool isAttack;
    private string attackType; //攻击类型
    private int comboStep; //第几段攻击

    public float moveSpeed;
    public float jumpForce;
    new private Rigidbody2D rigidbody;
    private Animator animator;
    private float input;
    private bool isGround;
    [SerializeField] private LayerMask layer;

    [SerializeField] private Vector3 check;

    void Start()
    {
        //得到刚体
        rigidbody = GetComponent();
        //得到动画状态机
        animator = GetComponent();
    }
    /*
     * 按帧执行,适合来处理GetKeyDown
     */
    void Update()
    {
        //得到水平输入
        input = Input.GetAxisRaw("Horizontal");
        //得到地面检测(layer)
        isGround = Physics2D.OverlapCircle(transform.position + new Vector3(check.x, check.y, 0), check.z, layer);
        //将刚体水平方向速度传给动画机
        animator.SetFloat("Horizontal", rigidbody.velocity.x);
        //将刚体竖直方向速度传给动画机
        animator.SetFloat("Vertical", rigidbody.velocity.y);
        //将是否触碰地面状态传给动画机
        animator.SetBool("isGround", isGround);
        //攻击处理
        Attack();
        Jump();
    }
    void Jump(){
        //进行跳跃
        if (Input.GetButtonDown("Jump") && isGround)
        {
            //给刚体一个y方向的力
            rigidbody.velocity = new Vector2(0, jumpForce);
            //同步动画机
            animator.SetTrigger("Jump");
        }
    }
    /*
     * 按固定时间间隔执行,适合来处理刚体效果
     */
    private void FixedUpdate()
    {
        //移动处理
        Move();
    }


    /*
     * 攻击处理函数
     */
    void Attack()
    {
        if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.J) && !isAttack) //轻击
        {
            //进入攻击状态
            isAttack = true;
            //设置攻击类型
            attackType = "Light";
            //攻击段数加一
            comboStep++;
            //还原攻击段数
            if (comboStep > 3)
                comboStep = 1;
            //设置攻击冷却间隔(负责自动还原攻击段数)
            timer = interval;
            //通知动画机
            animator.SetTrigger("LightAttack");
            animator.SetInteger("ComboStep", comboStep);
        }
        if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.K) && !isAttack) //重击
        {
            //重击
            isAttack = true;
            attackType = "Heavy";
            comboStep++;
            if (comboStep > 3)
                comboStep = 1;
            timer = interval;
            animator.SetTrigger("HeavyAttack");
            animator.SetInteger("ComboStep", comboStep);
        }


        if (timer != 0)
        {
            timer -= Time.deltaTime;
            if (timer <= 0)
            {
                timer = 0;
                comboStep = 0;
            }
        }
    }

    //攻击结束(此函数被每个攻击动画的快结束处调用)
    public void AttackOver()
    {
        isAttack = false;
    }

    /*
    * 移动处理函数
    */
    void Move()
    {
        if (!isAttack)
            //如果不在攻击中,则根据水平输入进行移动
            rigidbody.velocity = new Vector2(input * moveSpeed * Time.fixedDeltaTime, rigidbody.velocity.y);
        else
        {
            //根据攻击类型进行适量的移动(补偿速度)
            if (attackType == "Light")
                rigidbody.velocity = new Vector2(transform.localScale.x * lightSpeed * Time.fixedDeltaTime, rigidbody.velocity.y);
            else if (attackType == "Heavy")
                rigidbody.velocity = new Vector2(transform.localScale.x * heavySpeed * Time.fixedDeltaTime, rigidbody.velocity.y);
        }

        //根据速度方向调整本地缩放方向(实现转向)
        if (rigidbody.velocity.x < 0)
            transform.localScale = new Vector3(-1, 1, 1);
        else if (rigidbody.velocity.x > 0)
            transform.localScale = new Vector3(1, 1, 1);
    }

    /*
     * 触发检测
     * 玩家物体的子物体身上挂载有触发盒子
     * 玩家的攻击动画会动态激活子物体并调整其子物体的区域大小
     * 这里触发检测的就是子物体所触发区域
     */
    private void OnTriggerEnter2D(Collider2D other)
    {
        //触碰敌人
        if (other.CompareTag("Enemy"))
        {
            if (attackType == "Light") //轻击中
            {
                //通知攻击管理进行轻击中暂停
                AttackSense.Instance.HitPause(lightPause);
                //通知攻击管理进行轻击中镜头摇晃
                AttackSense.Instance.CameraShake(shakeTime, lightStrength); 
            }
            else if (attackType == "Heavy") //重击中
            {
                AttackSense.Instance.HitPause(heavyPause);
                AttackSense.Instance.CameraShake(shakeTime, heavyStrength);
            }

            //根据自身方向调整敌人的转向
            if (transform.localScale.x > 0)
                other.GetComponent().GetHit(Vector2.right);
            else if (transform.localScale.x < 0)
                other.GetComponent().GetHit(Vector2.left);
        }
    }
}

将移动放在fixedupdate中,跳跃放在update中。
移动和跳跃都是通过施加力实现的。跳跃有isGround变量限制,必须触地才能跳一次,故按帧执行或者按时间执行都不影响,而按时间执行还可能导致“按键失效”,所以我们放入按帧执行中,即update中;而移动是去持续施加力,在不同帧率的主机上效果不同,所以我们应该放入fixedupdate中,按时间执行

细看代码不难理解,其中,对攻击的触发检测,触发盒挂在在子物体上,我么可以看一下大概思路:

Unity-2D游戏-打击感与敌人AI_第5张图片

可以看到,打击感的核心交给了AttackSense这个单例的类,算是个攻击管理类(攻击意识);而敌人接收到攻击的响应,则是通过触发器获取敌人对象来设置,这样很好的对Enemy进行了封装,不管什么敌人,统统调用GetHit即可。

攻击意识

下面我们来看看攻击管理的单例类,这是一个挂载到相机上的类:

using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;

public class AttackSense : MonoBehaviour
{
    private static AttackSense instance;
    public static AttackSense Instance
    {
        get
        {
            if (instance == null)
                instance = Transform.FindObjectOfType();
            return instance;
        }
    }
    private bool isShake;

    public void HitPause(int duration)
    {
        StartCoroutine(Pause(duration));
    }

    IEnumerator Pause(int duration)
    {
        float pauseTime = duration / 60f;
        Time.timeScale = 0;
        yield return new WaitForSecondsRealtime(pauseTime);
        Time.timeScale = 1;
    }

    public void CameraShake(float duration, float strength)
    {
        if (!isShake)
            StartCoroutine(Shake(duration, strength));
    }

    IEnumerator Shake(float duration, float strength)
    {
        isShake = true;
        Transform camera = Camera.main.transform;
        Vector3 startPosition = camera.position;

        while (duration > 0)
        {
            camera.position = Random.insideUnitSphere * strength + startPosition;
            duration -= Time.deltaTime;
            yield return null;
        }
        camera.position = startPosition;
        isShake = false;
    }
}

很简单

敌人配置

最后我们来看一下Enemy的配置,这里敌人的动画很简单:

Unity-2D游戏-打击感与敌人AI_第6张图片

 

代码如下:

using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;

public class Enemy : MonoBehaviour
{
    public float speed;
    private Vector2 direction;
    private bool isHit;

    new private Rigidbody2D rigidbody;

    private AnimatorStateInfo info;
    private Animator animator;

    void Start()
    {
        //得到自身动画机
        animator = transform.GetComponent();
        //得到刚体
        rigidbody = transform.GetComponent();
    }

    void Update()
    {
        //得到自身动画机动画状态信息
        info = animator.GetCurrentAnimatorStateInfo(0);
        if (isHit)
        {
            //受到攻击回退
            rigidbody.velocity = direction * speed; 
            if (info.normalizedTime >= .6f)
                isHit = false;
        }
    }

    public void GetHit(Vector2 direction)
    {
        //与受攻击方向同步方向
        transform.localScale = new Vector3(-direction.x, 1, 1); 
        isHit = true;
        //重置方向,便于回退Update中
        this.direction = direction;
        //同步动画状态
        animator.SetTrigger("Hit");
    }
}

结语

基本配置完成,打击感满满

Unity-2D游戏-打击感与敌人AI_第7张图片

 

敌方AI

玩家配置

玩家的配置很简单,就是正常的移动跳跃,需要更高级的配置在后面可以自己添加:

Unity-2D游戏-打击感与敌人AI_第8张图片

 

敌人配置

我们重点来看敌人配置:

Unity-2D游戏-打击感与敌人AI_第9张图片

在Enemy下有两个子物体:

  • Area:一个长条的空物体。触发器,模拟敌人的检测视野
  • AttackArea:一个空物体(一个点)。将在脚本中搭配一个半径值来构成一个圆形区域,作为敌人施展攻击的触发区域

Unity-2D游戏-打击感与敌人AI_第10张图片

在Enemy上,绑定着脚本FSM(有限状态机),其内容我已注释:

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;

//定义枚举类型
public enum StateType
{
    //待机、巡逻、追逐、反应、攻击、被攻击、死亡
    Idle, Patrol, Chase, React, Attack, Hit, Death
}

[Serializable] //可序列化-在检视面板可以设置
public class Parameter
{
    //生命值
    public int health;
    //巡逻速度
    public float moveSpeed;
    //追逐速度
    public float chaseSpeed;
    //待机时长(巡逻到头后待机)
    public float idleTime;
    //巡逻范围
    public Transform[] patrolPoints;
    //追逐范围
    public Transform[] chasePoints;
    //目标
    public Transform target;
    //目标所在层
    public LayerMask targetLayer;
    //攻击位置点
    public Transform attackPoint;
    //攻击位置点的半径(结合攻击位置点规划出一个攻击触发区)
    public float attackArea;
    //动画机
    public Animator animator;
    //是否受攻击
    public bool getHit;
}
//定义有限状态机类
public class FSM : MonoBehaviour
{
    //当前状态
    private IState currentState;
    //状态字典
    private Dictionary states = new Dictionary();
    //实例化一个parameter对象
    public Parameter parameter;
    void Start()
    {
        //给字典添加各个枚举类型对应的各个对象
        states.Add(StateType.Idle, new IdleState(this));
        states.Add(StateType.Patrol, new PatrolState(this));
        states.Add(StateType.Chase, new ChaseState(this));
        states.Add(StateType.React, new ReactState(this));
        states.Add(StateType.Attack, new AttackState(this));
        states.Add(StateType.Hit, new HitState(this));
        states.Add(StateType.Death, new DeathState(this));

        //初始化状态为Idle状态(转换为Idle状态)
        TransitionState(StateType.Idle);

        //初始化参数中的动画机
        parameter.animator = transform.GetComponent();
    }

    void Update()
    {
        //当前状态更新
        currentState.OnUpdate();

        //模拟受到攻击(按下回车)
        if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.Return))
        {
            //参数对象设置受到攻击
            parameter.getHit = true;
        }
    }

    /* 状态转换
     * 
     */
    public void TransitionState(StateType type)
    {
        //当前已有状态,做退出工作
        if (currentState != null)
            currentState.OnExit();
        //更改当前状态
        currentState = states[type];
        //做进入状态工作
        currentState.OnEnter();
    }
    /* 翻转
     * 根据目标位置转向
     */
    public void FlipTo(Transform target)
    {
        if (target != null)
        {
            if (transform.position.x > target.position.x)
            {
                transform.localScale = new Vector3(-1, 1, 1);
            }
            else if (transform.position.x < target.position.x)
            {
                transform.localScale = new Vector3(1, 1, 1);
            }
        }
    }
    //碰到玩家触发(触发器是子物体Area)
    private void OnTriggerEnter2D(Collider2D other)
    {
        if (other.CompareTag("Player"))
        {
            parameter.target = other.transform;
        }
    }
    //退出触发
    private void OnTriggerExit2D(Collider2D other)
    {
        if (other.CompareTag("Player"))
        {
            parameter.target = null;
        }
    }

    private void OnDrawGizmos()
    {
        Gizmos.DrawWireSphere(parameter.attackPoint.position, parameter.attackArea);
    }
}

可以看到,原作者是通过状态机来实现AI的,将各个状态封装成对象,全部继承自接口:

public interface IState
{
    void OnEnter();

    void OnUpdate();

    void OnExit();
}

下面我们来一个个看,代码上我就省略头文件的引用了:

using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;

待机状态:

/*
 * 待机状态
 */
public class IdleState : IState
{
    //一个有限状态机
    private FSM manager;
    //一个参数汇总对象
    private Parameter parameter;

    private float timer;
    //初始化
    public IdleState(FSM manager)
    {
        this.manager = manager;
        this.parameter = manager.parameter;
    }
    public void OnEnter()
    {
        //参数对象的动画机播放待机动画(待机动画是循环的)
        parameter.animator.Play("Idle");
    }

    public void OnUpdate()
    {
        //计时器累积(单位秒)
        timer += Time.deltaTime;

        //待机状态被打
        if (parameter.getHit)
        {
            //转换状态到Hit
            manager.TransitionState(StateType.Hit);
        }
        //发现目标且目标距离在追捕范围内
        if (parameter.target != null &&
            parameter.target.position.x >= parameter.chasePoints[0].position.x &&
            parameter.target.position.x <= parameter.chasePoints[1].position.x)
        {
            //进入反应状态
            manager.TransitionState(StateType.React);
        }
        //计时器超过待机时间
        if (timer >= parameter.idleTime)
        {
            //转换回巡逻状态
            manager.TransitionState(StateType.Patrol);
        }
    }

    public void OnExit()
    {
        //计时器归零
        timer = 0;
    }
}

巡逻状态:

/*
 * 巡逻状态
 */
public class PatrolState : IState
{
    private FSM manager;
    private Parameter parameter;

    private int patrolPosition;
    //初始化
    public PatrolState(FSM manager)
    {
        this.manager = manager;
        this.parameter = manager.parameter;
    }
    public void OnEnter()
    {
        //播放走路动画
        parameter.animator.Play("Walk");
    }

    public void OnUpdate()
    {
        //根据巡逻位置转向
        manager.FlipTo(parameter.patrolPoints[patrolPosition]);
        //位移
        manager.transform.position = Vector2.MoveTowards(manager.transform.position,
            parameter.patrolPoints[patrolPosition].position, parameter.moveSpeed * Time.deltaTime);

        if (parameter.getHit)
        {
            manager.TransitionState(StateType.Hit);
        }
        if (parameter.target != null &&
            parameter.target.position.x >= parameter.chasePoints[0].position.x &&
            parameter.target.position.x <= parameter.chasePoints[1].position.x)
        {
            manager.TransitionState(StateType.React);
        }
        if (Vector2.Distance(manager.transform.position, parameter.patrolPoints[patrolPosition].position) < .1f)
        {
            manager.TransitionState(StateType.Idle);
        }
    }

    public void OnExit()
    {
        //巡逻点下标更新
        patrolPosition++;

        if (patrolPosition >= parameter.patrolPoints.Length)
        {
            patrolPosition = 0;
        }
    }
}

追捕状态:

/*
 * 追捕状态
 */
public class ChaseState : IState
{
    private FSM manager;
    private Parameter parameter;

    public ChaseState(FSM manager)
    {
        this.manager = manager;
        this.parameter = manager.parameter;
    }
    public void OnEnter()
    {
        //播放走路动画(Walk动画循环)
        parameter.animator.Play("Walk");
    }

    public void OnUpdate()
    {
        //根据目标位置转向
        manager.FlipTo(parameter.target);
        //有目标则一直走
        if (parameter.target)
            manager.transform.position = Vector2.MoveTowards(manager.transform.position,
            parameter.target.position, parameter.chaseSpeed * Time.deltaTime);

        if (parameter.getHit)
        {
            manager.TransitionState(StateType.Hit);
        }
        if (parameter.target == null ||
            manager.transform.position.x < parameter.chasePoints[0].position.x ||
            manager.transform.position.x > parameter.chasePoints[1].position.x)
        {
            manager.TransitionState(StateType.Idle);
        }
        if (Physics2D.OverlapCircle(parameter.attackPoint.position, parameter.attackArea, parameter.targetLayer))
        {
            manager.TransitionState(StateType.Attack);
        }
    }

    public void OnExit()
    {

    }
}

反应状态:

/*
 * 反应状态
 */
public class ReactState : IState
{
    private FSM manager;
    private Parameter parameter;

    //得到动画状态
    private AnimatorStateInfo info;
    public ReactState(FSM manager)
    {
        this.manager = manager;
        this.parameter = manager.parameter;
    }
    public void OnEnter()
    {
        parameter.animator.Play("React");
    }

    public void OnUpdate()
    {
        //得到当前动画状态
        info = parameter.animator.GetCurrentAnimatorStateInfo(0);

        if (parameter.getHit)
        { 
            manager.TransitionState(StateType.Hit);
        }
        //播放动画快结束,则进入追捕状态
        if (info.normalizedTime >= .95f)
        {
            manager.TransitionState(StateType.Chase);
        }
    }

    public void OnExit()
    {

    }
}

攻击状态

/*
 * 攻击状态
 */
public class AttackState : IState
{
    private FSM manager;
    private Parameter parameter;

    private AnimatorStateInfo info;
    public AttackState(FSM manager)
    {
        this.manager = manager;
        this.parameter = manager.parameter;
    }
    public void OnEnter()
    {
        //进入攻击动画
        parameter.animator.Play("Attack");
    }

    public void OnUpdate()
    {
        info = parameter.animator.GetCurrentAnimatorStateInfo(0);

        if (parameter.getHit)
        {
            manager.TransitionState(StateType.Hit);
        }
        if (info.normalizedTime >= .95f)
        {
            manager.TransitionState(StateType.Chase);
        }
    }

    public void OnExit()
    {

    }
}

受攻击状态:

/*
 * 受攻击状态
 */
public class HitState : IState
{
    private FSM manager;
    private Parameter parameter;

    private AnimatorStateInfo info;
    public HitState(FSM manager)
    {
        this.manager = manager;
        this.parameter = manager.parameter;
    }
    public void OnEnter()
    {
        //播放动画,
        parameter.animator.Play("Hit");
        //掉血
        parameter.health--;
    }

    public void OnUpdate()
    {
        info = parameter.animator.GetCurrentAnimatorStateInfo(0);

        if (parameter.health <= 0)
        {
            //死亡
            manager.TransitionState(StateType.Death);
        }
        if (info.normalizedTime >= .95f)
        {
            parameter.target = GameObject.FindWithTag("Player").transform;

            manager.TransitionState(StateType.Chase);
        }
    }

    public void OnExit()
    {
        parameter.getHit = false;
    }
}

死亡状态:

/*
 * 死亡状态
 */
public class DeathState : IState
{
    private FSM manager;
    private Parameter parameter;

    public DeathState(FSM manager)
    {
        this.manager = manager;
        this.parameter = manager.parameter;
    }
    public void OnEnter()
    {
        parameter.animator.Play("Dead");
    }

    public void OnExit()
    {
        throw new System.NotImplementedException();
    }

    public void OnUpdate()
    {
        throw new System.NotImplementedException();
    }
}

结语

功能基本完成。

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