试编程实现基于信息熵进行话饭选择的决策树算法,并为表4.3中数据生成一棵决策树。
表4.3如下:
另外再附个txt版的,下次可以复制粘贴:
青绿,蜷缩,浊响,清晰,凹陷,硬滑,0.697,0.460,是
乌黑,蜷缩,沉闷,清晰,凹陷,硬滑,0.774,0.376,是
乌黑,蜷缩,浊响,清晰,凹陷,硬滑,0.634,0.264,是
青绿,蜷缩,沉闷,清晰,凹陷,硬滑,0.608,0.318,是
浅白,蜷缩,浊响,清晰,凹陷,硬滑,0.556,0.215,是
青绿,稍蜷,浊响,清晰,稍凹,软粘,0.403,0.237,是
乌黑,稍蜷,浊响,稍糊,稍凹,软粘,0.481,0.149,是
乌黑,稍蜷,浊响,清晰,稍凹,硬滑,0.437,0.211,是
乌黑,稍蜷,沉闷,稍糊,稍凹,硬滑,0.666,0.091,否
青绿,硬挺,清脆,清晰,平坦,软粘,0.243,0.267,否
浅白,硬挺,清脆,模糊,平坦,硬滑,0.245,0.057,否
浅白,蜷缩,浊响,模糊,平坦,软粘,0.343,0.099,否
青绿,稍蜷,浊响,稍糊,凹陷,硬滑,0.639,0.161,否
浅白,稍蜷,沉闷,稍糊,凹陷,硬滑,0.657,0.198,否
乌黑,稍蜷,浊响,清晰,稍凹,软粘,0.360,0.370,否
浅白,蜷缩,浊响,模糊,平坦,硬滑,0.593,0.042,否
青绿,蜷缩,沉闷,稍糊,稍凹,硬滑,0.719,0.103,否
先定义节点类,这里设计的每个节点包含三个属性:
a: 表示当前用于划分数据集的属性
result: 若当前节点为叶节点,result存储类别
nodes: 为当前节点的子节点列表,列表元素格式为(flag, v, node),flag可以为0、1、2三种值,0和1表示当前用于划分选择的属性是连续值,其中flag为0表示当前元素的node的a属性都 小于 v,同理,flag为1表示当前元素的node的a属性都大于v,当flag为2,则表示划分选择的属性是离散值,表示当前元素node的a属性等于v。
画图说明比较直观,比如,如果根节点按照“纹理”这个属性划分西瓜,则跟节点的存储结构的是:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
class Node:
def __init__(self, a, result, nodes:list):
self.a = a
self.result = result
self.nodes = nodes
def __init__(self):
self.a = None
self.result = None
self.nodes = []
def is_leaf(self):
if len(self.nodes) == 0 or self.nodes == None:
return True
else:
return False
def __str__(self):
return "划分属性:" + str(self.a) + ' ' + "划分值:" + ','.join([str(vi[1]) for vi in self.nodes]) + ' ' + "结果:" + str(self.result)
读数据函数,这里直接将汉字直接作为x中的值了:
def read_data(dir):
xigua = []
with open(dir, "r+") as f:
for line in f.readlines():
xigua.append(line.split(','))
x = []
y = []
for i in range(len(xigua)):
x.append(xigua[i][:8])
x[i][6] = float(x[i][6])
x[i][7] = float(x[i][7])
if '是' in xigua[i][8]:
y.append(1)
else:
y.append(0)
return x, y
然后是决策树生成代码,一个节点有三种情况会导致划分结束,从而变成叶子节点:
1.数据集全部为一类,不用划分
2.数据集属性全部相同(但不是一类),无法划分,并且划分结果类别是父节点中类别较多的类
3.数据集为空,同样,划分结果类别是父节点中类别较多的类
def tree_generate(x:np.array, y:np.array, A:set):
node = Node()
if is_one_category(y):
node.result = y[0]
return node
elif len(A) == 0 or is_all_same(x):
node.result = find_most_category(y)
return node
# 寻找最佳划分属性,同时返回划分结果
best_a, div_result = find_best_a(x, y, A)
A1 = A.copy()
A1.remove(best_a)
node.a = best_a
for di in div_result:
flag = di[0]
v = di[1]
dv_x = di[2]
dv_y = di[3]
new_node = tree_generate(dv_x, dv_y, A1)
if len(dv_x) == 0:
new_node.is_leaf = True
new_node.result = find_most_category(y)
else:
node.nodes.append((flag, v, new_node))
return node
然后是寻找最佳划分属性代码,通过找最大的信息增益,然后取对应的属性作为划分属性。另外,因为在计算信息增益的过程中会把数据划分好,所以这里直接就把计算过程划分好的数据保留到best_div_result中了,外层函数就无需再次划分数据了。
def find_best_a(x, y, A):
max_gain = 0
best_div_result = []
for ai in A:
t_gain, div_result = gain(x, y, ai)
if t_gain > max_gain:
best_div_result = div_result
max_gain = t_gain
best_a = ai
return best_a, best_div_result
然后是计算信息增益的代码,这里首先有个判断,用来分开处理属性是离散值和连续值的情况。
信息增益公式:
def gain(x, y, a):
sum_x = len(x)
possible_value = set()
possible_value_f = []
final_div_result = []
if type(x[0][a]) == float:
sort(x, y, a)
for i in range(len(x)-1):
possible_value_f.append((x[i][a] + x[i+1][a])/2)
max_gain = 0
for v in possible_value_f:
y_small = []
x_small = []
y_big = []
x_big = []
for i in range(len(x)):
if x[i][a] < v:
x_small.append(x[i])
y_small.append(y[i])
else:
x_big.append(x[i])
y_big.append(y[i])
t_gain = ent(y) - len(y_small)/sum_x * ent(y_small) - len(y_big)/sum_x * ent(y_big)
if t_gain > max_gain:
max_gain = t_gain
# (flag, v, x, y) : flag为0表示该部分数据被分到小于v的节点上,为1表示该部分数据被分到大于v的节点上,为2表示等于v
final_div_result = [(0, v, x_small, y_small), (1, v, x_big, y_big)]
return max_gain, final_div_result
else:
for xi in x:
possible_value.add(xi[a])
result = ent(y)
for v in possible_value:
dv_num = 0
dv_x = []
dv_y = []
for i in range(len(x)):
if x[i][a] == v:
dv_num += 1
dv_y.append(y[i])
dv_x.append(x[i])
final_div_result.append((2, v, dv_x, dv_y))
result -= dv_num/sum_x * ent(dv_y)
return result, final_div_result
冒泡排序,因为对于属性是连续值的情况需要取(数据个数-1)个中位数,所以需要先排序每条数据。
def sort(x, y, a):
for i in range(len(x)-1):
for j in range(len(x)-i-1):
if x[j][a] > x[j+1][a]:
t = x[j]
x[j] = x[j+1]
x[j+1] = t
t = y[j]
y[j] = y[j+1]
y[j+1] = t
def ent(y):
y_set = set()
for yi in y:
y_set.add(yi)
result = 0
sum_y = len(y)
for k in y_set:
dk_num = 0
for yi in y:
if yi == k:
dk_num += 1
result -= (dk_num/sum_y)*np.math.log2(dk_num/sum_y)
return result
其他函数:
# 寻找数据中比较多的类别
def find_most_category(y):
num = {}
for yi in y:
if num.get(yi) == None:
num[yi] = 1
else:
num[yi] = num[yi] + 1
result_num = 0
for k in num.keys():
if num[k] > result_num:
result_num = num[k]
result = k
return result
# 判断每条数据是否属性值全部相同
def is_all_same(x):
for i in range(len(x)):
if np.any(x[i] != x[0]):
return False
return True
# 数据集是否全部属于一个类别
def is_one_category(y):
c = y[0]
for i in range(len(y)):
if y[i] != c:
return False
return True
# 对生成的决策树进行展示(先序遍历)
def show_tree(node:Node, d):
print("第",d,"层:")
print(node)
for nodei in node.nodes:
show_tree(nodei[2], d+1)
主函数:
if __name__ == "__main__":
x, y = read_data("./xigua.txt")
A = list(range(len(x[0])))
root = tree_generate(x, y, A)
show_tree(root, 1)
这里没有写画出树的代码,就直接先序遍历顺序打印出来了,同时打印出了节点的层数(根节点是第一层),可以手动画出图。(划分属性是一个数,对应训练集中属性下标)
根据书中对比,可以看到结果是正确的。